نشریه پژوهش های انقلاب اسلامی
پیاپی 49 (تابستان 1403)

The present case study analyzes the network supported by the Smith Richardson Foundation as one of the most influential American foundations in the confrontational foreign policy of the United States against political Islam, especially that related to the Islamic Revolution. Paying attention to the role of foundations in consolidating American hegemony is often one of the hidden layers that is less noticed. It is the aim of this research to take a step to fill that gap. Examining the framing of some key productions under the support of this foundation shows two main trends modeled on the Cold War experience: confronting the strategic culture of Islamic resistance and promoting a so-called moderate Western-oriented Islam. In the theoretical dimension, the article has used the " elite model of the public policy-making process" to understand the importance and position of foundations in the policymaking process in America. Based on this model and by examining the foundation's annual reports on international grantmaking, the network of institutions and individuals supported by the Smith Richardson Foundation in line with the above two goals, consisting of the RAND Corporation, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the Hudson Institute and the American Enterprise Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, America Abroad Media, and the National Endowment for Democracy were recognized. Also, the Smith Richardson Foundation has a network relationship with the US Department of Defense and US security intelligence agencies through the RAND Corporation. The analysis of some productions supported by the foundation shows a trend espoused by the network supported by this foundation, which is based on reverse excommunication (rejecting political Islam as a true religion) and promoting an Islam compatible with Western values.

Foreign policy means pursuing the country's interests at international levels and in relation to societies, governments and other countries. Foreign policy is a position guide and includes a set of international goals and ways to achieve them. The foreign policy of different countries is different. The Islamic Republic of Iran's model for promoting strategies in foreign policy is based on the convergence and neighborhood strategy. After the revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to prove its capabilities in some fields and by recognizing and considering these capabilities, it is moving towards convergence and alignment with other countries. The findings of the research indicate that in Iran's foreign policy, factors such as: economic preferences, fair order in inter-state relations and the creation of a disciplinary power to prevent regional anarchies according to the proposal of the new world order and exit from the system of technology Polarity is effective.

The problem of this research is why the challenge between Iran and America continues by using the approach of critical thinking and layered analysis of causes and tried to answer the questions that the challenge between Iran and America has layers and what factors in each layer have influenced this challenge. And how can these challenges be managed or reduced in each layer?The study method is a combined method including descriptive methods and theme analysis and inferential method which have been used to explain the causes in different layers respectively. The findings of this research show that the causes of the challenge between Iran and the United States are rooted in the actions and policies of the parties on the one hand and on the other hand in the visible and visible level. In the second layer, the objective causes affecting the challenge (such as the interests of the parties or other actors in this challenge or the components of power) or mental causes such as (mental images of each other) are important and in the third level this challenge is influenced by two types of discourse and The different world view of America and Iran means trying to realize the great American dream in the world and the ideal of independence and confronting hegemony on the part of Iran, and finally, at the deepest level, the causes of two important myths, namely American exceptionalism and Iran's revolutionary mission, play an important role in the continuation of this challenge. It is possible to provide strategies to reduce, manage or solve challenges according to each layer.

AbstractIran's Islamic Revolution, as a religious revolution, was able to achieve victory and stabilize the Islamic Republic by relying on spirituality as soft power. Spirituality is a component that is considered in the statement of the second step as one of the main axes of this strategic document; Therefore, the position of spirituality in the soft power of the Islamic Revolution needs to be re-read and addressed to issues such as "the role and function of spirituality in promoting the soft power of the Islamic Revolution, the indicators of religious and revolutionary spirituality, the characteristics of competing discourses compared to the spiritual discourse of the Islamic Revolution, and the essential role of the element of spirituality." In increasing the soft power of the Islamic Revolution at the domestic and international levels, attention should be paid. In the present study, attention is paid to the spiritual indicators of the second step statement, such as the spiritual values of sincerity, sacrifice, trust, faith, and rationality, which are not seen in the competing discourses of emerging spiritualities, and instead, by isolating members, irrational sectarianism, and extreme pluralism of sects, and with The use of symbolism has sought to fill the spiritual void of man in the era of modernity, explaining the spiritual discourse of the Islamic Revolution to the public opinion is the way to deal with the challenges and dangers that the new currents create for the original revolutionary spirituality. Keywords: spiritual discourse, soft power, second step statement, indicators of spirituality, rival discourse.

One of the moral virtues is "ignoring" and overlooking the mistakes and mistakes of others, which is emphasized by reason and Sharia and is the most desirable of all, but it is more desirable than government officials who have more authority; Because the effects of their negligence have been deeper, it has attracted more people in the society, and it increases their level of satisfaction with the Islamic government. The question of this research is what effect does the negligence of the rulers on the mistakes and errors of the people in the society have on the efficiency of the Islamic government. This research, based on library sources and in an analytical-descriptive way, based on the Qur'an verses and the government history of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (PBUH), examines the role of negligence of the rulers in the efficiency of the Islamic government. Among the findings of this research is that increasing the level of people's satisfaction and preventing them from violently dealing with the rulers, preventing people's feelings from being provoked, raising the social and spiritual status of the rulers among the people, and preserving the unity of the Islamic society from the consequences of the rulers' negligence. It is towards the errors and mistakes of the people of the Islamic society and the observance of this moral principle by the rulers has a decisive role in advancing the goals of the government, the most important of which is to guide the people to the happiness of the world and the hereafter, and it will ensure its survival and continuity. The result will increase its efficiency.

The application of the rebel state theory on the relations between the Pahlavi government and the Baha'i sect Abstract Different and contradictory judgments have been raised about the Pahlavi government's approach in the field of development. Some consider Pahlavi's performance in this field to be successful and others to be unsuccessful. In this regard, this article will analyze the Pahlavi government's performance in this regard based on the conceptual model of Evans's three states (developmental state, rebel state, and intermediate state). In this framework, the question that this research will seek to answer is as follows: How can the performance of the second Pahlavi government be explained as one of the three types of government considered by Evans? The hypothesis that we will discuss in response to this question emphasizes the relationship between the government and society in Iran during this era. In other words, the Pahlavi government's selective behavior with social groups clearly expresses the anti-developmental nature of this government. In fact, this research believes that the Pahlavi government, by emphasizing one sect (Baha'i), distanced itself from communication with the whole Iranian society. Based on this, the conceptual framework on which the current research is based is the concept of a rebel state. In the framework of this concept, and emphasizing the relationship between the Pahlavi government and the Baha'i sect, the findings of this research emphasize four components: the Pahlavi government as an intimidating and lacking services, de-participation and disorganization of civil society, control of the government apparatus by a small group with Personal ties and oppression and dependence on foreign allies, tries to explain the hypothesis of the research. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library.

Among the important concepts in the political and social literature of societies is the concept of war. Re-reading the key opinions that influence the general policies of the society can lead to a more complete definition of the desired phenomenon and explain the political and social outlook of the societies more accurately. In this article, by dealing with the concept of war in the discourse of the revolution with a descriptive analytical method and based on Farklough's three-level model, it was determined that the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution led to the redefinition of new conceptual and value structures and changed some semantic fields in the global relations of power. gave The centrality of the new system and structure that was established in Iran is the formation of a religious government. This caused fundamental changes, including the emergence of an ideological competitor at the level of global power relations. With the emergence of such conditions, socio-political systems and power structures are redefined and take on a new form. In order to maintain the status quo and consolidate power, the existing powers that do not accept the new discourse rise up against it and in this way try various forms of exercising power. In this course, the historical development of the method of conflict and confrontation in the power structure leads from hard and military war to cultural invasion, cultural bloodshed, cultural looting, cultural massacre, cultural NATO, cultural soft war, which at the present time is faced with a variety of methods of exercising power. which ultimately leads to a combined war method. Alienation, hostility and authority are among the central signs of the discourse of war, and the concepts of defense, jihad, struggle, insight and resistance are the concepts involved in completing this discourse network.

The statement of the second step is a strategic document to continue the path of the revolution, which, in addition to describing the past situation, shows the path of the future and can be considered as a guiding light to better see the future path of Islamic Iran. One of the most important areas that is considered in the statement is the defense and security of the country, which is carried out by the armed forces. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran in realizing the declaration of the second step of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The findings of this research, which was carried out using a descriptive method of content analysis, show that the armed forces, including the Islamic Republic Army, having characteristics such as being popular, having an Islamic identity, knowledge and insight, and religious observance, adherence to Islamic principles and Elahi, defensive readiness and maintaining security and territorial integrity and the Revolutionary Guards by maintaining the values and ideals of the revolution and its achievements, defensive readiness, creating and maintaining internal unity and training Islamic leaders to remain revolutionary and maintain their authority and Faraja, by establishing stability in the country's security, guarding and protecting Naja, maintaining its authority, maintaining the morals and spirituality and religious and religious values of its members, dealing with people correctly and politely, having authority against lawbreakers, can fulfill the statement.

Today, the issue of monitoring elections is fully accepted in the world, monitoring elections based on Article 99 of the Constitution is one of the duties of the Guardian Council, the approval and disqualification of election candidates, the cancellation of some election funds by the Guardian Council during the elections. It is that the issue of monitoring elections and the type of this monitoring is one of the important issues in the social-political arena, political and legal circles.The election monitoring process should also be explained clearly and unambiguously in a legal framework, so as to hope for a democratic election.On the other hand, there will always be damages due to the norms within the society as well as the structure of the election laws, which means that the election institution may be the only operator of the election due to its structure and legal framework, or it may not perform the task of implementation and monitoring. Therefore, it is necessary for supervisory institutions to redouble their efforts to hold useful elections.Considering the right of interpretation given to the Guardian Council by the Constitution, this council has considered its supervision of the elections in all stages (before, during and after the elections) as discretionary and due to the ambiguity in explaining key concepts such as discretionary supervision, the criteria The evaluation and principles governing the evaluation of candidates' qualifications, the supervision of the Guardian Council have continued to be the subject of discussion.

Although according to certain specific and general laws in Iran and England, all media courts are required to adhere to general principles of due process, sometimes due to insufficient enforcement guarantees, deviation from these principles seems possible in specific cases. This research, conducted qualitatively and library-based, analyzes the observance of principles of fair trial in the judicial procedures of media courts in Iran and England in a descriptive-analytical manner. The research question is how the principles of fair trial have been observed in the judicial procedures of media courts in Iran and England. The existence of specialized media courts in some major cities, both in the investigation stage (Media Court) and in the sentencing stage (some branches of the Criminal Court of Tehran Province), as well as the development and enactment of media laws in contemporary Iran, reflects a particular focus on media rights and addressing related crimes. The evolution of laws in England and a historical review of English law demonstrate that English law has evolved through practice and judicial opinions. The results indicate that in criminal laws of Iran and England, prohibitions related to illegal recording and dissemination of court files and safeguarding press freedom have been examined. In these two countries, there is no specific definition of media crime, and violations related to the media are addressed in regular courts. Furthermore, the jury in both countries plays a supervisory and advisory role in handling media crimes.

On the 24th of Jumadi al-Thani 1324AH, with the issuance of the constitutional decree by Muzaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, the National Assembly was opened for the first time on the 17th of Sha'ban 1324AH of the country, and on the order of the assembly, a committee started drafting the constitution. After that, the Constitution was prepared in 51articles and was signed by Shah, Mohammad Ali Mirza (Crown Crown Prince) and Mirza Nasrullah Khan Mushir al-Doulah (Prime Minister) on the 14th of Dhu Qadah 1324AH. The fact that it was mostly related to the formation of the parliament, the law, the law, its limits and rights, and because it did not fulfill the purpose and in this case there was no mention of the duties of the people towards the government and vice versa, therefore the parliament assigned a committee to prepare an amendment to the constitution which This board compiled and submitted the amendment to the law in 107articles using the constitutions of Belgium and France. Because the spirit of the law was influenced by the non-religious culture of 19th century Europe and some of its principles contradicted Islamic rules, it was opposed by a group of clerical opponents inside and outside the parliament. As a result, after the conflict between the political assembly and the court over some principles, including the principles that severely limit the powers of the king, finally, on 29Sha'ban 1325 AH, the amendment to the constitution was signed by Muhammad Ali Shah. Principles 1to 7 of the amendment, about the general principles and foundations, principles 8 to 28about the rights and freedoms of the people, 26 to 107about the rules and laws of the government and how to divide the authority of the government between the three powers and different departments. It was the government.

The purpose of the research is to study the factors influencing the attitude of students under the support of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Shiraz to political participation. The research method is survey. The statistical population includes all the students under the support of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Shiraz, 302 of whom were selected as a sample using a systematic sampling method. The instrument is a questionnaire that was presented to the experts who are professors of the sociology department to determine its validity using the face validity method, whose opinion was based on confirming the validity of the questionnaires. To determine reliability, the internal consistency method using Cronbach's alpha method has been used. The descriptive results of the research show that the average attitude of students towards political participation is at a low level. The analytical findings indicate that there is a positive, strong and meaningful relationship between students' political participation and social political awareness of students, parents' political awareness and party affiliation. Among the demographic variables, the relationship between gender, marital status and field of study with political participation is significant, positive and strong. The explanation of political participation in general, in terms of the total of independent variables, reveals that the variables of social political awareness of students (0.459), party affiliation (0.283), marital status (0.137), age (0.127), Parents' political awareness (0.126) are respectively the strongest predictors of political participation and can explain 59% of the changes in the variance of students' political participation.

In today's world and new political ideologies, hostile and ill-intentioned governments have turned to psychological wars instead of inter-country cold wars targeting the important goals of a country and vital forces and the so-called important pillars of that country's political, scientific, and religious policy. political in order to disrupt the goals of that country; Scientific in order to prevent the progress of modern science and technology to depend and bring governments to their knees, religious in order to cast religious differences and abuse religious and sectarian riots.One of these modern methods of arrogant countries and its application to other countries that are not accompanied by their corrupt ideas is the assassination of personalities and state and international terrorism; In this research, with the library and analytical method, we will investigate the terrorist based on the perspective of the leaders of the Islamic sect, Ayatollah Khamenei, and from the perspective of jurisprudence and narrative, and the difference in its meaning in America and their seduction, we will deal with this important global issue that the United States has planned for Iran and the Islamic world. As a result, according to the instructions of Ayatollah Khamenei, we realize that with sufficient insight and effort, knowing one's own capabilities, awareness, and lack of divisiveness, one can identify the enemy's goals and block the enemy's way of infiltration, and hoping for a foreigner is a wrong solution, and America itself is a supporter of terrorism and from It uses it to achieve its own interests and falsely presents Muslims as terrorists in the world.

Liberty is a human's inherent will, and due to the necessities and people's rate of understanding, the Liberty demand has not been equal among people. There have been discussions about it throughout history. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and since then, along with liberty and freedom of opinion and expression development have resulted in various responses. Liberty is a gift from Islam and many Islamic resources have affirmed the liberty of expression; both verbal and philosophical Islamic scholars disclaimed determinism and submission, and instead, produced logical reasons that substantiated the existence of human liberty and free will. Scholars who are aware of the age have fought for liberty, introduced the people's opinions on their fate, and at the same time turned dictatorial governments into constitutional ones. Negating dictatorship and superstitions, the establishment of liberty and justice in well-known scholars' opinions and attempts like Mirzaye Naini and Imam Khomeini in the contemporary period are evidence of this fact.he method of the current study is theoretical and descriptive using library books, essays, and some researchers' viewpoints. The study structure includes three parts: first, free expression from Islamic scholars and philosophers' viewpoint; second, Liberty from Islam's viewpoint and third, opinions and lifestyle of the two mentioned wise Faqih ends the study.