Nanomedicine Journal
Volume:12 Issue: 1, Winter 2025

Exosomes are a group of extracellular vesicles that are produced by various cells and are abundantly found in body fluids such as plasma. Due to their special structure, these small particles are able to carry and contain various compounds and establish cellular communication. Also, much attention has been paid to the ability of exosomes as new treatment option in various fields of regenerative medicine. One of the most abundant exosomes in plasma is platelet derived exosomes, which are rich in compounds found in platelet granules, such as growth factors. Since the use of platelets and platelet-rich plasma has been very effective in regenerative medicine, in recent years the use of platelet exosomes in regenerative medicine has received much attention and investigation. This review briefly examines the role of platelet exosomes in various fields of regenerative medicine, such as hair repair, wound healing, orthopedic injuries, angiogenesis, and drug delivery. The results of this study show that these microparticles have low immunogenicity, low thrombogenicity, and they are very useful and efficient in regenerative medicine.

The burgeoning field of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) has captured substantial attention within the biomedical fields, prompting a shift towards exploring their potential in diagnosis and treating brain disorders. This narrative letter delves into the limited research encompassing NMOF-mediated drug delivery to the brain for neurological conditions compared to other applications. Despite significant strides in diagnosing and treating brain ailments utilizing NMOFs, challenges persist, notably the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB) hindrance, stability issues, and cost considerations. Enhancing NMOF efficacy requires strategic functionalization, eco-friendly synthesis methodologies, and rigorous toxicity assessments. Overcoming these obstacles involves tailoring NMOF properties for improved BBB penetration and physiochemical stability, alongside meticulous biocompatibility evaluations. To advance NMOF applications in neurological theranostics successfully, concerted efforts towards refining safety, efficiency, precise delivery, and cost-effectiveness are imperative. Addressing these challenges will pave the way for translating this promising technology into practical clinical settings, facilitating enhanced precision and efficacy in neurology.

During this study, a novel and fast response platform based on in-situ synthesis of Cu-metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) integrated with electrochemically reduced graphene quantum dots (ErGQDs) was developed through an electrochemical deposition method and a conversation process for non-enzymatic glucose determination.

In the first step, metallic copper and ErGQDs were simultaneous electrochemically deposited on the surface of carbon ceramic electrode (CCE). Then, metallic copper was converted to copper oxide by cyclic voltammetry technique. Finally, by adding the benzene-1, 3, 5-tricarboxylic acid (BTC), copper-based MOFs was formed on the surface of constructed electrode by an in-situ conversation process and the fabricated electrode (Cu-MOFs/ErGQDs/CCE) was used for the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The physicochemical characterization and electrocatalytic behavior of fabricated electrode toward glucose oxidation were studied through the suitable techniques.  

The electrochemical results demonstrated that the Cu-MOFs/ErGQDs/CCE is a suitable sensor for glucose determination which exhibits wide linear ranges (2.0-500.0 µM), low detection limit [0.59 µM (S/N=3)], high sensitivity (5069 μA mM-1cm-2), stability (RSD%=3.02), reproducibility  (RSD%= 2.09) and good selectivity. 

Overall, this study highlights the development of Cu-MOFs/ErGQDs/CCE as a sensor with promising characteristics for non-enzymatic determination of glucose. So that, the present sensor was used for detection of glucose in human blood serum and saliva samples.

Scientists have focused on the development of new drug delivery systems including pH-sensitive nanomaterials adaptive to tumor microenvironments. We aimed to fabricate a microfluidic system to synthesize and characterize curcumin (Cur)-containing PCL and Chitosan (CSN) polymeric nanoparticles against MCF7 breast cancer cells.

The microfluidic chip was fabricated by photolithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding procedure. The chip was Y-shaped and equipped with two inlets and one outlet. PCL and Chitosan (CSN) were dissolved in acetic acid overnight and mixed with Cur for three hours. The prepared solution was injected from one inlet and a solution of tween 80 in distilled water was injected from the other inlet. The nanoparticles were characterized in size, electrical charge, structure, drug loading, and drug release efficiency. Finally, the cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay at specific concentrations after 24 and 48 hr. 

The mean diameter/zeta potentials of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with and without Cur were 209 ±2 nm / +15 and 219 ± 4 nm /+3 , respectively. FTIR results confirmed the presence of all components in the nanoparticles. The Cur loading rate was 1.5%, and Cur represented a sustained release manner. Also, the release profile showed faster release in a low-pH medium. MTT assay results showed that Cur-containing nanoparticles exerted a significant effect on cell viability. 

It can be concluded that microfluidic systems can pave the way for nanoparticle synthesis easily rapidly and cost-effectively for cancer agent delivery. Based on our observations, PCL-CSN-loaded Cur nanoparticles represent appropriate characteristics and suitable anti-cancer effects.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a critical clinical issue primarily caused by trauma. Tissue engineering approaches using nanofiber scaffolds have been extensively explored to improve material quality and create an environment resembling the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). 

In this study, we employed electrospinning technique to fabricate a composite scaffold comprising poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and collagen (Col) loaded with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), a neural patterning and signaling chemical known to promote nerve regeneration. 

The synthesized nanofiber scaffold exhibited a diameter of 391±79 nm and a tensile strength of 250±13 MPa, providing sufficient support for native peripheral nerve regeneration. The inclusion of Col enhanced the scaffold’s hydrophilic behavior (contact angle: 43±6°), ensuring stability in an aqueous solution. Moreover, the results demonstrated the proliferation and adhesion of nerve cells on the scaffold, aligning with the directions of the warp and weft of the nanofiber mat. Importantly, the scaffolds demonstrated non-toxicity, making them a promising substitute for the native ECM for enhanced cell attachment and proliferation. Finally, immune-histochemistry analyses further confirmed that the scaffolds supported the release and growth of neurites, promoting cell differentiation toward nerve repair. 

The RA-loaded scaffolds demonstrated the enhanced biocompatibility, supported neurite growth, and showed potential as a capable candidate for nerve regeneration.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using plant extracts has gained significant attention for its eco-friendly approach and potential therapeutic applications. In this study, we present the green synthesis of AuNPs utilizing Stachytarpheta jamaicensis extract, exploring its potency for anticancer therapy. 

The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The anticancer potency of AuNPs was examined by MTT assay in the breast cancer (MCF7) cell line, along with gene expression analysis of two oncogenes, c-Myc (MYC) and Cyclin D1 (CCND1). 

The formation of AuNPs was proven by SEM with an average particle size of 60.3 nm. FTIR analysis elucidated the plant extract components responsible for the reduction and stabilization processes during AuNP synthesis, affirming the involvement of multiple compounds from S. jamaicensis extract. Cytotoxicity assessments in the MCF7 cell line demonstrated a substantial reduction in cell viability, yielding an IC50 value of 19.53 µg/mL. The downregulation of MYC and CCND1 following AuNP treatment hinted at a potential mechanism underpinning the observed decrease in cell viability. 

Our findings significantly contribute to the evolving body of evidence advocating for the use of green-synthesized AuNPs from S. jamaicensis extract as promising contenders in anticancer therapy. Emphasizing their potential in targeted cancer treatment strategies, this study underscores the importance of environmentally conscious approaches in nanomedicine development.

Baclofen, a muscle relaxant, exhibits limited dermal penetration, restricting its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to optimize baclofen delivery using ultrasonically manufactured niosomes (Baclosomes) for improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. 

The effect of cholesterol:surfactant (Chol:Surf) ratio on Baclosome characteristics was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Dermal permeation studies were conducted in rats to assess baclofen delivery to the dermis and recipient compartment. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using a rat model.

Increasing Chol content significantly increased Baclosome particle size. The Chol:Surf ratio also influenced zeta potential (ZP), ranging from -9.10 ± 1.81 to -28.81 ± 1.3mV. DSC and PXRD analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of baclofen within the Baclosomes. There was no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients which supported by ATR-FTIR analysis. Dermal permeation studies showed higher baclofen levels in the dermis and recipient compartment for Baclosome gel compared to plain baclofen gel, without inducing dermal irritation. Baclosome gel demonstrated significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects compared to control groups (baclofen gel and diclofenac gel).

This study demonstrated that ultrasonically manufactured Baclosomes effectively enhance baclofen delivery to the skin, resulting in improved antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. Optimization of the Chol:Surf ratio significantly influenced Baclosome characteristics, highlighting the potential of this formulation approach for enhancing drug efficacy. This approach could offer a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic benefits of baclofen in treating musculoskeletal pain and inflammation.

This study aimed to investigate the extracellular synthesis of colloidal nanosized selenium (SeNPs) and tellurium (TeNPs) particles using the supernatant of Penicillium rubens, and to evaluate their biological activities.

Colloidal SeNPs and TeNPs were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Biological tests included antimicrobial tests using the well diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay, and flow cytometry, as well as antioxidant, urease inhibitory, thrombolytic, and anticoagulant assays.

The average hydrodynamic diameters of the synthesized SeNPs and TeNPs were determined to be 43.91 nm and 37.17 nm, respectively. TeNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 27 mm and a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg.mL-1. Flow cytometry analysis showed a dose-dependent bacterial cell death with TeNPs. However, SeNPs did not display any antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Both TeNPs and SeNPs exhibited antioxidant properties, inhibiting 43.90±1.98% and 57.93±2.20% of DPPH free radicals at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the mycofabricated NPs displayed a dose-dependent urease inhibitory activity with maximum inhibition of 63.81±1.69% and 46.95±3.39% at 1 mg.mL-1, respectively. However, neither TeNPs nor SeNPs showed thrombolytic or anticoagulant activity at 1 mg.mL-1.

Our findings demonstrate that mycofabricated nanosized selenium and tellurium particles possess significant antioxidant and urease inhibitory properties, with TeNPs showing promising antibacterial activity against E. coli. These results suggest potential applications for these nanoparticles in biomedical and agricultural fields.

This research was done to synthesize Ag-doped copper (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using the Ephedra intermedia plant and investigate its anticancer properties against the PC-3 prostate cancer (PC) cell line.

Ag-doped-Cu NPs were biologically synthesized using E.intermedia extract. The synthesized Ag-doped-Cu NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), CuK radiation and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM, respectively) as well as energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX).  The expression of Bax, Bcl2, P53, and caspase-3 genes was evaluated by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and apoptosis was assayed using Annexin-V kit. Also, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was estimated at 1000 RFU and 1500 RFU in PC-3 cells treated with extract and green-synthesized Ag-doped-Cu NPs.  

The particles were in nano size (55.24-84.41 nm) and the XRD test proved the crystalline structure of NPs. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Cu, C, and Ag elements. The results of gene expression showed that the IC50 concentration of the doped NPs makes a significant increase in the Bax, caspase-3, and P53 expression levels and a significant decrease in the Bcl2 expression compared to the reference gene and the extract-treated cells. Treatment with doped NPs induced more apoptosis and necrosis than that of treatment with extract. Also, a remarkable enhancement in nitric oxide (NO) enzyme levels was found in the doped NPs compared to the extract alone.

This study proves that the doped NPs induce apoptosis by affecting the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and ROS over-production.

Poor solubility and stability of naringenin result in its low bioavailability. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated as a potential carrier for the controlled delivery of naringenin to HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell lines. 

Naringenin was loaded in HNTs at different HNTs: drug ratios (w/w) of 30, 24, 16, 8, and 4, then characterized by SEM (Scanning electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The effect of naringenin loaded in HNTs on its solubility was investigated by an innovative change in the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Cytotoxicity of naringenin and naringenin-loaded HNTs was investigated by MTT assay. 

At a ratio of 30, the highest encapsulation efficiency (87.7± 5%), and at a ratio of 4, the highest loading capacity was obtained (12± 0.6%). The drug release study indicated prolonged drug release from naringenin-loaded HNTs (67±5% after 24h). Naringenin showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 400 ±4 µg/mL. Naringenin solubility after loading was considerably increased and subsequently, showed 2.2-fold higher antioxidant activity than the free drug. Cytotoxicity assay indicated the anticancer activity of naringenin was significantly improved after loading. 

HNTs can be a promising carrier for the delivery of naringenin.

Natural component-included scaffolds can provide numerous benefits for skin healing and tissue regeneration. Nanofibers (NFs) with intricately intertwined three-dimensional structures afford an exclusive matrix for delivering therapeutics. This research assessed nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Achillea wilhelmsii extract (5-15 wt%) for skin tissue engineering. 

A. wilhelmsii-loaded scaffolds, composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS), were fabricated by the electrospinning process. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated through relevant analyses. The antioxidant activity and degradation rate of the scaffolds were also determined. Cell viability and scratch assays on dermal fibroblasts were conducted to assess proliferation and migration activities.  

Electron micrographs revealed interconnected fibers with a nano-scale diameter (> 400 nm) and uniform morphology. Additionally, the intact presence of A. wilhelmsii extract in the polymeric matrix was confirmed without any undesirable interactions. The proposed scaffolds verified favorable mechanical properties, a hydrophilic nature, high volume porosity (>90%), and water absorption capability (<500%). Besides, the findings demonstrated the remarkable radical scavenging ability of A. wilhelmsii extract in the nanofibrous scaffolds, along with controlled degradation kinetics over 72 h. The viability assay proved that the A. wilhelmsii-loaded scaffolds not only exhibited no cytotoxicity but also improved cell proliferation. The scaffolds also significantly accelerated fibroblast migration and complete closure of scratched areas. 

At last, the obtained results revealed that A. wilhelmsii-loaded PVA/CS NFs can be applied as a potential scaffold for skin regeneration and wound healing promotion.

Considering the problems of using medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and the role of nanotechnology in reducing these challenges, the present research was conducted with the aim of preparing nano-liposomes containing Mentha piperita essential oil and investigating their physicochemical characteristics. 

Four nano-liposome formulations containing essential oil were prepared using cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine by thin layer method. Encapsulation efficiency, size, zeta potential, and essential oil release were measured in all formulations. The appropriate formulation was selected to investigate the morphology of the particles, their interaction between nano-liposomes and essential oil, toxicity, and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Then, the stability of the selected formulation was checked for 120 days. 

Formulation F1 was selected with an encapsulation efficiency of 62.12%, nano-particle size of 121 nm, and zeta potential of -21.8 mV. In this formulation, no interaction between nano-liposomes and essential oil was observed, and the spherical shape and two-layer nature of the nanoparticles were confirmed. Nano-liposomes with and without essential oil caused little toxicity to normal HFF cells and in all concentrations compared to free essential oil, they had more toxicity on MCF-7 cancer cells and higher antioxidant properties. The anti-proliferative effects of nano-liposomes on some microorganisms were higher than the free essential oil. Also,  there were slight changes in some physicochemical properties of nanoparticles during 120 days. 

Considering the suitable physicochemical properties of nano-liposomes containing essential oil and their anti-proliferative effects, these nano-systems can be suggested for further research in the field of cancer and microbial diseases.