نشریه پویایی روانشناختی در اختلال های خلقی
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1403)

 The objective of this study was to examine a causal model of the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and academic dishonesty, with the mediating role of self-conscious emotions and goal orientation among students at Payame Noor University.

Methods and Materials:

 This research was descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population included all students at Payame Noor University, Kherameh, from which 285 students were selected through convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study included the Big Five Personality Traits Questionnaire by Goldberg (1991), the Goal Orientation Questionnaire by Elliot and McGregor (2001), the Academic Dishonesty Scale by McCabe and Trevino (1996), and the Self-Conscious Emotions Questionnaire by Cohen et al. (2011). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

 The results indicated that the Big Five personality traits significantly and directly influenced goal orientation, self-conscious emotions, and academic dishonesty. Additionally, goal orientation and self-conscious emotions were found to have a significant and direct effect on academic dishonesty. Furthermore, personality traits were shown to influence academic dishonesty indirectly through goal orientation and self-conscious emotions.

 This study demonstrated that personality traits, goal orientation, and self-conscious emotions all play significant roles in shaping academic dishonesty behaviors. Enhancing goal orientation towards learning objectives and reducing emphasis on performance goals, along with strengthening self-conscious emotions, could lead to a decrease in academic dishonesty among students. These findings can assist universities and educational policymakers in developing programs and policies to prevent academic dishonesty.

 The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of positive psychotherapy on psychological distress, cognitive preoccupation, and negative automatic thoughts in students preparing for university entrance exams.

Methods and Materials: 

This study is applied in nature and semi-experimental in terms of implementation, employing a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all female students preparing for university entrance exams in Kermanshah in 1402. From the statistical population, 40 individuals were selected using convenience sampling and were divided into two groups (one experimental group and one control group). The research instruments included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2003), the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Kendall & Hollon, 1980), and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (Rachman & Shafran, 1996). Data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

 The results of the study indicated that the positive psychotherapy intervention method had a significant impact on the psychological distress of students preparing for university entrance exams in the post-test phase (p < 0.01). The positive psychotherapy intervention method also had a significant impact on the negative automatic thoughts of these students in the post-test phase (p < 0.01), as well as on their cognitive preoccupation (p < 0.01).

 Positive psychotherapy is effective in reducing negative automatic thoughts in students preparing for university entrance exams. Positive psychotherapy is also effective in reducing psychological distress and cognitive preoccupation in these students.

 This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on hope and distress tolerance in mothers of children with physical disabilities.

Methods and Materials: 

This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included mothers of children with physical disabilities who attended specialized schools in Tehran. A total of 24 mothers were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The experimental group participated in an 8-session MBSR program, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Hope and Distress Tolerance Questionnaires and analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.

 The ANOVA results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the variables of hope (F(1, 22) = 45.67, p < 0.001) and distress tolerance (F(1, 22) = 37.89, p < 0.001). The Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the mean scores of hope in the experimental group increased by 13.33 points from pre-test to post-test (p < 0.001) and by 12.66 points from pre-test to follow-up (p < 0.001). Similarly, the mean scores of distress tolerance in the experimental group increased by 15.44 points from pre-test to post-test (p < 0.001) and by 14.11 points from pre-test to follow-up (p < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the control group.

 The findings of this study indicate that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction significantly increases hope and distress tolerance in mothers of children with physical disabilities. This program can be used as an effective method to improve the psychological well-being and quality of life of these mothers.

 The aim of this research was to present a model for predicting self-efficacy based on early maladaptive schemas, coping strategies, and differentiation with the mediation of meaning in life in remarried couples.

Methods and Materials: 

This study is fundamental-applied in terms of its goal, and the present research is descriptive, correlational, congruent, and predictive in nature. The statistical population of this research consisted of all remarried couples who visited counseling centers in District 3 of Tehran. The sampling method in this study was voluntary and accessible. The sample size was determined to be at least 400 individuals, based on the Cochran formula, the type of research, the logic of regression analysis, and considering the phenomenon of attrition. The sampling was done using a voluntary and accessible method. To analyze the obtained data, multipurpose regression tests and path analysis were performed using SPSS software version 24.

 The results showed that emotion-focused coping strategies indirectly influence self-efficacy with the mediation of meaning in life in remarried couples. Likewise, problem-focused coping strategies indirectly influence self-efficacy with the mediation of meaning in life in remarried couples. Additionally, the results indicated that differentiation indirectly influences self-efficacy with the mediation of meaning in life in remarried couples.

 Therefore, it can be concluded that self-efficacy can be predicted by early maladaptive schemas, coping strategies, and differentiation with the mediating role of meaning in life in remarried couples.

Substance use disorders, particularly opiate addiction, pose significant challenges for individuals and public health systems. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two therapeutic approaches, Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy based on Marlatt's Model (CBTMM) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), on abstinence self-efficacy in men with opiate use disorder under methadone maintenance treatment. Methods and Materials:

This study was a randomized controlled trial including 60 men with opiate use disorder under methadone maintenance treatment. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 each (CBTMM, tDCS, and control). The interventions consisted of 12 weekly sessions of 75 minutes each. Data were collected at three time points (pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up) using the Abstinence Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.

The results indicated that both CBTMM and tDCS significantly increased abstinence self-efficacy compared to the control group. The mean abstinence self-efficacy score in the CBTMM group increased from 44.60 (SD = 7.64) at pre-test to 58.80 (SD = 8.98) at post-test and further to 61.85 (SD = 8.48) at follow-up. Significant improvement was also observed in the tDCS group, although to a lesser extent than in the CBTMM group.

The findings of this study demonstrate that both CBTMM and tDCS are effective in improving abstinence self-efficacy, with CBTMM showing greater efficacy.

 The aim of this study was to examine the harmful effects of social media addiction on the mental health of students and to identify the factors associated with this phenomenon.

 This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 university professors specializing in educational psychology, counseling, and educational sciences. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA software, and main and sub-themes were extracted from the data.

 The results of the study indicated that social media addiction has widespread negative effects on students' mental health. These effects were categorized into four main areas: personal harm, relational harm, educational harm, and behavioral harm. Additionally, eight sub-categories were identified, including sexual problems, cultural conflict, individual and social isolation, maladjustment, academic decline, academic procrastination, personality distortion, and social abnormality.

 Social media addiction can lead to serious psychological and behavioral issues among students. This study highlights the need for effective interventions to mitigate the negative impacts of social media on mental health and to raise awareness among students and parents about this issue. The findings can also guide policymakers in developing effective strategies to manage and reduce social media addiction.

 The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on reducing anxiety, rumination, and dysfunctional attitudes in men undergoing drug-free addiction treatment.

Methods and Materials: 

This randomized controlled trial included 30 men undergoing drug-free addiction treatment in Ahvaz city. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (MBSR program) or the control group, with 15 participants in each group. The MBSR program consisted of eight weekly sessions. Anxiety, rumination, and dysfunctional attitudes were measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), respectively. Data were collected at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and five-month follow-up. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, conducted using SPSS-27.

 The experimental group showed significant reductions in anxiety, rumination, and dysfunctional attitudes from pre-test to post-test and follow-up assessments. Specifically, anxiety decreased from a mean of 24.67 (SD=3.45) at pre-test to 15.33 (SD=2.88) at post-test (p<.001), and 16.45 (SD=3.12) at follow-up (p<.001). Rumination decreased from 42.78 (SD=5.67) at pre-test to 30.45 (SD=4.88) at post-test (p<.001), and 32.12 (SD=5.13) at follow-up (p<.001). Dysfunctional attitudes decreased from 95.56 (SD=8.45) at pre-test to 78.33 (SD=7.12) at post-test (p<.001), and 80.01 (SD=7.34) at follow-up (p<.001). The control group did not show significant changes in any of the variables.

 The findings suggest that the MBSR program is an effective intervention for reducing anxiety, rumination, and dysfunctional attitudes in men undergoing drug-free addiction treatment. These results highlight the potential of mindfulness-based interventions to support cognitive and emotional recovery in addiction treatment settings.

 This study aims to examine the diagnostic validity of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ) among couples attending counseling centers in Tehran using the accuracy coefficient.

 A methodological and psychometric study was conducted with a sample of 240 individuals, comprising 120 participants in the clinical group and 120 in the normative group, selected through purposeful convenience sampling. The DAPP-BQ was used to assess personality pathology dimensions. The diagnostic validity was evaluated using the accuracy coefficient to test whether the scales could differentiate between the clinical and normative groups. The scales of intimacy disorder, low social relations, conduct disorder, narcissism, rejection, cognitive dysregulation, insecure attachment, defiance, and impulsivity were examined.

 The results showed that the scales of "intimacy disorder" and "low social relations" from the "social avoidance" dimension, "conduct disorder," "narcissism," and "rejection" from the "antisocial behavior" dimension, "cognitive dysregulation," "insecure attachment," and "defiance" from the "emotional dysregulation" dimension, and "impulsivity" from the "impulsive behavior" dimension demonstrated significant diagnostic validity. These scales were able to effectively distinguish the clinical group from the normative group, indicating that DAPP-BQ can successfully identify individuals with personality disorders among the couples.

 The study confirms that the DAPP-BQ has robust diagnostic validity for assessing personality pathology dimensions in couples attending counseling. This instrument can effectively differentiate between clinical and normative groups, making it a reliable tool for diagnosing personality disorders in counseling settings. The findings support the use of the DAPP-BQ in clinical practice for the assessment of personality dysfunctions in couples. Further research is recommended to expand its application to broader populations

 This study aimed to determine the pattern of relationship between sleep disorder and borderline personality disorder with post-traumatic stress disorder in nurses of Kermanshah city.

 The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey-based in terms of implementation. The statistical population of this study includes all present and dispatched nurses to the site of the incident in Kermanshah city. The sampling method was random convenient sampling, and the sample size was determined to be 150 participants using Cochran's formula. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the participants responded to the Mississippi PTSD Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Jackson and Claridge (1991) Borderline Personality Scale.

 The results indicated that post-traumatic stress disorder has a significant positive relationship, both directly and indirectly, with borderline personality disorder thoughts and sleep disorder. Furthermore, in fitting the designed model, it was shown that the obtained GFI and AGFI indices are close to one, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is less than 0.08 and within an acceptable range, suggesting that the model variables are well-fitted by the data.

 Considering the findings of the present study and the importance of nurses' health on community health, the evaluation, recognition, and treatment of sleep quality and borderline personality disorder and their relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder can provide valuable guidelines for improving PTSD in nurses.

 The present study aimed to investigate and compare the effectiveness of mathematical thinking intervention training and dual balance exercises on the executive functions of students with mathematical learning disabilities.

 The statistical population consisted of all students diagnosed with mathematical learning disabilities during the 2022-2023 academic year. Using purposive sampling, 45 students were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The tools used in this research included the KeyMath Standardized Test (Connolly, 1976), the Binet-Simon Test (Roid & Barram, 2003), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Heaton, 2006). In the pre-test phase, all sample members completed these tests. Subsequently, members of the experimental groups received the respective interventions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

 The findings indicated a significant effectiveness of the interventions in improving the executive functions in the experimental groups. Furthermore, follow-up tests revealed that dual balance exercises had a greater impact on working memory and cognitive flexibility.

 These findings support the fact that providing training based on mathematical thinking and focusing on dual balance exercises is considered a beneficial intervention method for addressing the educational challenges of students with mathematical learning disabilities.

 The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of schema therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on cognitive flexibility and quality of life in conflicting couples.

 This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The sample consisted of 24 conflicting couples who were randomly divided into three groups: schema therapy group (8 couples), ACT group (8 couples), and control group (8 couples). Both experimental groups received seven 120-minute sessions of intervention. The research tools included the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory and Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

 The results showed that both experimental groups experienced significant improvements in cognitive flexibility and quality of life compared to the control group. Furthermore, the follow-up results indicated that these improvements in the schema therapy and ACT groups were sustained two months after the interventions. However, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of the two therapeutic approaches.

 Based on the findings of this study, both schema therapy and ACT can effectively increase cognitive flexibility and improve the quality of life in conflicting couples. These results highlight the effectiveness of these approaches in reducing marital conflicts and enhancing the psychological well-being of couples.

Mothers of children with learning disabilities face many challenges, especially in the fields of resilience and anger management, and considering the cultural and religious context of Iran, it seems that teaching positive thinking skills with emphasis on religious teachings is effective in this field. As a result, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of teaching positive thinking skills with emphasis on religious teachings on resilience and anger management in mothers of children with learning disorder.

Methods and Materials: 

This research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was a semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The study statistical population was the mothers of children with learning disorder in the 16th district of Tehran city in 2023 year. The sample of the research was 30 people who were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of 90 minute by teaching positive thinking skills with emphasis on religious teachings and during this time the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were included Connor and Davidson's resilience scale (2003) and Spielberger's anger management inventory (1999) and its data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method in SPSS version 25 software.

The findings showed that teaching positive thinking skills with emphasis on religious teachings increased resilience and anger management in mothers of children with learning disorder (P<0.05).

According to the results of this study, to improve resilience and anger management can be used the teaching positive thinking skills with emphasis on religious teachings method along with other educational methods.

 This study aimed to predict academic engagement based on basic psychological needs and academic perfectionism in female middle school students in the city of Malekan.

 The study followed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included 2,500 female middle school students in Malekan during the second half of the 2022-2023 academic year. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 333 students was selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included the Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Fredricks et al., 2004), the Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and the Academic Perfectionism Questionnaire (Stoeber et al., 2007). Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were employed for data analysis.

 The results indicated a significant positive relationship between basic psychological needs and academic engagement (r = 0.610). Furthermore, positive perfectionism showed a significant positive correlation with academic engagement (r = 0.418), while negative perfectionism had a significant inverse relationship with academic engagement (r = -0.271). Regression analysis revealed that positive perfectionism, negative perfectionism, and basic psychological needs, with beta coefficients of 0.220, -0.206, and 0.518, respectively, predicted the level of academic engagement in students.

 The findings suggest that fulfilling basic psychological needs and fostering positive perfectionism can enhance students' academic engagement, whereas managing negative perfectionism can prevent disengagement and improve academic performance.

 The current research aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) in patients with type II diabetes.

Methods and Materials:

 The research adopted a developmental approach and fell within the scope of descriptive and test validation studies. The participants were type 2 diabetes patients from Mashhad, collected during the autumn of 2012. Two separate groups, one with 201 and another with 283 subjects, were assembled through convenience sampling. They were asked to fill out several instruments, including the TSRQ, Perceived Competence Scale (PCS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data analysis was performed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as multiple regression and multivariate analysis of variance, with the aid of SPSS 27 and Amos 24.

 Analysis revealed that the TSRQ is bifactorial, comprising autonomous and controlled regulation factors. The variance was 81.58% in medication adherence and glycemic control and 85.40% in dietary adherence and physical activity. Confirmatory factor analysis provided further validation of this structure. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability tests. Predictive validity was established for perceived competence, subjective vitality, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. No significant correlation was found between fasting blood sugar levels and the self-regulation dimensions of diabetes treatment (P<0.05). Additionally, significant variances in self-regulation were observed across variables such as duration of diabetes, gender, age, marital status, educational background, and employment status (P<0.01).

 The TSRQ appears to possess robust psychometric qualities for patients with type 2 diabetes, making it a valuable tool for assessing and enhancing their self-management and regulatory capabilities.

 The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation tasks (Brain Gym) with and without transcranial electrical stimulation on eye tracking and neuropsychological functions in children with high-functioning autism.

 This research used a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest-follow-up design with three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The statistical population included children with high-functioning autism at Tarab School in Tehran in 2024. A total of 30 participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Both experimental groups received ten 50-minute sessions of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation tasks, with one group receiving transcranial electrical stimulation and the other without. The control group received no intervention. The instruments included the Autism Spectrum Quotient (Ehlers et al., 1999), the Neuropsychological Function Assessment (Korkman et al., 1998), and eye trackers for eye tracking measurement. Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA with SPSS-v22.

 The results indicated significant differences between the experimental groups in terms of eye tracking and executive functions/attention components. The group that received cognitive rehabilitation with transcranial electrical stimulation showed greater improvements compared to the group without stimulation.

 Cognitive rehabilitation with transcranial electrical stimulation can have a positive impact on eye tracking and executive functions/attention in children with high-functioning autism, showing greater effectiveness compared to non-stimulation methods.

 This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of logotherapy on psychological capital and cognitive emotion regulation in women affected by marital infidelity.

 The research was quasi-experimental, employing a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population included all women affected by marital infidelity who sought psychotherapy and counseling in Tehran in 2023. From this population, 30 participants were selected through convenience sampling. Data collection instruments included Luthans' Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007) and Garnefski & Kraaij's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-short) (2006). Participants were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of logotherapy based on Frankl's theory (1992), while the control group received no intervention. After the sessions, the posttest was conducted, followed by a three-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and mixed variance analysis through SPSS-26 software.

 The results revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in psychological capital and adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Logotherapy significantly increased self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism in women affected by marital infidelity. Additionally, the time factor showed significant improvement in variables such as acceptance, positive refocusing, planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame.

 Logotherapy proved to be an effective method for enhancing psychological capital and cognitive emotion regulation in women affected by marital infidelity. The effects remained stable over time, contributing to improved psychological and emotional well-being in this group of women.

 The aim of this study is to identify the personality type of Mohtasham Kashani, the renowned 16th-century poet, through his poetry, based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

 This research employs a descriptive-analytical method. The theory of the sixteen personality types developed by Myers-Briggs, based on Carl Jung’s psychological theory, is used as the theoretical framework for analyzing Mohtasham Kashani’s personality. Data was gathered from his poetry and analyzed according to personality psychology indicators. The study examines various dimensions of personality, including "Introversion-Extraversion," "Sensing-Intuition," "Thinking-Feeling," and "Judging-Perceiving."

 The analysis of Mohtasham Kashani’s poetry reveals that his personality aligns with the ESFP type. This personality type is characterized by sociability, extroversion, emotionality, and a focus on present experiences. Mohtasham Kashani’s poetry demonstrates a strong focus on emotions and sensory experiences, with less inclination toward long-term planning or logical thinking.

 The results indicate that Mohtasham Kashani possesses an ESFP personality type, marked by extroversion, sensitivity to the environment, emotional depth, and flexibility. This personality type can provide insights into his behaviors and social interactions. Additionally, this analysis offers new perspectives in the field of literary personality analysis and highlights the importance of modeling the personalities of influential cultural and literary figures.

Objective: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and schema therapy on empathy, emotional regulation and mental health of abused adolescent girls.

Method: 

This study was combined (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, the research method was phenomenological and in the quantitative part, the research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the present study included all abused teenage girls who were present in welfare centers for girls in Sanandaj city in 1402. The sample of the research was selected in the qualitative section using the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, the statistical sample of the present study was made up of 45 adolescent girls with bad guardians. The first experimental group received the intervention program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and the second experimental group received the schema therapy program and the control group did not receive the programGoldberg's mental health questionnaires (1972), Davis's empathy (1994) and Gross and John's (2003) emotion regulation questionnaires were used as research tools. Data analysis was done with SPSS 28 software and multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used

Findings:

 The findings showed that only the lived experience intervention was effective for one of the emotion regulation scales (Cognitive reappraisal) and both intervention methods were effective on empathy and mental health (p<0.05). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the effectiveness of the lived experience intervention on empathy was greater than the schema therapy intervention, but the effectiveness of the two intervention methods on mental health was the same.

Conclusion: 

According to the results, it can be said that the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships is effective in improving the ability of abused adolescent girls, and it is recommended to use it in the treatment and education process.

The present study aimed to predict cyberchondria based on chronic stress, rumination, and internet addiction. This research, in terms of its aim, is applied, and in terms of its method, it is a descriptive correlational study.

The statistical population consisted of married women in the city of Tehran. A total of 400 married women were determined and selected as the statistical sample using convenience sampling, following Loehlin's (2004) guideline. Data collection instruments included the Cyberchondria Scale (McElroy, 2014), the Chronic Stress Scale (Cohen, 1983), the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999), and the Internet Addiction Scale (Kimberly). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, univariate and multivariate regression methods with SPSS 22 software, and structural equation modeling using LISREL 8.5. The findings indicated that cyberchondria had a strong correlation with chronic stress, rumination, and internet addiction.

The regression equation's coefficient of determination was 0.425, suggesting that approximately 42.5% of the variance in cyberchondria is explained by the variables of chronic stress, rumination, and internet addiction, which is a significant amount. There was a negative correlation (−0.189) between cyberchondria and positive chronic stress, a positive correlation (0.318) between cyberchondria and negative chronic stress, a positive correlation (0.135) between cyberchondria and rumination, and a positive correlation (0.55) between cyberchondria and internet addiction.

Therefore, rumination, chronic stress, and internet addiction are predictors of cyberchondria.

 This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on improving cognitive flexibility, relationship beliefs, and reducing rumination in individuals with marital dissatisfaction.

 The research is applied in nature and employs a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test, including a control group. The statistical population consisted of all individuals with marital dissatisfaction in Bojnord City who visited welfare counseling centers in 2024 and scored as dissatisfied on the Olson Marital Satisfaction Test. Convenience sampling was used, and the sample size comprised 40 participants randomly assigned to an experimental group (20 participants) and a control group (20 participants). Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010), the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire by Eidelson and Epstein (1981), and the Rumination Questionnaire by Nolen-Hoeksema (1991). The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of 90-minute Dialectical Behavior Therapy, based on McKay et al. (2012), conducted in a group format. The control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with SPSS23 software.

 The results demonstrated that Dialectical Behavior Therapy significantly improved cognitive flexibility, relationship beliefs, and reduced rumination in individuals with marital dissatisfaction. There were meaningful differences between the experimental and control groups for these variables.

 Dialectical Behavior Therapy can be considered an effective intervention for enhancing cognitive flexibility, fostering positive relationship beliefs, and reducing rumination among individuals with marital dissatisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating innovative therapeutic approaches to address psychological and relational issues in couples.