مجله مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی
پیاپی 74 (زمستان 1403)

As organizations and individuals face increasing pressures and coercion, courageous actions become essential for effectively addressing these challenges. This research aims to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of courage within workplace settings through a comprehensive review of existing literature.
This study utilized a meta-synthesis approach for its research design. Sample selection was carried out using purposeful sampling techniques. Additionally, qualitative data were converted into quantitative data through Shannon's entropy method for indicator weighting and ranking.
The antecedents of workplace courage were identified and categorized into four primary groups: individual, organizational, situational, and environmental factors, ranked in order of significance. Moreover, the manifestations of workplace courage were divided into positive and negative outcomes.
The findings of this study offer valuable insights for businesses and organizational leaders regarding the vital role of courage in the workplace. By understanding the antecedents of courage, organizations can create environments that encourage courageous actions and maximize their beneficial effects.

Today's organizations are faced with constant changes. These changes have affected organizations and require today's leaders to be strategically reactive and proactive to ensure that their organizations thrive in the modern era. Chameleon leaders possess the qualities that give organizations the knowledge and style to compete on a global scale. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the effective factors and consequences of chameleon leadership.

In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of data collection method, it is a survey and exploratory type, which was conducted in a mixed manner. The statistical population of the research is the experts in the field of human resources of Sananndaj government organizations. Sample members were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool is in the qualitative part of the interview and in the quantitative part of the questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the tools were analyzed using content validity and intra-coder inter-coder reliability for the interview, and content validity and retest reliability for the questionnaire, respectively. In this research, for data analysis in the qualitative part, the method of content analysis and coding and fuzzy Delphi was used in the quantitative part, using the fuzzy Dematel method.

In this research, based on the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, a set of factors were identified as chameleon leadership suffixes. These include unpredictable situations, the spread of the organization's self-interested atmosphere, the existence of competitive spirit, political work in the organization and organizational deviations, opportunism, shrewd personality, internal control center, behavioral care, responsiveness as antecedents, as well as components of networking and development of communication channels, flexibility and adaptability to changes, adjustment of leadership attitudes and behaviors with the environment, acquisition of social identity, critical thinking, job security, formation of political behaviors, adaptive communication styles, and organizational agility. Among the identified factors, unpredictable situations and internal control center were identified as the most important factors of chameleon leadership, respectively.

The most important factors affecting chameleon leadership are unpredictable situations and the internal control center in the organization.

Examining various dimensions of teachers’ social capital is considered a new topic; as is the idea of the school as a small unit of  society. This paper follows an approach to measuring social capital from the perspective of surveying the components of social capital among foreign language teachers. To this end, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was adopted. It was assumed that teachers, to expand and consolidate their social capital, need to learn from the structure of professional-participatory development, and intellectual, research, and emotional support of each other in the context of schools. To collect data, a total of 143 foreign language teachers working in the Education department were selected. The tools were tested and confirmed in terms of validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability (Delwin-Goldstein & Cronbach's alpha). We used SmartPLS (V.4) and SPSS software to test the goodness of fit of the proposed structural model and the research hypotheses. Looking at the pattern output and path coefficients, it is estimated that participatory professional development and professional reflection have a direct role in building the social capital of language teachers, while expandable agency has a mediating role. Based on the results and in line with parallel studies, it is suggested that teachers' participation in developmental and collaborative activities (such as team training, joint research action, and visiting other classes and schools), along with an atmosphere of (knowledge, research and emotional) support should be included in the teacher training curriculum.

This research investigated the political behaviors present within the Ministry of Education, aiming to identify the different types and their relative prevalence among employees.
The study employed a mixed-method approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In the first phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen administrative staff members holding extensive experience (over 5 years) within the Ministry in Semnan city. Thematic analysis of these interviews provided a foundation for the development of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was then distributed randomly to a larger sample of 220 participants, encompassing both administrative staff and high school teachers within the Ministry of Education. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS2020 software to identify patterns and trends in the reported behaviors.
Seven categories of political behaviors emerged: image management (of others), organizational manipulation, preferential treatment, coalition building, undermining colleagues' competence, opportunistic behavior, and dominance displays. Image management was the most frequently observed behavior, while manipulation tactics were reported less frequently.
Interestingly, some participants in the study denied the existence of political behaviors within the Ministry. This suggests a potential blind spot or normalization of certain political tactics by some employees. The research also highlights the diverse range of political strategies employed within the organization. Further investigations are warranted to explore the motivations driving these behaviors and their potential impact on the Ministry's overall effectiveness and employee well-being.

One of the important capacities of women entrepreneurs in order to adapt in the face of adversities and problems to achieve success is resilience, with entrepreneurial competencies leading to its development. In addition, the entrepreneurial motivation as a driving force for more resilience to achieve the expected goals, explains the development of resilience of women entrepreneurs through entrepreneurial competencies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the impact of entrepreneurial competencies on the resilience of women entrepreneurs in Alborz Province through the mediation of entrepreneurial motivation. This research is applied in purpose and employed using a descriptive-correlational method. The data were collected from a sample of 192 women entrepreneurs of Alborz Province, using stratified random sampling and tested by structural equation modeling method with PLS software. The mediator relationships of the model were examined by the Sobel method. The main tool used to collect data is questionnaire. To investigate the validity of the research tool, convergent validity, divergent validity and construct validity were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability were employed to evaluate its reliability. The findings of the research indicated that the entrepreneurial competencies of the research model, including conceptual competencies, business management, personal, opportunity and human relations have a direct and positive effect on the resilience of female entrepreneurs. In addition, through the mediating variable of entrepreneurial motivation, the mentioned entrepreneurial competencies  has a positive, indirect effect on the resilience of female entrepreneurs in Alborz Province.

The purpose of this study is to identify the skills of the management team in developing dynamic capabilities in new ventures. The methodology used is a qualitative multiple-case study analysis. Data were collected through the study of documentary sources and semi-structured interviews, with 15 managers in the field of information technology in Tehran, through targeted sampling. In the open coding stage, 84 open codes were identified from the analysis of the interviews, and after refining and merging similar codes, 17 codes were finalized. Based on the results, four management skills were identified in the development of dynamic capabilities in new ventures. These skills include cognitive, human, technical and effectuation skills that lead to the development of dynamic capabilities and improve the company's performance. These results provide valuable insights for managers and entrepreneurs on how to create and develop dynamic capabilities in new ventures.