Journal of Alternative Veterinary Medicine
Volume:7 Issue: 21, 2024

Escitalopram is a drug that is used for the management and treatment of major depression and generalized anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of gallic acid as an antioxidant with different doses in rats treated with escitalopram.

In this experimental study, rats were divided into 7 groups including: control group, control group (1 ml of distilled water as drug solvent), experimental groups 1 (10 mg/kg of escitalopram) and 2 (mg 20/kg gallic acid), experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 (first 10 mg/kg escitalopram and then 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg gallic acid respectively) received by gavage for 28 days. At the end of the study, liver enzymes (ALT, AST and GGT) and blood biochemical parameters (ALP, albumin, total protein and total bilirubin) were measured.

Escitalopram administration in experimental group 1 increased the serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, albumin, and total bilirubin compared to the control and control groups (P<0.05), but the serum total protein level decreased significantly (P<0.05). The administration of gallic acid in different doses (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) in rats treated with escitalopram decreased the serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, albumin and total bilirubin compared to experimental group 1 (P<0.05), but the total protein serum level showed a significant increase (P<0.05).

Escitalopram in a dose of 10 mg/kg can cause disturbances in liver enzymes and blood biochemical parameters. However, gallic acid as an antioxidant, especially at the maximum dose (20 mg/kg), can improve serum levels of liver profile and blood biochemical parameters in male rats treated with escitalopram.

The levator ani muscle is one of the two main muscles forming the pelvic diaphragm, playing a significant anatomical role in conditions such as perineal hernia. Additionally, a condition known as levator ani syndrome is characterized by pelvic and rectal pain. Studying the natural shape, size, and positioning of this muscle using computed tomography (CT) could provide a foundation for future research on its disorders through other imaging modalities like ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

CT scans of the levator ani muscle were performed on 10 clinically healthy male and 10 clinically healthy female mixed-breed dogs weighing between 15 and 20 kilograms. The muscle’s shape and dimensions were evaluated from its origin to its insertion, and the measurements were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test.

The levator ani muscle was symmetrically located on both sides of the rectum at the level of the hip joint and extended from the axis of the ilium to the hemal process of the fourth caudal vertebra. The average length of the levator ani muscle was 4.9 cm in male dogs and 4.5 cm in female dogs (p<0.05).

This study demonstrated that the levator ani muscle in dogs has a symmetrical structure with minor length differences between males and females. These findings can serve as a reference for future research on disorders involving this muscle and for improving imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and MRI.

Patellar luxation is a common orthopedic problem in dogs. Medial luxation is more common than lateral luxation and is usually seen more in small breed dogs. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations of patellar instability. However, diagnostic imaging is required to assess the degree of bone deformation and then the most appropriate treatment. In this study, the problems and complications related to the stifle joint of dogs referred to small animal clinics in Tehran were investigated from a clinical and radiographic perspective.

Relevant data were collected over a one-year period and age, sex, type of involvement, side of involvement, and degree of luxation were recorded.

Of the 100 dogs studied, 28 were diseased (19 males and 9 females) and 72 were healthy (38 males and 34 females). Also, out of 100 dogs studied, 28 were sick (19 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 5 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 4 dogs aged 10 to 15 years) and 72 were healthy (39 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 19 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 14 dogs aged 10 to 15 years). Out of 28 dogs with patellar luxation, 19 dogs had medial luxation (11 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 4 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 4 dogs aged 10 to 15 years) and 9 dogs had lateral luxation (8 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 1 dog aged 5 to 10 years, and 0 dogs aged 10 to 15 years).

In the present study, it was determined that unilateral luxation were 82.1% and bilateral luxation were 17.9% in the dogs studied.

Mastitis is the most costly disease threatening the cow breeding industry. Early diagnosis of clinical mastitis cases is the best option to prevent cows from getting mastitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial agents causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows of Masal.

In total, 100 samples of raw milk were collected from cow farms in Masal city. The samples were evaluated and scored using the California mastitis test. The positive samples collected in each milking session were transferred to the laboratory at the frozen condition and microbial culture and antibiogram were performed on them. All data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 25.

Results showed that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was about 67%. The distribution of the most common bacteria isolated from milk samples included: Staphylococcus aureus with 26.9%, Escherichia coli with 16.4%, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with 10.4%, Streptococcus agalactiae with 10.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae with 9% and Enterobacter with 7.5%. Also, 71.4% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates and 66.7% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin.

In general, all bacterial agents isolated from the studied samples were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Totally, milk produced from cows with subclinical mastitis transmits antibiotic-resistant microbes to humans and leads to the spread of antibiotic-resistant microbes in humans. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of subclinical mastitis in cows needs more attention.

Thermal injury to the bone during drilling action is one of the primary concerns in orthopedic surgery. The temperature and length of time during which bone tissue is exposed to it, causes thermal injury. In this study, the effect of drill head friction on thermal necrosis in goat tibia was investigated histopathologically.    

Five healthy male Iranian goats were selected and 8 holes were made on the body of the tibia using a sharp spiral and split point drill and a medial approach in both hind limbs at 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 1000 rpm. To study the effect of cooling agent on reducing the incidence of thermal necrosis in the left hind limb, sterile normal saline was used, but normal saline was not used in the right hind limb. Then, on each of the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th days after the operation, one of the animals was humanely slaughtered and the tibia of both limbs was sent to the laboratory for histopathological study.

Pathological results indicated that thermal necrosis was observed in 36 of 40 holes made in the right hind limb, with approximately 90% of the holes made in the left hind limb, while thermal necrosis was observed in 55% of the 40 holes made in the left hind limb. Thermal necrosis was also observed in 60% of the holes made at 250, 300, 350, and 1000 rpm in both limbs.

The results of this study indicate that speeds above 250 rpm/min contributes significantly to thermal necrosis because reducing the time by increasing the force applied to the head will reduce the likelihood of thermal necrosis. Also, using a cooling solution during drilling is one of the effective ways to reduce the incidence of thermal necrosis.

The supply of fresh food products is associated with the problem of fast perishability and their short shelf life. Due to the importance of meat consumption in the food program and the problem of its fast perishability, the need to use new packaging methods is increasing. Today, edible films and coatings based on protein, lipid, polysaccharide or a combination of them have entered the packaging industry. This protective layer acts as a barrier between the food and the external environment, thus delaying the spoilage process. Edible coatings can prevent loss of moisture, growth of microbes, dripping and rancidity of meat lipids, preserve their taste and color, and protect the contents of the package from physical damage caused by transportation. These coatings are more suitable than synthetic polymers because they are biodegradable and do not cause problems in nature, and they are being replaced to a large extent instead of synthetic types. Edibility, biosufficiency, and efficiency of these coatings are the main reason for their popularity in the food industry and conducting a wide range of researches in this regard. Based on the researches, the combined effect of some of these coatings with each other and adding essential oil to them leads to improvement of its properties and antioxidant effect. The findings presented in this article show the types of food coatings as well as recent developments related to them.