نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال سیزدهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 101، آبان 1403)

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the executive function training package (BETA) on improving attention and working memory in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this research included all students aged 8-12 years old (second to sixth grades) with ADHD in boys' primary schools in Soumesara city in the academic year of 2022. The research sample consisted of 24 students selected through purposive sampling and placed in two experimental and control groups (12 in the experimental group and 12 in the control group) randomly. To collect data, Integrated Visual and Auditory-2  (IVA-2; Arbel et al, 2014) and Children's Working Memory Test (WMTB-C; Pickering and Gathercole, 2001) were used to collect data. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 45 minutes individually under the intervention of training of executive functions. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that with pre-test control, there is a significant difference at the 0.05 level between the average of the post-test of attention and working memory in the two control test groups. In general, it can be concluded that the executive function training package (BETA) is an effective intervention in improving attention and working memory in children with ADHD.

This review has aimed to collect all the studies conducted on embodiment in patients with Depersonalization – De realization Disorder (DDD) since 2010. The present research is being done as a comprehensive scoping review. Searches are made in various databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. By searching keywords including embodiment, interoceptive signals, Depersonalization – De realization disorder, and review study, the number of potentially related articles was more than 700 titles. the criteria for selecting papers was approaching DDD with any embodied approach. After different levels of censorship using various checklists such as “Review Articles & Systematic Reviews” and “Checklist for Preparing and Evaluating Review Article”. However, only 10 of them were selected as significant enough to meet the inclusion criteria of the present study fully and determined for a detailed view and textual examination. It has been found that scientists have mostly concentrated on the idea of improper “interoceptive signals” as the main bodily mechanism underlying DDD. It has been found that some elements like preventing one from making proper reactions in situations that demand it, and also intentionally avoiding empathy with others, create incompatibility between a person’s conception of her presence in the situation and the signals she receives from inside.

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire in Iranian students. In this descriptive correlational study, a total of 342 participants (265 girls and 77 boys) from second-grade high school students (aged 16-18 years) in Babolsar county in the academic year 1402-1401 were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling and completed the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Youth (RFQ-Y) by Sharp et al. (2009). Data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire showed a good model fit. Additionally, in this model, Subscale A has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, Subscale B has a value of 0.81, and the overall scale has a value of 0.90, indicating adequate reliability. The results of the data analysis showed that the utilized scale possessed satisfactory validity and reliability and could provide an acceptable representation of this construct. Therefore, this scale can be used in various studies to assess mentalization in students.

Miscarriage and early pregnancy loss is a painful experience for parents, which is experienced with negative psychological consequences. The present study was conducted to describe of lived experiences of women and men with miscarriages. The methodology of this study is the qualitative and phenomenological approach. To select the participants, a purposive sampling method (centered on criteria) was used. The theoretical data saturation criterion was also used to determine the sample size. Information was collected using a semi-structured interview with 9 women and 8 men living in Qom who had experienced miscarriage. The process of interviews lasted about three months (November to December 2021). data were analyzed using the 7-step Colaizzi method. The analysis of narrations revealed 5 main themes. These themes include expression of grief, guilt and helplessness, level of anxiety, support, and coping methods. the analysis of narratives and the comparison of free codes showed that there are gender-specific reactions to the experience of loss. Women experience more grief, guilt, and anxiety than men due to the physical experience of pregnancy and Miscarriage. On the other hand, men experience less intensity of grief and often repress their feelings due to social expectations and less dependence on the fetus. It was also found that most of the positive social support is aimed at women. In the end, women relied on religious beliefs and social support to cope with their grief, and men tried to return to their former lives by immersing themselves in their work.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching schema therapy concepts on cognitive avoidance and ambiguity tolerance in adolescents with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to counseling and psychology centers in Sanandaj in 1402, based on the purposeful sampling method, 30 people were randomly selected into the experimental group (N=15) and the control group (N=15). were replaced The measurement tools were Yale-Brown's (1989) Yale-Brown's (Y-BOCS-BDD), Cognitive Avoidance (CAQ, 2004), and Tolerance of Ambiguity (IUS) Friston et al. (1994). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes for 4 consecutive weeks (2 sessions each week) and the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical data analysis was done using the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The results showed that the difference between the pre-test and post-test stages of cognitive avoidance (P<0.001) and follow-up pre-test (P<0.001) was significant. Also, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stages of ambiguity tolerance (P<0.001) and the follow-up pre-test (P<0.001) were significant; which shows the effectiveness of research intervention in these variables; Therefore, by using schema therapy training, it is possible to help reduce cognitive avoidance and increase ambiguity tolerance in adolescents with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotional dysregulation in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and perceived parenting styles with depression in pregnant women. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type of path analysis. The study population was all pregnant women referring to health centers, midwifery centers, and gynecology offices in Tehran in 2022, who were in the early months of pregnancy until the seventh month. Among them, 397 people were selected as samples. Research tools included: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer, 2004), Young Parenting Inventory (YPI, Young, 1999), and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ, Young, 1990). The data were analyzed using the path analysis method. The results of path analysis indicated the appropriate fit of the model. The findings showed that disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance over vigilance and inhibition, and the father's perceived parenting styles can indirectly predict depression in pregnant women through emotional dysregulation (p< 0.001). These results show that disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance over vigilance and inhibition, and the father's perceived parenting styles can explain depression in pregnant women due to the important role of emotional dysregulation.

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the self-concealment of adolescents with a history of self-injury admitted to the psychiatric ward of the hospital. The research method was a single case (A-B-A) with multiple baselines and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research was adolescents aged 14 to 19 years admitted to the psychiatric department of Baqiyatullah Azam Hospital in Tehran in 2021-2022. 4 people were selected from the statistical population by purposive sampling method. A Self-concealment questionnaire (SCS, 1990) and a list of self-injurious behaviors (ISAS, 2009) were used to collect data. After multiple baselines for each adolescent, an individualized intervention program was presented in 8 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using a reliable analysis method and with the help of graphs. The results showed that after receiving training, the participants' scores in self-concealment and self-injury decreased for each participant. Based on the results, treatment based on acceptance and commitment is effective in reducing self-concealment and self-injury in hospitalized adolescents.

The present study investigated the relationship between parenting style and resilience with the mediation of loneliness among young people in an Iranian sojourn. The descriptive-correlation research method was path analysis. The statistical population in this research comprised all young Iranians who lived abroad in 2023 due to migration, education, work, etc. Therefore, using the available sampling method, 200 Iranian youths in exile were selected and then the questionnaires were given to these youths and completed and collected. The measurement tools in this research were resilience questionnaires (CD-RISC, Connor and Davidson, 2003), parenting styles (PSQ, Sheffer, 1965), and loneliness (UCLQ, Russell, 1993). Pearson correlation tests and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the research model was a good fit. Parenting styles of affection-rejection (P=0.008), control-freedom (P<0.001), and loneliness (P<0.001) had a negative and significant effect on the resilience of Iranian youth. Also, parenting styles of affection-rejection and control-freedom had a positive and significant impact on the loneliness of Iranian youth (P<0.001). By entering the variable of loneliness into the model, the indirect effect of parenting styles of affection-rejection and control-freedom on resilience became negative and significant (P<0.001). The results of this research showed the importance of inappropriate parenting behaviors of parents in forming or increasing the feeling of loneliness and ultimately the low resilience of Iranian youth in exile.

The present study was conducted with the aim of building and validating a local educational-therapeutic intervention that promotes psychological health on the psychological well-being of women freed from addiction. The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research in developing the program included all the women freed from addiction in the 7th district of Tehran in 2022, of which 30 people (15 in the control group and 15 in the experimental group) were selected through the purposeful sampling method and They were randomly placed in two groups. To collect data, the Ryff Scales of Psychological Wellbeing-Short Form (RSPWB-SF, 1989) was used. Repeated measurement analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data. The research findings showed that there was a significant difference of 0.01 between the post-test mean of psychological well-being in the experimental and control groups. In addition, the results showed that this intervention was able to significantly maintain its effect over time (P<0.0001). As a result, skill enhancement program training can be used as an effective approach to improve psychological well-being.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on memory and cognitive flexibility in men with major depression. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this research included all men with depression who were referred to psychological clinics located in the 8th district of Tehran in the second half of 2023, and 30 people were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Measuring tools included Beck et al.'s Depression Inventory-2 (BDI-II, 1996), Daneman & Carpenter Working Memory Questionnaire (WMT, 1980) and Dennis Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (PFQ, 2010). The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy during eight sessions, one session every week for 90 minutes. The data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the average of the post-test of memory and cognitive flexibility in the two experimental and control groups at the level of p<0.05. As a result, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness can be used as an effective treatment method to improve memory and cognitive flexibility in men with major depression.

This study aimed to predict children's separation anxiety symptoms based on parenting styles with the mediation of mothers' feelings of insecurity. It is a descriptive-correlational study using the structural equation method. The statistical population included all 6-8 year-old children attending preschool and elementary schools in Tehran during the 2022-2023 academic year; 242 participants were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. evaluated by the Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSQ, Baumrind, 1973), the Relationship Attachment Style Scale for Adults (RAAS, Collins & Read, 1990), and the Parent Form of the Separation Anxiety Scale (SAS, Han et al., 2003). the results demonstrated that the derived model exhibited a satisfactory fit. It was found that an authoritarian parenting style had a direct positive impact on separation anxiety symptoms, while an authoritative parenting style had a direct negative impact (P<0.001). Additionally, mothers' feelings of insecurity had a direct positive effect on their children's separation anxiety (P<0.001). The indirect influence of the relationship between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles on children's separation anxiety, mediated by maternal insecurity, was also (P<0.001). Consequently, given the significant association between maternal parenting styles and separation anxiety symptoms, as well as the mediating influence of mothers' insecurity, therapists and child counselors are encouraged to focus on enhancing parenting styles and alleviating maternal insecurity to reduce separation anxiety in children.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy on emotional divorce, marital burnout, and emotional differentiation of couples seeking divorce. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all couples applying for divorce referring to the courts of Sari city in 1400. The sample was selected from the psychological service centers of Sari City purposefully. The sample size was 42 people, randomly assigned to two experimental groups of Boen family therapy and solution-oriented and control therapy, with 14 people (7 couples) in each group. The tools used in this research were Gutman's emotional divorce (2010, GED), Kaiser's marital distress (1993, MDS), and emotional differentiation (1988, DSI). The experimental groups received Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy during 8 60-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.05 between the mean of the post-test of emotional divorce and marital exhaustion and emotional differentiation in the three groups. Also, the follow-up test results showed no significant difference between the two experimental groups at the 0.05 level. Considering the effectiveness of Bowen's family therapy and solution-oriented therapy in couples applying for divorce, the use of these interventions in counseling centers is suggested.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of logotherapy group training on psychological flexibility and sense of coherence of mothers of children with attention deficit- hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present research method was the type of quasi-experimental study with pre-test, and post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all mothers of children with ADHD who were referred to counseling and psychology centers in Rasht city in 2023. 32 individuals of this population were voluntarily selected by the purposive sampling method concerning the inclusion criteria and they were assigned into two groups of intervention and control (16 people in each group) by random method. To perform a therapeutic intervention, logotherapy was implemented for the experimental group in 10 sessions of 90 minutes (once a week). psychological flexibility inventory (CFI) (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and sense of coherence scale (COC) (Antonovsky, 1993) were the instruments employed in this research. The results showed that in the experimental group, the mean scores of psychological flexibility and sense of coherence in the post-test were significantly lower than the pre-test, which indicates the effectiveness of the treatment on the mentioned variables. Also, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of psychological flexibility and sense of coherence in the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicated the durability of the treatment. Therefore, group logotherapy training may be effective in improving the psychological flexibility and sense of coherence of mothers of children with ADHD.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on emotional maturity and feelings of shame in girls with premenstrual syndrome. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of two months. The statistical population of this research included all female students of the first secondary schools of Mashhad city who were studying in the academic year of 2023; 30 students were selected in a judgmental sampling and were assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups by simple random sampling. Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS; Singh and Bhargava, 1988) and Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP; Cohen et al., 2011) were used to collect data. The members of the intervention group received compassion-focused therapy during 8 sessions. To analyze the data, repeated measurement variance analysis was used. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of emotional maturity and feeling of shame (p<0.05) and the treatment focused on compassion had a lasting effect in the follow-up period (p<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the treatment focused on compassion has been an effective treatment for improving emotional maturity and reducing the feeling of shame in girls with premenstrual syndrome.

The purpose of the present study was to predict social desirability based on problem-oriented coping styles and enneagram personality types. The research method was descriptive -correlation. The statistical population was all male and female clients of counseling centers in Kerman City in 2022 and among them, 200 clients were selected as samples by available sampling. The research tools include The nine Enneagram Types Questionnaire (RHETI, 1993); the Social desirability scale (MCSDS, 1960), and the stress coping styles questionnaire (CISS, 1995).  Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results show that positive relationship between peaceful, success-seeking, challenging, helping, reforming, seeking, and enthusiastic personality types with social desirability (P<0.01) and a negative relationship between loyal-skeptic and individualist personality types with social desirability (P<0.01). ) existed. The results also showed  There is a positive relationship between peaceful, success-seeking, challenging, helping, reforming, seeking, and enthusiastic personality types with social desirability (P<0.01) and a negative relationship between loyal-skeptic and individualist personality types with social desirability (P<0.01). Also, The results showed that Enneagram personality types and problem-oriented coping can explain the 0.35 variance in social desirability. (p<0.01). In general, it can be said that the problem-oriented coping style enneagram personality types predict social desirability (p<0.01) and through them, social desirability can be determined.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of unified trans-diagnostic treatment and adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy on the social competence of adolescents with externalizing behavioral-emotional disorders. The statistical population included students with externalized behavioral-emotional problems who were studying in the first period of secondary school in the academic year of 2022-2023 in Isfahan City. In this research, 53 students with externalized emotional-behavioral problems were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (18 students in the first experimental group, 18 students in the second experimental group, and 17 students in the control group). The students in the experimental groups received the unified trans-diagnostic treatment and adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy for ten weeks in ten 90-minute sessions separately. Children and Adolescents Behavioral- Emotional Inventory (CABEA; Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001) and Social Competence Questionnaire (SCQ; Felner et al., 1990) were used in the present study. The data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA. The results showed that unified trans-diagnostic treatment and adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy have a significant effect on social competence (p<0001) in adolescents with externalizing behavioral-emotional disorder. Based on the findings of the present research, to improve the social competence of adolescents suffering from externalizing behavioral-emotional disorder, two interventional methods of unified trans-diagnostic treatment and adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy can be used.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the cognitive abilities and social adjustment of students. The research method was descriptive-correlation of structural modeling type. The statistical population included the students of the Gorgan unit of Azad University in the academic year 2022-2023, and 384 people were selected as the sample size by random cluster sampling. The research tools included the Social Adjustment Questionnaire (SAQ) by Sohrabi and Samani (2013), the Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (CAQ) by Nejati (2013), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-10) by Schwatzer and Jerusalem (1991). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed the optimal fit of the research model. The results showed a significant direct effect of cognitive abilities on self-efficacy (P=0.004) and self-efficacy on social adjustment (P=0.01), but the direct effect of cognitive abilities on social adjustment was not significant (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated the indirect effect of cognitive abilities on social adjustment with the mediation of self-efficacy (P=0.007). These results show that self-efficacy can explain the social adjustment of students according to the role of cognitive abilities.

This research was conducted to investigate the mediating role of fear of self in the relationship between self-ambivalence and reassurance-seeking with obsessive beliefs. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was all the women of Tehran in 2023. Using the available sampling method, a sample of 447 people was selected and participated in the study. Research tools included the obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ, Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, 2001), the Self-Ambivalence Questionnaire (SAQ, Bhar & Kyrios, 2007), Covert and Overt reassurance-seeking inventory (CORSI, Radomsky & et al, 2020) and Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ, Aardema & et al, 2013). The data were analyzed using the structural equation analysis method. The results of the structural equation analysis indicated the appropriate fit of the model. The findings showed that self-ambivalence and reassurance-seeking were able to directly predict obsessive beliefs (p< 0.001). Also, self-ambivalence and reassurance-seeking could indirectly predict obsessive beliefs through fear of self (p< 0.001). These results show that self-ambivalence and reassurance-seeking, considering the important role of fear of self, can explain obsessive beliefs and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interaction with each other in programs to reduce obsessive beliefs.

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an intensive and short-term psychodynamic approach to the fear of intimacy and emotional regulation of adolescents. The study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period after three months. The statistical population of the research was all teenagers aged 15 to 18 in Rasht city in 2023, of which 34 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental groups (17 people) and control groups (17 people). They got. The experimental group participated in the intensive short-term dynamic psychology approach program (Davanloo, 1996) for 10 sessions of 60 minutes. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) by Gratz & Roemer (2004) and the Fear of Intimacy Questionnaire (FIS) by Descutner & Thelen (1991) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance, for this purpose SPSS statistical software was used. The findings showed that the intensive and short-term psychodynamic approach and evidence a significant reduction in the scores of fear of intimacy and difficulty in regulating emotions in the experimental group compared to the control group, in the post-test (P<0.01) and follow-up (P<0.05) stages. Also, this difference in the follow-up phase was significant at the 0.05 level. It can be concluded that the intensive and short-term psychodynamic approach can be effective in the fear of intimacy and emotional regulation of teenagers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Rogers' client-centered therapy on self-image and distress tolerance of women with depressive symptoms. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, and the statistical population of the research was all the women workers of a sewing company located in Yazd Industrial Town in 1401, and 30 of them were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The measurement tools of this research were Rogers's RSS self-concept Questionnaire (1957) and DTS distress tolerance (Simmons and Gaher, 2005). Rogers' client-centered treatment was implemented for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that by controlling the Effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference (P<0.05) between the post-test of the control and experimental groups in self-concept and distress tolerance. Therefore, it can be concluded that Rogers' client-centered treatment is one of the Effective methods in improving self-concept and bearing the distress of women with Depressive symptoms.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on bullying behaviors and moral disengagement among teenagers. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all male students aged 13 to 17 years old in the second secondary schools of Tabriz from February 2022 to May 2023. The study sample included 40 students selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into an experimental group (20 people) who received mindfulness intervention for 8 sessions and a control group (20 people) who did not receive any intervention. The measurement tools included the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS, Espelage & Holt, 2001) and the Moral Disengagement Mechanisms Scale (MMDS, Bandura & et al, 1996). The analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used in SPSS version 26 to analyze the data. The results showed that after the intervention, the level of bullying behaviors (p<0.01) and moral disengagement (p<0.01) in the experimental group decreased significantly, and this decrease in average scores continued in the two-month follow-up. According to the findings, it can be suggested that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduces bullying behaviors and moral disengagement and is a promising option for improving the psychological performance of adolescents.

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of body image shame in the relationship between the experience of childhood emotional abuse and internet gaming disorder in students. This was a descriptive-correlational study using the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this research was the students of Islamic Azad University, Khomeini Shahr Branch in 2023. In this study, 260 people participated in the accessible method. Data collection using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 2003), the Body Image Shame Scale (BISS; Duarte et al., 2014), and the short form of the Nine-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale -Short Form (IGDS9-SF; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015) was done. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling and the bootstrapping method. The results showed that the proposed model of the mediating role of body image shame in the relationship between the experience of emotional abuse in childhood and internet gaming disorder had a good fit. The results of the structural equation model analysis showed that the experience of emotional abuse in childhood had a direct and significant effect on internet gaming disorder and body image shame (P<0.05). Another result showed that body image shame has a direct and significant effect on internet gaming disorder (P<0.05). The results of the bootstrap test showed that body image shame had a mediating role between the experience of emotional abuse in childhood and internet gaming disorder (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the experience of emotional abuse in childhood has a direct effect on internet gaming disorder in students through damage to body image.

This research aimed to translate and validate the Premenstrual Change Coping Questionnaire (PMS-Cope). The present research was descriptive-correlational and validation in nature. The statistical population of this study consisted of female students of Azad University, South Tehran branch in 2023. A total of 250 people participated using the available sampling method. The research instruments included the Premenstrual Change Coping Questionnaire (PMS-Cope; Kaiser et al., 2018) and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS; Endler & Parker, 1990). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of this questionnaire. The results of criterion validity showed that the premenstrual change coping questionnaire had a positive relationship with problem-oriented coping strategies (P<0.05) and a negative and significant relationship with emotion-oriented and avoidance coping strategies (P<0.05). Also, the results of reliability using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and (test-retest reliability) for the Premenstrual Change Coping Questionnaire were 0.82 and (0.78), respectively; also, based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the Premenstrual Change Coping Questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian community and can be used as a research tool in psychological and clinical studies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of body shame in the relationship between body compassion and social anxiety. This descriptive-correlational research was of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this research was the students of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan branch in 2022; In this study, 280 students were selected using available methods. To collect data from the Body Compassion Scale (BCS; Altman et al., 2020), The social anxiety questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30, Caballo et al., 2010), and the Body Image Shame Scale (BISS, Duarte et al., 2014) was used. Data analysis was done using the structural equation method. The results showed that the presented model had a good fit. The results of the coefficients of direct effects showed that physical compassion had a negative direct and significant effect on social anxiety; body shame had a positive direct effect on social anxiety; Also, body compassion had a negative direct effect on body shame (P<0.05). The results of the bootstrap test showed that body shame had a mediating role between body compassion and social anxiety (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that physical compassion had an effective role in reducing social anxiety; Also, this relationship was mediated by body shame. It can be said that compassion led to the improvement of social anxiety by reducing body shame.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of the group training package on women's reconciliation after the event of divorce on the mental well-being and improvement of rumination of divorced women. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all the divorced women of Arak City in 2022-2023, who were selected using available sampling and were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group underwent the group training package for women's reconciliation after the divorce event for 10 sessions of 75 minutes (2 sessions per week). The measurement tools in this research were the subjective well-being questionnaire (SWBQ) (2003) and Nolen-Hoeksma and Maro rumination (RRS) (1991). Statistical data analysis was done using the repeated measurement variance analysis method. The findings showed that there was a significant difference at the 0.001 level between the pre-test and the post-test of mental well-being and rumination in the two experimental and control groups, Also, there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up averages in the two experimental and control groups at the 0.001 level. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the group training package for women's reconciliation after the divorce event is a suitable intervention method to improve the mental well-being and rumination of divorced women.