مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال بیست و دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 77، پاییز 1403)

Given that many factors, including divided attention and sustained attention, can affect change detection; therefore, the purpose of this research is to predict change blindness based on the components of scene complexity, stimulus arousal, symbolic memory, and sustained attention.

Methods and Materials:

 The research method was relational-exploratory. The statistical population of this research was the students of Payam Noor and Azad Islamic University, Zarand branch, and 200 of them were selected by available sampling method. . In order to collect data, real images with positive, negative and neutral emotional load were used in the form of software prepared to measure change blindness, stimulus emotional load and stimulus complexity. Also, Sperling's test was used to measure symbolic memory and continuous performance test was used to measure sustained attention. Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis through path analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied. All analyzes were performed using AMOS and SPSS version 21, and correlation and regression coefficients were used.

According to the findings of the research, the provided indicators showed the perfect fit of the model. In the final model, the ratio of the chi-square to the degree of freedom or the relative chi-square (2.10), the goodness of fit index (GFI) equals 0.97, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) equals 0.97, the incremental goodness-of-fit index (IFI) is equal to 0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) is equal to 0.92, Normalized Fit Index (NFI) is equal to 0.94, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSEA) is equal to 0.06.

The findings showed that the components of scene complexity, stimulus emotional load, symbolic memory and sustained attention have a direct and negative effect on change blindness. Also, the findings indicate that the initial fit indices in Nayed patterns affecting change blindness confirm the appropriateness of the pattern.

A person's mood has an effect on selective attention and false memory; But the answer to the question which type of mood (negative or positive) and in which emotional situation (negative or positive) creates the most false memory, requires more research. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of emotion induction on false memory with the mediating role of attention bias in patients with mood disorders.

Methods and Materials:

 The semi-experimental research method and the statistical population included all men and women suffering from major depressive disorder and bipolar I disorder (manic period) referred to Razi Psychiatric Hospital. 54 women and 54 men were selected by purposive sampling. In each group, 9 men and 9 women were included. Positive mood was induced to 36 subjects and negative mood to 36 subjects, and no mood was induced to 36 subjects in the control group. False Memory Questionnaire (DRM) was implemented as a pre-test to measure the level of false memory of subjects. And then the false memory task based on the DRM paradigm (post-test) with the mood induction method was used to measure the amount of false memory with different emotional content including positive, negative and neutral by showing the movie. After that, the Stroop test (attention hijacking) was also performed to check the level of emotional states and its effect on attention hijacking. Multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of covariance using statistical software SPSS 29 and pls3 were used to analyze the data.

Mood induction through attention bias has an indirect effect on false memory.

It can be concluded that attention bias play a mediating role in the relationship between mood induction and false memory

Diabetes is one of the non-communicable diseases that cause many effects on the body. Today, the chosen lifestyle and daily behaviors of the individual, especially sports activities, are used a lot to reduce the complications caused by it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of combined exercises on the plasma levels of kynurenine and body composition of type 2 diabetic men.

Methods and Materials:

 In this research, subjects included 24 men with type 2 diabetes with an age range of 60.29 ± 4.00 (years), weight 87.37 ± 6.83 (kg), height 57.57 ± 0.11. 1 (m), body mass index (kg/m2) 36.12 ± 9.09, fat mass (percent) 28.77 ± 1.94, muscle mass (kg) 26.82 ± 1.66, average blood sugar Three months (A1C) 7.74 ± 0.41, fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) 163.79 ± 2.14, medical history (years) 3.92 ± 0.50, voluntarily They were selected and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group (12 people) and the control group (12 people). The experimental group for eight weeks, three sessions of 60 to 80 minutes each week, combined exercises including resistance exercises (four exercises for the upper and lower muscles with an intensity of 60 to 70%, one maximum repetition) and aerobics (with an intensity of 60% of the maximum oxygen consumption for 15 minutes) and the control group had no training during this period. In order to measure research variables, blood sampling was done 48 hours before the start of the first training session and also 48 hours after the last training session while all subjects were fasting. ELISA method was used to measure kynurenine plasma levels. To analyze the data, the statistical test of correlated t-test, independent t-test and Shapiro-Wilk test was used to normalize the data at a significance level of 0.05, with SPSS version 22 software.

The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of combined exercises reduced the plasma levels of kynurenine. In addition, combined training led to a decrease in fat mass and body mass index and an increase in fat-free mass.

Based on the results of this research, it is suggested to use combined exercises to reduce the plasma levels of kynurenine and improve the body composition of type 2 diabetic men.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment on mental rumination and emotional exhaustion of divorced female heads of households.

Methods and Materials:

 semi-experimental research method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with two experimental groups and a control group and a statistical population including all divorced female heads of the household in Isfahan city in 1402, which was selected by available sampling method of 45 people And they were randomly placed in two experimental groups (acceptance and commitment treatment group of 15 people and extra diagnostic treatment group of 15 people) and control group (15 people). Then, 8 sessions of 90 minutes were given to the experimental group of acceptance and commitment therapy, and 8 sessions of 90 minutes were given to the experimental group of extra diagnostic therapy. In addition, there was no intervention for the control group. Data collection tools included Nolen-Hoeksema and Moro (1991) mental rumination questionnaire, Maslach and Jackson (1981) emotional exhaustion questionnaire. The data was analyzed by the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the post-test and the follow-up test of the variable of mental rumination and the mean scores of the post-test of emotional exhaustion, and the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was more effective than the extra-diagnostic treatment on reducing Divorced women had mental rumination and worry.

Acceptance and commitment therapy and transdiagnostic therapy by teaching appropriate methods of dealing with emotional issues have increased the adaptive strategies of divorced female heads of households to regulate emotions and have improved the level of mental health and reduced mental rumination and emotional exhaustion, and this has led to the experience there are fewer physiological and emotional disorders.

The aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between cognitive functions and reading literacy in fourth grade primary school students.

Methods and Materials:

 The study method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population includes all the male students of the fourth grade of primary school in Tehran who were studying in the academic year of 1402-1403, and 174 of them were purposefully selected as a sample. Reading literacy progress tests (Perles, 2016) and subtests from the fifth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children (WISC-5) and the attention and concentration test IVA-2 were used for measurement.

The Pearson correlation coefficient results showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of cognitive performance and literary and information literacy of fourth grade elementary school students. The results of regression analysis showed that conceptual thinking with standard beta coefficient (0.451) had the highest regression effect on students' literary reading literacy. In addition, conceptual thinking with a standard beta coefficient (0.456) had the highest regression effect on students' information literacy, and processing speed, active memory and attention after conceptual thinking had the highest regression effect on students' information literacy.

By increasing the cognitive abilities of students, it becomes possible to perform multiple skills at the same time, and students with information literacy recognize the value of information in texts and have the ability to find and analyze information while reading and are able to understand the content. Evaluate information critically

Considering the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescence, this period is the main stage of developing anxiety symptoms, including generalized anxiety disorder. Many causes and factors are involved in the development of this disorder. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between parenting stress and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

Methods and Materials: 

The current research method was fundamental, cross-sectional, and descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population included all secondary school students of Mashhad city (N= 63000) in 2023-2024, 203 of them and one of their parents (203 parents) were selected using the convenience sampling method. This research, used the parenting stress index, the intolerance of uncertainty scale, and the youth anxiety measure for DSM-5. The Pearson correlation method, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis were used in SPSS and LISREL statistical software for data analysis.

The results show that the direct effect of parenting stress on the intolerance of uncertainty is significant, but its effect on generalized anxiety disorder symptoms is not significant. The direct effect of intolerance of uncertainty on generalized anxiety disorder symptoms is significant. The indirect effect of parenting stress on the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder through intolerance of uncertainty is significant (CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.97, NNFI = 0.96, IFI = 0.99, RFI = 0.92, GFI = 0.9, RMSEA = 0.064).

The results show that parenting stress and adolescents' intolerance of uncertainty play an important role in experiencing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The findings of this research show the importance of interventions based on stress reduction and intolerance of uncertainty to reduce parenting stress and adolescents' intolerance of uncertainty and, as a result, symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

Many attempts have been made to determine the nature of crime based on psychological, sociological, and cultural variables. This study seeks to answer whether dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character affect criminal behaviors through self-control.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method is descriptive-correlational modeling of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents aged 13 to 17 years in Khorramabad city in 2023. The sample consisted of 350 adolescents who were selected by cluster sampling method and responded to the Dark Personality Questionnaire (Paulus & Jones, 2011), the Temperament and Character Inventory of Adan et al. (2009), the Self-Control Questionnaire of Tangney et al. (2004), and Adapted Self-Report Delinquency Scale Pechorro and et al (2019). Using AMOS 24 and SPSS 26 software, structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model.

The correlation coefficient results showed a positive and significant relationship between the dark personality triad and the behaviors of juvenile offenders (P<0.001). The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between novelty and harm avoidance with criminal behaviors (P<0.001) and there is a negative and significant relationship between the rewards of dependence, perseverance, self-direction, cooperation, and self-transcendence with criminal behaviors (P<0.001). The results of structural equation modeling showed that dark personality traits and temperament and character dimensions explain 30% of the variance of self-control. Finally, 43% of the variance in criminal behaviors is explained by dark personality traits, temperament and character dimensions, and self-control.

According to the results, it can be concluded that dark personality traits and dimensions of temperament and character have an indirect effect on the behaviors of juvenile offenders through weak self-control skills.  Therefore, it is suggested that social harm prevention programs focus on self-control and self-control skills

Obesity has spread among societies and most countries and has become a general and global issue. The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of a combined weight loss program on cravings and anthropometric indicators in obese women.                                                                                     

Methods and Materials: 

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test design the test boy was with the control group. The statistical population included all obese women who referred to the nutrition clinic of Ardabil city in 1402. Considering that at least 15 samples are considered in experimental research, as a result, 45 obese women (15 people in the treatment situation with integrated weight loss program and 15 people in the situation without treatment) were randomly selected and placed in the group. Each of the experimental group was treated separately daily for 50 minutes and with 14 sessions, and the control group did not receive treatment. The members of each group were evaluated using the Cepeda-Benito craving questionnaire and anthropometric indices in the pre-test and post-test stages, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Based on the obtained results, the integrated weight loss program had a positive and significant effect on food cravings, Body Mass Index and WHtR index (P<0.001), so that the scores of the subjects of the experimental group decreased significantly in the post-test of these variables, but on WHR and AVI had no significant effect (P<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it seems that the integrated weight loss program method can be used in weight loss and lifestyle change programs and improving community health.

internet addiction is a psychosocial disorder that has had a dramatic effect on the adolescent and young generation in expanding societies, and has important consequences such as emotional turmoil, emotion, aggression, psychosis, adverse interpersonal relationships. The present study aimed at the effectiveness of reality therapy based on the quality of life of adolescents with internet addiction on excitement and peer relationships.

Methods and Materials: 

In the qualitative stage, it was a phenomenological method, and 15 teenagers were selected and interviewed from among teenagers with Internet addiction under counseling in the counseling centers of Isfahan city. With Claizi's method, 9 main concepts and 33 secondary concepts were extracted and based on them, a reality therapy package based on quality of life was compiled. In the quantitative stage, it was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. 30 teenagers with internet addiction were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received reality therapy intervention based on quality of life during two months in ten sessions of 120 minutes. The questionnaires used included internet addiction, sensation seeking and relationships with peers.

The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that reality therapy based on quality of life has a significant effect on excitement seeking and relationships with their peers in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.001).

The results showed that quality of life-based reality therapy intervention of adolescents with internet addiction using the principles of quality of life and the theory of choice theory can be used as an effective intervention to improve excitement and relationships with their peers

Eating disorders and obesity are serious health issues with poor treatment outcomes and high relapse rates despite established treatments. According to research evidence, virtual reality technology can improve the outcomes of current treatments and be used as an adjunct tool in their treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of virtual reality-based therapy for overweight individuals on trait-state anxiety and eating behavior in overweight individuals.

Methods and Materials: 

The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, control group, and follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all visitors to weight loss clinics in Isfahan from 2021 to 2022, and the research sample of 30 overweight individuals was selected purposefully from the mentioned population based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1970) and the Eating Behavior Inventory (Van Strien et al, 1986). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results indicated that virtual reality-based therapy for overweight individuals was effective in reducing trait-state anxiety and improving eating behavior. Furthermore, the effects were sustained at the follow-up stage. (p < 0.001).

Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that overweight individuals can interactively learn stress and anxiety management skills using virtual reality technologies and use these skills instead of uncontrollable eating behaviors in stressful situations

The present study aimed to predict the quality of life based on the perception of suffering, meaning of life, social support, and psychological flexibility in irritable bowel syndrome patients and by a correlational descriptive method.

Methods and Materials: 

The study's statistical population comprised 140 patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Isfahan in 2022-2023. To collect information from the quality of life questionnaires of Patrick and Drasman (IBS-QOL), the experience and perception scale of Scholz et al, the meaning in life questionnaire of Steger, Fraser, Avishi and Kaler, the acceptance and action questionnaire of the 2nd edition and colleagues and the background of the study of the medical consequences of social support (Sherborn and Stewart) were used.

The results showed that among the variables studied in the regression, the best predictor of quality of life was social support in the first step, the meaning of life in the second step, and the perception of suffering in the third step. Accordingly, in the first step, the coefficient of social support accounted for 52.6% of the variance of the quality of life, in the second step, the coefficients of social support and meaning of life accounted for 55.6% of the variance of the quality of life, and in the third step, the coefficients of social support, the meaning of life, and the perception of suffering accounted for 57/2%.

Considering the significant role of the perception of suffering, the meaning of life, social support, and psychological flexibility in predicting the quality of life, a comprehensive care program for irritable bowel syndrome patients is proposed by developing and increasing the above variables to improve their quality of life.

Considering the importance of mental health and the high prevalence of crime among prisoners as a risky group and the growing procedure of psychiatric disorders in the country, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders symptoms and related demographic factors in Zahedan city prisoners in 2024.

Methods and Materials: 

The model of the research was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the research included all the male and female prisoners of the central prison of Zahedan. In current study, 386 male and female prisoners of Zahedan were selected as the sample of the research by using available sampling method. Symptom Checklist of Mental Disorders (SCL90) was used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Chi-square statistical test, and SPSS version 26 software.

The results of this study showed that about 33.03% of the prisoners in Zahedan prison probably have one psychiatric disorder at the clinical level. The results of the current research, based on classification of the symptomatology checklist of mental disorders, showed that the most common psychiatric disorders among the prisoners of Zahedan prison respectively were: paranoid thoughts (43.3), sensitivity in interpersonal relationships (41.3), physical complaints (39.6), depression (39.1), anxiety (34.4), psychosis (30.6), hostility (31.0), obsessive-compulsive (24.9), and morbid fear (22.1). Also, there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms with gender (P=0.001), the duration of enduring imprisonment (P=0.001), and education (P=0.001). However, any significant relationship between the psychiatric symptoms and the age in Zahedan prisoners was not found (P>0.01).

The above results indicate the importance of health and treatment planning for the group of prisoners as a group at risk and the need to pay attention to the mental state and appropriate therapeutic interventions as an urgent need for prisoners.

Weight-based rejection sensitivity is a significant psychological factor in individuals with overweight and obesity, which can have considerable negative impacts on their mental and physical health. this study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Weight-Based Rejection Sensitivity Scale (W-RS) in overweight and obese individuals.

Methods and Materials:

 The research followed a descriptive validation design. The study population included overweight and obese individuals, from which 372 participants with a body mass index over 25 were selected using convenience sampling. Participants completed the Weight-Based Rejection Sensitivity questionnaire. The scale's factor structure was assessed through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, while test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity were also evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 softwares.

The exploratory factor analysis results indicated that the scale consists of two factors: "Interpersonal Sensitivity" and "Situational Sensitivity." The confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor structure identified. The test-retest reliability coefficients for the subscales and the overall scale ranged from 0.85 to 0.91 Additionally, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between 0.92 and 0.95, indicating strong internal consistency. A composite reliability above 0.7 and an average variance extracted above 0.5 further confirmed the scale's convergent validity.

The confirmatory factor analysis fit indices indicated that the two-factor model of the Weight-Based Rejection Sensitivity Scale showed a good fit with the data. Thus, the scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing anxious expectations of rejection in overweight and obese individuals

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common endocrine disease in children that can have significant physical and psychological consequences for the individual and their family. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Mentalization-Based Treatment for Children (MBT-C) on reflective function and emotional awareness in children with T1D.

Methods and Materials:

 In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with two experimental and control groups, and a two-month follow-up period, children with T1D who referred to the pediatric endocrinology clinic were included. The study participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group received MBT-C in ten 60-minute sessions, as well as 30-minute weekly sessions with their mothers. The control group received no intervention during this period and was on the waiting list. In the pretest stage, both groups completed the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and the Emotional Awareness Questionnaire. After the treatment sessions, both groups completed the questionnaires in the posttest and follow-up stages, and the results were compared.

In this study, 30 children with T1D were evaluated in the experimental and control groups. The results of repeated-measures ANOVA showed that mentalization treatment for children had a significant effect on improving reflective functioning and emotional awareness in 8-12-year-old children with T1D, and the treatment effects were maintained in the follow-up stage p<0.001.

The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of MBT-C in improving reflective functioning and emotional awareness in children with T1D. These positive effects were also stabilized after the completion of the treatment. MBT-C helps children develop self-awareness and self-regulation, enabling them to better identify and manage their emotions. This highlights the importance and application of MBT-C in the effective management of chronic childhood diseases such as T1D.

Today, chronic pain is one of the main treatment challenges that affects many of the patient's daily activities. Various methods have been investigated to increase the quality of life in these patients. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the promising interventions to improve quality of life in such patients. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analysis the effectiveness of ACT on improving the quality of life of patients with chronic diseases in Iran.

Methods and Materials: 

In this study, the studies conducted in Persian language in the last decade (from 2011-03-21 to 2023-05-22) in internal databases (Sid, Magiran,Ganj, Irandoc, Civilica). The results were expressed in terms of Hedges effect size and the corresponding 95% confidence interval.

Out of 482 articles, 33 articles were used to conduct a meta-analysis of the effectiveness post-test compared to the control and 11 studies were used to investigate the effectiveness in the follow-up compared to the post-test. The effectiveness of ACT on post-test, the estimated effect size was 1.585 (CI=1.165 - 2.556 CI), and in the follow-up, the effect size was estimated to be 0.983 (CI=0.785 – 1.181).

Overall, the results showed that ACT improved the quality of life in patients with chronic diseases by 185% in the post-test and 98.3% in the follow-up period. Based on this, it can be said that this psychological therapy is a suitable method to improve the quality of life in these patients.

Women heads of households experience many problems in their lives, which can be reduced psychological Hardiness, and reduced social well-being. Based on this, the aim of the current research was the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on psychological Hardiness and social well-being of women heads of households.

Methods and Materials: 

The current research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with the Goa group with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all female heads of households in Isfahan city who lived in this city in 1402. In this study, 30 female heads of the household were selected using the available sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. Participants in two groups completed questionnaires on psychological Hardiness and social well-being in three stages. In the present study, the people in the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of intervention, but the control group did not receive the intervention. In the end, the data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The results of data analysis showed that Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has had a significant effect on increasing psychological Hardiness. Also, Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has significantly increased social well-being (0/05>p). Also, in the follow-up phase, the significant effect of this therapeutic method on psychological hardiness and psychological well-being continued (p<0.05).

From the results of the research, it can be concluded that Mindfulness-Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has increased the psychological Hardiness and social well-being of female heads of households, therefore psychologists and counselors can increase the psychological toughness and social well-being of female heads of households. Use the techniques of this therapeutic approach.