نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 60 (پاییز 1403)

International law is considered the achievement of international historical development and Transformation. In this direction, during the Middle Ages, the modern and contemporary era, we have witnessed the growing growth of international law. It seems that the end of World War II and the formation of the United Nations can be considered a turning point in the history of developments in international law, and therefore it can be divided into classical and modern periods before and after it. The present study considers the classical period in the evolution of international law from the formation of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 to 1945 and intends to examine the role of the great powers of this period in the formation and development of international law. To this end, the question arises that how did the great powers of the international system play a role in the formation and expansion of international law in the classical period? The hypothesis is that the great powers in the classical period in the form of cooperation and even competition with each other, by holding periodic conferences, concluding contracts, institutionalizing and creating custom, have been effective in shaping and expanding international law. It should also not be overlooked that the great powers have always taken their interests into account in international legal developments. The present study tries to examine the role of major powers in the development of international law in this period with a descriptive-analytical method according to the above considerations.

The relations between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran became very tense since the Islamic Revolution and the hostility between the two countries was revealed. With the increase of Iran's power and the strategic importance of the Middle East region, various countries and people of this region have been influenced by the policies of both sides and have played a role as collaborators or allies in this conflict. Currently, a new model of war, i.e. hybrid war, which is a combination of military, insurgency, terrorism, psychological, cyber, economic and media warfare, is being developed. The question of this research is what is the effect of this conflict on the countries of the region and their role in the hybrid war between America and Iran? The research method of the present article is descriptive-explanatory and the data were collected using the library method, the hypothesis is that the change in the geography of the conflict between America and Iran to the Middle East has caused the countries of the region to participate in this war. The findings of the research show that both countries influence policies and crises in the region with the tools of hybrid warfare, and sometimes they use a third country to hit each other.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the strategic factors in dealing with the influence of ISIS on the regional relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was applied and mixed exploratory. The sample of the qualitative part of experts and experts in charge of foreign relations. The population of this research in the quantitative part of experts and experts in charge of foreign relations, which in 1401 are working in research centers with the number of 335 people and randomly A class was selected. The analysis was carried out based on the Max Kyuda 10 software of Lisrel software. The findings of the quantitative part confirmed all the qualitative parts based on the model of the structural equation model. Strategies have a factor of 221/0 on the influence of ISIS on the regional relations of the Islamic Republic.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran in February 1979, as a major phenomenon like other great revolutions, has had wide-ranging global implications. Its Islamic nature, along with Iran's geopolitical and strategic position in the Middle East and the existence of corridors connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa, compelled the international relations scene to pay attention to this important development and its impact on the international arena. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of how the important theories of international relations have reacted to the actions and reactions of the Islamic Revolution in Iran? The emergence and spread of revolutionary theories and the creation of an ideology independent of dominant ideologies such as liberalism, communism, Arab nationalism, and Zionism led to a change in global beliefs and perspectives on new issues such as equality, human value in society, and divine nature. Therefore, if we consider the theories of international relations, which are mainly based on secularism, as machines with inputs and outputs, these machines were faced with a new undefined input that now needed to either change their definitions or ignore this input. This analogy shows that revolutionary theories have led to the emergence of a new perspective for the creation of complementary theories in order to be able to cover the shortcomings of these theories in combining religion and politics, just as the theory of balance of power covered the weaknesses of realism.

In today's world, cyber war is a reality and cyber-attacks are increasing. The ability of cyber-attacks to shut down computer systems of nuclear facilities, power grids and air control systems has made these attacks a serious threat to national security. Some scientists believe that cyber-attacks can be a reason to start a war. However, looking at the traditional laws of war, only a small fraction of cyber-attacks can be considered armed attacks. While the international legal system must adapt to this new battlefield, there is currently no stable and effective international law to deter cyber-attacks. In this article, how to apply the existing rules of international law regarding the "use of force" in the framework of the right to use force, against cyber-attacks. The analyzes are carried out within the framework of Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter prohibiting the use of force, the seventh chapter of ensuring peace and security and the right to legitimate defense contained in Article 51.

The Taliban Islamic Emirate came to power in Afghanistan in two periods in the political history of Afghanistan. The Taliban is a military religious organization and fundamentalist Islamist movement of Deobandi Sunni Hanafi and in the 200-year history of Afghanistan and in the Pashtun ethnic community. The Mojahedin era, affected by various circumstances, managed to take over the government of Afghanistan. This movement has been considered terrorist by most of the international organizations and governments of the world. What distinguishes the Taliban from other Afghan groups. The area of ​​special religious thought is the ethnicity of the Pashtun Governorate's internal government and its traditional ethnic nervousness system. The purpose of this article is to examine the sociological and historical causes of the emergence of the Taliban, its social consequences at the domestic and international levels in Afghanistan. In this article, the center of gravity of the Taliban is examined in the sociological field. The Taliban is a phenomenon within the Afghan society that can be addressed from different aspects, not a social issue, but from a sociological point of view. The most important topic will be its sociological consequences, especially around the future situation and social conditions and development of this country.