مجله منظر
پیاپی 69 (زمستان 1403)

Detaching from simple existence is the first step in identifying nature. Existence is everything and nothing; it has no nature or essence. It only comes to being as soon as one part of it gets separated and given a name. The things of the world are parts of existence that turn into something by confining their functions and developing a distinct nature. In identifying existence, the first step is to draw a line between the new object and the rest of existence. There is a degree of existence, but it encounters limitations in the places where it separates itself. The detached part of existence, though it has an inseparable origin from its existence, due to some special attributes and characteristics, becomes an "object," which is called by the same name as "intermediate." In the process of forming nature, the first step is to delineate the boundaries. The border warrants the existing independence. The same border defines the rank of an object, and the nature of the object is explained by the attributes associated with its rank. When it comes to existence, the will to create a new entity precedes its requirements, including edges and borders, but in the world of matter, defining limits provides a condition needed for the emergence of a new nature. The edge and border in the field of matter also prepare a condition for personalization and separation. The edge determines the end domain of one entity and the beginning of another entity.
Dezful was formed along the edge of the Dez River. Dejpol, a fort that was built to guard the bridge, was the first neighborhood formed after the formation of Dezful along the coast, which gradually developed in the vast expanse of the plain. Although the river was the edge and border of the city, it formed the structure of the city and impacted the organization of the city. The border of the river was so strong that until a few decades ago, it created the city on one side. It is as if over thousands and hundreds of years of life, there was not any dare to cross the edge and think of the other side. The impression of the edge was so strong that it made the locals believe that the other side of the river was inferior and less valuable compared to this side. Even in the master plan, which disregarded the role of the river in Dezful territorialization, the other side was considered to be easily accessible and cheap land that gets connected to the city with a bridge and could not adjust the bipolarity between this and that side with all its measures.
The river served as a boundary between inside and outside, city and desert. The territory is a land where a person draws a mental boundary by relating its elements to each other and himself and creates relationships that are delineated by limitation. Territorialization is the method of human settlement in space. Conceptualization is a selected part of the infinite surrounding world shaped by the elements it contains and, most importantly, determining a boundary with what falls outside. The fence in ownership, in addition to the legal and protective role, is a manifestation of the distance between me and others. It territorializes and gives a specific definition and identity to its inhabitants. This work is possible through territorialization and also through the explanation of borders and edges. However, social and historical characteristics are not possible to emerge, and the world remains limited to the primary geographical and natural characteristics. Therefore, in the process of spatial planning, including comprehensive and detailed plans for the development of the city, it is necessary to carefully understand the fundamental role of the main elements of the spatial organization and urban landscape, which are the basis for understanding the city and create the reality of the concept of the city. It should be protected so that it fosters the ongoing feeling of the city and the general perception of the citizens about their city. The sense of continuity of identity and life in a city that has been around for a long time is among the most valuable achievements of development programs. Such an approach to the basic elements of the territory can provide the possibility of a place-oriented development based on the recognition of the territory as a "place." The first expectations from the urban development program seem to facilitate faster movements in the streets, dispose of surface water, and focus on the aesthetic appeal of the modern city while talking about a place-oriented approach to urban development seems a bit far-fetched. However, without speaking and writing on this subject, knowledge cannot be created, and action cannot be taken.

Andalusia, located in the southern region of Spain, has a rich historical heritage shaped by centuries of Islamic rule. From 711 to 1492 AD, the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula not only changed the political landscape of the region, but also had a lasting impact on its architectural and landscaping traditions. The gardens of Andalusia, which are deeply influenced by the architecture and style of the Persian garden and Islamic civilization, confirm this. It seems that the Persian garden tradition significantly influenced the design of the gardens of the Islamic civilization in Andalusia, which include notable examples such as the gardens of the Alhambra in Granada, the gardens of the Alcazar in Seville, and the gardens of Medina Al-Zahra in Cordoba, etc., and created spaces that integrated the beauty of architecture, nature and spirituality. The present study seeks to answer the question: what is the landscape architecture pattern of the gardens of the Islamic civilization in Andalusia? This study adopts a qualitative approach to analyzing the landscape architecture of these gardens by using a combination of historical records, written and visual thematic documents, an examination of the current state of the gardens through aerial and satellite images from Google Maps, and virtual visits to the gardens. Primary sources, including architectural descriptions and historical reports, provided insight into the principles of design of Andalusian gardens. Virtual visits, photographs, and aerial and satellite images were used to analyze the state of these gardens and evaluate key design elements. This study has attempted to explain the general characteristics of these gardens through a phenomenology of these gardens. The achievement of this study is presented in the form of identifying a landscape architecture pattern of these gardens in Andalusia.Andalusia, located in the southern region of Spain, has a rich historical heritage shaped by centuries of Islamic rule. From 711 to 1492 AD, the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula not only changed the political landscape of the region, but also had a lasting impact on its architectural and landscaping traditions. The gardens of Andalusia, which are deeply influenced by the architecture and style of the Persian garden and Islamic civilization, confirm this. It seems that the Persian garden tradition significantly influenced the design of the gardens of the Islamic civilization in Andalusia, which include notable examples such as the gardens of the Alhambra in Granada, the gardens of the Alcazar in Seville, and the gardens of Medina Al-Zahra in Cordoba, etc., and created spaces that integrated the beauty of architecture, nature and spirituality. The present study seeks to answer the question: what is the landscape architecture pattern of the gardens of the Islamic civilization in Andalusia? This study adopts a qualitative approach to analyzing the landscape architecture of these gardens by using a combination of historical records, written and visual thematic documents, an examination of the current state of the gardens through aerial and satellite images from Google Maps, and virtual visits to the gardens. Primary sources, including architectural descriptions and historical reports, provided insight into the principles of design of Andalusian gardens. Virtual visits, photographs, and aerial and satellite images were used to analyze the state of these gardens and evaluate key design elements. This study has attempted to explain the general characteristics of these gardens through a phenomenology of these gardens. The achievement of this study is presented in the form of identifying a landscape architecture pattern of these gardens in Andalusia.

The concept of rainwater harvesting systems has been a very popular trend in recent years, and while water scarcity is a common issue, and will likely become an environmental crisis shortly due to climate change and global warming, the significance of these systems mostly remains in theory books and articles and many landscape architects are unaware of how to put them into practice, especially in hot and dry areas such as Iran, where rainfall patterns have changed more and All or most of the annual rainfall may occur in a short period, and there are periodic protracted droughts and brief, seasonal floods the necessity of rainwater harvesting by landscape architects has not yet been considered as made a permanent part of the design process. In this article, firstly initial guidelines and steps for creating an effective system for collecting rainwater in landscape architecture projects are explained, and then by designing a single hypothetical site in three different climates in Iran, the practical components, calculations, and proposed approaches suitable for each climate are provided.

In recent years, the land subsidence phenomenon caused by potential and human activities has emerged in different parts of the world, Iran, and especially in Isfahan due to excessive extraction of groundwater, drought, and other factors. Such a phenomenon has brought about serious damage to the environment, infrastructure, economy, agricultural land, residential buildings, roads, and other structures. As a result, it has sustained environmental, economic, and social losses. For this reason, the analysis of urban vulnerability and resilience resulting from this land subsidence in Isfahan has been considered as a tool to prevent the occurrence of disasters. This research aims to answer the question of how vulnerable and resilient Isfahan city is to the phenomenon of land subsidence. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of urban resilience on the vulnerability of Isfahan city to the phenomenon of land subsidence. In this study, first, using radar interferometry technique, the rate and amplitude of subsidence as a factor in generating risk was entered into the system analyzer in the GIS environment Then, with the help of qualitative analyses, urban resilience indicators were examined in the city of Isfahan.. The results indicate that areas north of the city and parts in a strip shape are also at increased vulnerability due to their proximity to hazardous factors such as faults, channels, old aqueducts, fuel storage sources, oil pipelines to these reservoirs, and the constant change in the course of the river. It also shows that most of the existing construction in the area is unprincipled and disproportionate to the hazardous conditions.

Statement of the Problem: In the last two decades, with the transformations aligned with rural modernization programs within the framework of development plans, much of the valuable textures have been destroyed, and the appearance of villages has increasingly resembled that of cities. Among these, the village of Hajij in Paveh County, with its stepped landscape, possesses diverse and valuable examples of vernacular housing patterns. However, its transformation into a tourist village and the construction of new buildings have led to a structure that is in stark contrast to local architecture, suggesting that the overall shape of the village will change in the coming years.Understanding and preserving the methods and approaches to building construction that are either in opposition to or in harmony with nature in the vernacular and stepped architecture of Hajij is essential for this study. The findings could influence the design and construction of new buildings in the village. Therefore, this study aims to provide answers regarding the relationship between architecture and nature, as well as to identify the influence of topography in shaping the forms of residential buildings in Hajij.This study was conducted through library studies and field surveys, employing a descriptive-analytical method.The results indicated that the form of the mountain (the way it extends from the foothills to the peak), the slope, and the soil composition at the construction site have led to the formation of three types of buildings in terms of their placement on the mountain slope and their relationship with the land in this village, which laid the groundwork for the development of stepped architecture. Thus, the influence of nature on architecture can be considered a distinctive feature of the vernacular architecture of this region.

The man-made environment can shape space users’ behavior which consequently forms peoples’ subjective constructs and influences their types of choices. Amongst architectural elements, the building façade appears in the form of a display that forms the individual’s initial understanding of the building. This element can influence the individual’s taste formation and plays a critical role in his goods preferences. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the formation of “taste” as regards choosing the building façade. These factors fall under individual, external, and consumer market-driving factors, which help to shape fleeting “fashions” by directing public taste. The study was a combination of fundamental and applied research and used a descriptive-analytical method (qualitative research) by collecting library data.Based on the obtained results, according to Bourdieu’s theory, character indicators, field, social classes and cultural, social, and economic capital of a person can affect a person’s taste in the field of internal factors. The cultural-artistic factor of the facade can also be effective as an external factor in the formation of the taste of the chooser of the architectural facade in six semantic indicators; “Being a symbol and a sign, historical authenticity, functionality and beauty, impressiveness, innovation, and façade showiness as a medium”. The third effective factor includes the measures taken by the market operators to guide the taste of each class and design a specific taste and produce and sell their products based on it.

The demand for change from an undesirable situation, especially when natural resources, cultural assets, and social capacities are available to drive transformation, necessitates careful selection of a path not only for advancement but also for the durability and balance of a favorable developmental state. Qeshm Island and its adjacent areas, as some of the richest settlements within Iran - boasting a unique ecosystem, access to open waters, and a deep-rooted cultural and civilizational heritage - find themselves in less-than-ideal conditions and are in demand of comprehensive development. The unique value of this natural-historical ecosystem highlights the importance of designing a strategic development framework. This framework should aim to ensure economic growth, preserve the environment, and provide equitable access to resources, information, and decision-making processes. Consequently, the development process should provide a platform for growth and progress for all social, age, gender, and racial groups. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between the concept of ecosystem services on Qeshm Island and the achievement of environmental justice in various dimensions to determine the necessary boundaries for crafting a desirable and sustainable development framework for Qeshm Island and its satellite areas as an integrated socio-ecological system.The research employed a qualitative and mixed-method approach, using a case study to analyze and expand the global literature on the topic as applied to the study area. Through the examination of sustainable development literature, it became evident that recognizing the human-environment relationship as an inseparable natural and systemic network (ecosystem services) and establishing environmental justice are prerequisites for the sustainability of this process in the Qeshm Island climate. The balanced pursuit of economic growth, environmental conservation, and social development defines the preferred approach. Thus, in designing a comprehensive and unique sustainable development model for Qeshm and its satellites, it is crucial to address distributive, cognitive, and procedural justice by recognizing the roles, capacities, and values of various stakeholders and acknowledging the role of intermediaries - such as governance - in the process. Additionally, efforts should be made to create learning opportunities aimed at reducing inequalities and shifting focus from mere idealism to altering “unjust conditions” in the region.