نشریه تفکر و کودک
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

the main purpose of this study was to analyze the lived experiences of elementary teachers in virtual education during the covid-19 pandemic.which was conducted by using the phenomenological method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The participants were 16 elementary teachers in Ahvaz, who were selected through targeted sampling of the maximum difference type, and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation. The interviews were analyzed using the Colaizzi method.The analysis of teachers’ experiences initially identified 55 basic themes.then they were categorized into two categories of first and second organizing themes(positive and negative experiences related to educational content, teaching method, educational equipment, students' learning activities, evaluation, grouping, time and space, parents and teachers). The deep analysis of the interviews led to the identification of positive experiences suchas the promotion of media literacy, providing the possibility of quick feedback,,using multimedia content, and some negative experiences suchas the difficulty of producing content,, the lack of equipment, the decrease in student motivation and the reduction of their participation in activities. Considering the different experiences of teachers from facing virtual education, It’s necessary to pay attention to various aspects of these experiences in order to improve performance and more effective activity inthe field of virtualeducation.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of cognitive capacities in predicting the motor performance of female gymnasts with regard to the effect of psychological pressure. For this purpose, 40 skilled female gymnasts (10-12 years old) from Tabriz city were selected as available method and their motor performance was investigated after evaluating the level of cognitive capacities (working memory, attention and mental rotation) in two conditions of psychological pressure (low pressure and high pressure). To create high-pressure conditions, the performance of gymnasts was examined in the presence of evaluators (two referees and one coach). Descriptive and inferential statistics (linear regression) were used to analyze the data. The findings of the research showed that cognitive capacities (working memory, attention and mental rotation) can predict the performance of gymnasts in stressful psychological conditions and therefore it was observed that the motor performance of gymnasts in stressful psychological conditions decreases. So it can be concluded that cognitive capacities may affect the performance of athletes in stressful psychological conditions and cause their sports success or failure.

Decisiveness skills give a person self-efficacy sense that can have a positive effect on his interactions with others and build confidence and self-esteem. Present study was conducted by designing stories related to communication skills and training philosophy program implementation to children to investigate its impact on assertiveness reduction of shy students. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with control group. One of the primary schools in District 1 of Yazd with 400 students was selected by the available sampling method. The Cambril and Reggie Expression Scale were used to assess assertiveness. The Stanford Shyness Scale was used to measure shyness. Findings were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels by analysis of covariance using SPSS2018 software. The results showed that teaching communication skills in the style of philosophy for children increases assertiveness (p<0.04) and reduces shyness (p<0.03). With pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the experimental and the control group in terms of shyness (p<0.03 and F=5.23). Teaching, due to constructive interactions between students can effectively increase assertiveness and thus reduce shyness. Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching communication skills through philosophy has a positive effect on child's shyness reducing and increasing his assertiveness.

The aim of the present study was to discover the lived experience of children and teenagers from online storytelling in the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young of Kurdistan province during the corona crisis. This study with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach and the research field included all children and teenagers who are members of the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young and members of the Storytelling Association of Kurdistan Province in the year 2021 and the participants included 22 members of online storytelling workshops during the Covid-19 pandemic. They were selected based on the purposeful sampling method. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the Attride-Stirling approach was used to analyze the interviews. Based on the results, a total of 18 major themes including positive attitude; Familiarity with proverbs and folklore stories; filling free time; learning storytelling skills; optimal use of corona restrictions; Ability anytime anywhere; strengths of online storytelling; development of interactive features; Self Confidence; less stress than the face-to-face course; Satisfaction with trainers; Weakness in interactive communication; Weaknesses of online storytelling; The stress of live storytelling; low interest and enthusiasm; conditional interest; The superiority of face-to-face storytelling and the superiority of online storytelling were identified and named. By using storytelling techniques and by stimulating the audience's imagination and mutual influence, the art of online storytelling can be used to fill the free time of teenagers and young people.

Deploying pragmatic schemas is contingent on the given situational and utilitarian context. This research aims to categorize the pragmatic schemas under the conceptual framework of "death." The research's purview includes narratives that ponder the notion of death within age groups "B" and "C" (+7 & +10). Each narrative is a tangible scenario for eliciting the schema associated with death. Through a blend of descriptive and analytical methods, this study probes the influence of a narrative's contextual backdrop in molding and eliciting the death schema. The study delineates seven pragmemes defining the concept of death: self-annihilation, homicide, thanatophobia, evasion of death, suspended death, mourning, and natural death. Given the inherently abstract and philosophical nature of the concept of "dying," which typically triggers adverse emotional responses, the mode of its communication to a youthful audience has, historically, been a matter of debate. The findings indicate that stories can utilize various pragmatic schemas to generate a secure environment for the assimilation of life's distressing events, like "death." In a pioneering exploration, this document delves into the study of thanatology within children's literature.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of the collaborative teaching method using the jigsaw method on the critical thinking of sixth grade elementary students in Najafabad city. This research is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of this research includes all male students of the sixth grade of Najafabad city in the academic year of 2022-2023. According to the sample size, a multi-stage cluster sampling method has been used. To measure critical thinking, the California Critical Thinking Test has been used. The validity of this tool has been checked by subject experts and its reliability has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The research data were analyzed using descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and one-way covariance analysis. The findings of the research show that the collaborative teaching method with an emphasis on the jigsaw method has had a significant impact on the critical thinking of students and on the components of analysis, evaluation, inference, deductive reasoning, but it has not had a significant impact on the component of inductive reasoning.

The Philosophy for Children (P4C) is an educational program developed by Matthew Lipman in the second half of the 20th century. It is aimed at developing the power of thinking and reasoning in children. The best method and element for teaching thinking in this educational program is the use of stories. With the various atmospheres it provides, a story allows the child to associate with its heroes and put himself in their place through identification and active comparison and get involved in challenges. Using a descriptive-analytical desk-based method, this study discusses the philosophical, literary and psychological richness of the stories "The Book Lover", "Baby’s Navel" and "Fish" from the collection of stories "Majid’s Tales" by Houshang Moradi Kermani based on the P4C educational program. Results show that all three studied stories are rich in terms of philosophical themes, although they do have some weaknesses which need to be modified and rewritten in order to be used in the P4C educational program.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of Claire Jobert's stories and participation in the research circle on the development of social skills in elementary school students in Kermanshah Iran. The research method employed a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The population of this study consisted of all students in the district one of elementary school in Kermanshah County who were studying in the academic year 1400-1401. The sample included two groups of 15 students each from two different classes in two schools, randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research instruments included the Matson Social Skills Questionnaire .Both pretest and posttest were administered to both the experimental and control groups. Subsequently, the experimental group underwent storytelling sessions for two months across 8 sessions. At the end of the intervention, posttests were administered to both groups. The results, analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), indicated that Claire Jobert's stories have a significant impact on improving the social skills of students. There is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in skills related to avoiding aggression, skills related to avoiding superiority, and skills related to establishing appropriate relationships with peers.

The study of identity and moral behavior originates from many sources, one of which is the occurrence of moral failure and collapse and emergence of anti-social behaviors in adolescent and young generation of societies.The purpose of this study was explanation of moral identity and prosocial behavior in adolescents based on the antecedent variables of parent-adolescent attachment style, school attachment and self-regulation (effortful control). Research method in terms of purpose was basic, and correlational in terms of nature of data. The statistical population of research included all students of the second secondary level in academic year of 2018-2019 in city of Ahvaz, of which 448 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The participants responded to Questionnaires of Moral Identity, Relationship Scale, School Attachment, Effortful Control Scale, Prosocial Tendencies Measure. The obtained results showed that all coefficients of direct effects except the path coefficients of preoccupied and fearful attachment style to moral identity were significant. Also, the coefficients of indirect effects of all paths were significant except for preoccupied attachment to moral identity through effortful control. Therefore, the structure of self-regulation as a factor derived from parenting methods will lead to the development of a sense of control over emotions, the development of self-awareness and a better understanding of social relations, to the improvement of moral identity and prosocial behavior.

The purpose of the current research was to Meta-analyze the effectiveness of philosophy education on the cognitive skills of Iranian students. The statistical population was the available research related to cognitive and metacognitive interventions on anxiety, available between 2001 and 2021 in the computer databases accessible. Finally, 72 studies with 89 effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis. The research findings showed that the size of the total combined effect (0.99) is evaluated according to Hattie's criterion and based on Cohen's large criterion. Also, in examining the role of moderating variables, the results of favorable effectiveness on each of the cognitive skills: critical thinking, cognitive flexibility, judgment, problem-solving, and questioning were investigated, among which the effectiveness of philosophy education on cognitive flexibility with a summary effect size (1.07) was the highest. Had the amount considering the high effectiveness of philosophy education on cognitive skills in gender groups, it is suggested that this program be added to the official education program in schools by following its principles.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of the implementation of the "Philosophy for Children" program on loneliness and control of anger during the outbreak of Corona in orphaned and poorly cared for boys. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with experimental and control groups. The purposefully selected study population consisted of orphaned and poorly cared for boys aged 9 to 12 years. From the statistical population, 28 people were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental (14) and control (14) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of philosophy program training for children and the control group did not receive this training. The Spielberger Anger Questionnaire and the Russell University of California Loneliness Scale were used to collect and measure research data. The results of data analysis using covariance test showed that there was a significant difference in the variable of feeling lonely between the scores of the experimental group and the control group (P <0.001). The results of this study indicate that the Philosophy for Children program can be used as an effective intervention method to reduce loneliness and increase anger control in homeless and badly cared for children.

as we know In order to apply P4C program in our country , some writers & researchers recently started to rewrite the classical Persian texts according to P4C criteria. In this case, what means more than ever, is the new movement review . In this research which is reported on descriptive & analytical method , data includes some story collections based on the classical Persian literature named Masnavi Molavi & P4C , philosophy class & Thumbelina books , analyzed according to child literature & P4C standards. As a result of research , the most fault in these stories is lack of philosophical thinking such as interrogative nature of text , inquiry capacity & argumentative dialogue pattern. In literary aspect , poor characterization and plot and also lack of story descriptions cause to reduce literary adequacy. And Some stories have no psychological adequacy because of contradiction between content and reader's needs .