پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

Analytical philosophers have long sought to study the phenomena of language from semantic, epistemological, and philosophical perspectives. The study of linguistic or spoken verbs is one of the most critical topics in the philosophy of language and analysis, which was introduced by John Rogers Searle after completing and formulating the theories of his teacher, Austin. In examining propositions and utterances, Austin refers to the speech act theory that Searle has completed. Due to the speech act theory, in communication, fragments, comprising words and grammatical structures, are produced, which alone are not enough to express the meaning of the speaker. In other words, in the process of communication, the speaker also performs act through excerpts. Searle divides these acts into five major categories. By examining the types of speech act of the speaker, it is possible to determine the distribution of power, the influence of social context and structure, the type of personality and social status of the parties. The target of the current article is to examine the types of speech acts from Searle and Austin's point of view in the stories of "Ejarekhane", "Yek Zan-e khoshbakht" and "Rosvayi" from the Bozorg Alavi to the position of the characters' power in relation to each other and the reasons for their use. Their words should be analyzed and determined based on the type of personality and social status of each one.

One of the most predominant and main branches of the psychological criticism in the literature of personality is topic of typology and One of these theories is the Enneagram theory which examines 9 different types of work and emotional relationships of humans. Each of these 9 patterns have their own interests, concerns and internal conflicts and are in harmony with a wide range of modern psychological thinking. However, in "Enneagram" instead of dealing with pathological and therapeutic issues, the natural and sublime states of people are described. In the current research, attempt has been made to study the novels of Iranian author “Belqeis Soleimani” by using the descriptive-analytical method and paying attention to the study and adaptation of Enneagram personality types in them. Soleimani is a writer who always chooses his characters from the most common classes, and as a result, one can understand the depths of their soul and mind and enter the realms of psychology with their actions and reactions. In these stories, she is trying to put male and female characters together in such a way that they can build each other, and as a result, we see characters that cover Enneagram types and can be explored in the fields of psychology. One of the important branches of psychological criticism in literature is character analysis, where the topic of typology, especially the Enneagram theory, is discussed. This theory examines nine different types of human work and emotional relationships with their own characteristics and internal conflicts. Unlike pathological and therapeutic approaches, the Enneagram focuses on the natural and elevated states of individuals. The current research employs a descriptive-analytical method to explore the novels of the Iranian author Belgheis Soleimani and aims to study and match the personality types of the Enneagram in her works. Soleimani selects her characters from the common people, delving into their inner thoughts and feelings. The male and female characters in her stories are arranged in such a way that they can build each other up and make the Enneagram personality types clearly observable and analyzable in her works. Character analysis through Enneagram is an ancient knowledge that has recently undergone a fundamental transformation, entering the realm of human sciences. The term "Enneagram" combines "ennea," (which means nine), and "gram," (which means a shape or written thing). Therefore, the literal meaning of this combination refers to "nine faces" or "nine models." This framework divides humans into nine groups and analyzes the intellectual, behavioral, emotional, and social dimensions of each group separately. Personality is defined as a set of behavioral patterns and thought processes that determine an individual's adaptation to his environment. Hilgard describes personality as a set of stable traits that predict individual behavior, encompassing thoughts, feelings, self-perception, and habits. The term personality trait refers to a specific aspect of a person's overall character. With that in mind, the current study examines the characters in Soleimani's novels from the 1980s, aiming to analyze them based on the Enneagram theory. Circular diagrams are presented to depict changes in character states under stress and calm conditions. Some characters are entirely representative of specific types, designed to display particular societal aspects, while others require deeper analysis. The selection of Soleimani's novels is due to the variety of personality types and their compatibility with the Enneagram theory. This theory, inspired by an Eastern thought, includes nine diverse personality types, and the physical, verbal, and behavioral presence of characters in the narrative is of great significance. The Enneagram model includes nine personality types, each with its own interests and inner conflicts, divided into three groups: Body (Instinct): Includes types 1(Reformer), 8 (Leader), and 9 (Peacemaker). Head (Thinking): Includes types 5 (Observer), 6 (Loyalist), and 7 (Enthusiast). Heart (Feeling): Includes types 2 (Helper), 3 (Achiever), and 4(Individualist). The history of the Enneagram theory can be traced back to prominent figures such as George Ivanovich Gurdjieff and Claudio Naranjo. Naranjo was the first to modernize this theory with the nine personality types. Each personality type has specific strengths and weaknesses. For example, type 1 may become overly harsh due to its reformist tendencies, while type 7 may struggle with challenges due to its focus on pleasure. The Enneagram theory is recognized as a useful tool for understanding human personality dimensions. It helps us with: Self-awareness: Gaining deeper insight into our personality and inner feelings. Understanding others: Recognizing others’ personalities and predicting their behaviors for better relationships. Improving relationships: Creating more meaningful connections through the provision of awareness about the strengths and weaknesses. Adaptation and satisfaction: Leading to greater harmony in life. The Enneagram personality analysis serves as a valuable tool for self-discovery and improving communication with others. By understanding personality types, individuals can achieve better self-awareness and interpersonal understanding. This research delves into the application of the Enneagram in the characters of Soleimani's 1980s stories. Soleimani chooses her characters from everyday people and penetrates the deepest layers of their souls and minds. Her choice of Kerman and its cities allows her to portray characters from various social classes that readers can easily be connected to. While not all personality types in her stories align perfectly with the Enneagram, Soleimani addresses all types. As an instance; her female characters represent various types, including 4 (Individualist), 8(Leader), and 2 (Helper), while male characters include types 1 (Reformer) and 2(Helper). Soleimani aims to depict the psychological complexity of her characters and their societal struggles. Her characterizations are precise and purposeful, with the interactions of secondary characters illuminating the darker facets of the main characters. Thus, Soleimani maintains a deep focus on the psychological dimensions of her characters, designing social challenges that significantly impact their psyche. The main characters clearly embody the Enneagram and face life challenges that reveal their personality traits. Secondary characters typically enter the story to express social critiques and exit after fulfilling their role.

Studying the contrasts and contrasting pairs is one of the main methods of literary structuralism. According to this theory, the human mind divides everything into two categories, good and bad, positive and negative, to understand the world around it. This simple rule is pushed to the hidden layers of the language in the transformation of the mind, and the artist reproduces different fields of contrasts in the meaning of his speech in the creation of a literary work. Dual confrontations are one of the most central themes in Khaled Hosseini's novel The Kite Runner. The author has taken the necessary leaven from it to create a fiction texture. This article has analyzed the confrontations in this novel with a descriptive-analytical method in the section on ethnic and religious confrontations, the author has been able to point out and indirectly criticize the racist thoughts in the Afghan society by confronting the Sunni Pashtuns against the Shia Hazaras. ;By comparing the free society of America with bigoted Afghanistan in space and time,it expresses its double deprivation in an unequal world. In contrast to the characters of the fiction and the description of people like Amir Pashtun Businessman’s child and Hassan Servant’s child,he deals with the extreme class differences in Afghanistan and by mentioning intra-personal confrontations, such as Amir's mental instability, he points to the confrontation of reason and emotion. In a word, the structure of Kite runner is full of in-depth and superficial oppositions, which can be considered as a matrix of oppositions.The most prominent of them is the contrast between reason and emotion, which brings the entire fiction closer to tragedy.

The current study is aimed at investigating the characteristics and components of political literature, precisely about the political novel from the perspective of Iranian writers. To be concise, achieving specific definitions and characteristics of the political novel or literature will assist researchers in this respect. In the research in question, various perspectives of Iranian critics and writers have been addressed in their works regarding the definitions and characteristics of the political novels or their related literature. Followed by that, their commonalities and differences have been identified through integrating inductive content analysis. As the results of the provided analysis provided, the characteristics of political literature or novels can be counted as; attention to issues of power and sovereignty, sensitivity and reaction to political events, attention to political issues (e.g., identity, civil rights, freedom, homeland, law, and political equality), opposition to tyranny of the rulers, criticizing the society's dominant ideologies and discourses, criticizing the status quo and the ruling power, as well as being eager to change it. Furthermore, focusing on anti-colonial struggles, condemnation of foreign interference, and the necessity for political independence, being ideological and influenced by specific political ideas and ideologies, denying some values and endorsing others, explaining clearly or criticizing political views and ideas, developing one "otherness" or the element of "other" , government or tradition; dealing with the lives of individuals and political figures, confirmation or providing support for political parties and the disagreements over them, discussing the political themes in terms of explicitness which can be overt or symbolic, and political literature or novels in terms of tone and style of expression can be counted as a number of other factors in this respect.

Pastiche is counted as one of the cultural traditions of Persian poets in different decades particularly after the 7th century. It is referred to as a procedure in which a poet considers a previous literary piece in creating his own artwork. For example, “the Masnavi by Bahram and Behrooz” and poems of Vaghar Shirazi from the 9th century are among these kinds of artworks. In the current study, we compare the structure and context of the aforementioned artworks. Besides, it is declared that those artworks do not belong to Sanaee. As provided by the existing literature, it seems as if Vaghar Shirazi has considered the Masnavi of Banaee Heravi and, then, has added more attractive scenes and complications to increase the charm of the stories. In Banaee’s “Manzoome,” the reader may lose the touch of the hero due to the complications of story and didactic topics. In contrast, the addressed hero in Vaghar Shirazi's poems is compared to the "hero's trip" of Joseph Campbell’s stories. On the other hand, the main topic in both artwork is mainly about love.

In written narrative, from the perspective of today’s narratology and the reader-oriented critical view, imaginative and personal creation of setting in the mind of the reader is an important phenomenon. Our research examines these creations in the story of falling in love of KhorshidShah - the protagonist of the long folktale Samak Ayyar- and sketches a precise and part by part development of the narrative world drawn from the locations made possible in such settings. This article depicts that the narrator of Samak Ayyar, in some cases describes the setting briefly for the reader; sometimes uses the condensation and saturation of the described setting to achieve focalization and adds to its visual effects by describing the details in order to induce a setting in the mind; and other times leaves the existence of such locations to the imagination and deduction of the reader to reconstructs those settings of the narrative world, based on the symmetries available in the text; and in some settings utilizes both techniques in parallel, in order to introduce more locations. In this ancient substory, deductive creation of setting is one of the important elements which is used to develop and complete the other settings that the narrator has been obligated to describe them in the text; Also, we saw that by benefiting from the mixture of different types of setting creation, and the development of the map of the narrative world in intervals, it is possible to demonstrate much clearer and completer aspects of the space of long folktales in front the reader.

Realism, as a realistic school school of thought, expresses the realities of society with the intention of criticism and reformation. By dealing with the lives of heroes, realist artists display a look at the social and political situation of a nation. Accordingly, the story of war is remarkable considering the fact that it is a reflection of realism. “Tash Khand,” as written by “Bani Ameri,” has been narrated through the style of internal monologue and in a language, which is free of complexity and literary art. The design, characters, and elements of Bani Ameri's story conform to the principles of the realistic school of thought and the author's objectives, experiences, and observations have been involved in the creation of "realism". This paper aims to analyze the events of war based on realistic features. Critics’ views on realism are discussed while examining this story from a new perspective. As the results of this study have indicated, the story of "Tash Khand" is one of the realistic stories with its unique characteristics such as characterization, description of details and creation of realistic scenes, attention to time and place, use of slang, etc. Consequently, this story can be introduced as a prominent example of the style of realism in the works of war.

The elements in “Malakh” which is a pseudo-travel story, are generally parallel in structure both in terms of perspective and image, and this study intends to explain the structure of these parallel meanings by examining the signs in the story. To achieve this, the codes have been used that were classified and presented by Daniel Chandler. The predominant technique in the textual coding section has been to look at the imagery parallels of the story, and under the social coding of folk elements and references to the geography, history and culture of the narrative event area have been considered. As the results from analyzing the superstructure of the story have indicated, the selection of the plural first-person perspective along with the parallel images throughout the story, have formed the apparent contrasts of the narrative that are in complete harmony with the content and in the hypertext section. There was a reflection of the homogenization of the nomads, which disrupted their order of life, have become current and visible in all parts of the narrative from the beginning to the end.

Regardless of the fact that it directs the society towards humanistic and nature-seeking goals, history, within the context of literature and art, has the duty to reflect the behavior of the past for the present and the future in order to awaken the social nature of man. This awakening of human nature requires a prilimiary that is the same as nature and with that in mind, art and literature have become the major platform of this event. From Lukács's developmental point of view and Adorno's critical point of view, the author's mission as a historical, social, and literary researcher is to influence a  society and address it discoveries and intuitions having in mind that they are from the heart of that society themselves. The three-volume historical novel "Passing through Sufferings" is one of the most predominant novels of Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1883-1945), which covers the historical period between 1914 and 1919. In the current research, an attempt is made to analyze this three-volume work based on Lukács and Adorno's point of view, according to the questions and purposes, and by referring to library sources, or using a documentary-qualitative method. The findings of the research acknowledge that Tolstoy, aligned with the intellectual principles of Adorno and Lukács, states that literature is at the service of ideology and enlightenment. Furthermore, he has tried to turn the subjective truth into objectivity through the help of the characters of his work in the form of art and literature.

Haft-Peykar” is one of the most prominent literary works with symbolic expressions many linguistic capacities of which have ramined unknown. Since the content of a coalition work indicates the meanings of words and their applications and, furthermore, the lexical manifestation of style is rather more in the work than other layers, the analysis of the lexical layer is more effective in discovering the linguistic capacities and artistic connection of language and meaning. This study is an attempt to determine the role of this linguistic structure in creating and representing the secondary narrative by examining the lexical layer, especially the art of word selection in the Black Dome. In order for the words to be effective and for the reader to understand the text more deeply, the poet narrates a story parallel to the story of the Black Dome at the lower level. The choice of terminology in “Nezami’s” words is in appropriate alignment with their value in the textual and hypertext context. Hence, the words that play a role in representing the deep narrative are symbolic codes that provide multiple understanding potentials in the content, and from a structural point of view, they are loops for constructing the continuity in the deep narrative that is constructed and associated with the events of the story in such a way that their omission destructs the perception of the secondary narrative. Paying attention to the frequency and homogeneity take the words out of monotony. On the other hand, presenting the story codes in a polysemous way, calligraphy, substituting the adjectives with nouns, and bringing a personal pronoun before them, are suitable ways to highlight the codes.

The subject of the body and the concept of corporeality are among the issues that have been considered by researchers and scholars in various fields such as sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and cultural and literary studies in recent years. The principle that man has always been in bodily situations throughout history, as well as the fact that the human body is not limited to biological existence, but possesses structural and sociological aspects according to different situations, has raised important questions such as; how can humans make connections between the biological body, individual identity, and collective structures? Furthermore, the impact of power relations on the formation of people's image of their body, or the connection between the gender patterns instilled by cultural forces and the perception of males and females in their bodies have been investigated. The famous writer “Belqeis Soleimani” is one of the creators of Persian fiction that deals with new cultural and social topics and concepts in her novels. In his latest novel, “Tokhme Sharr”, she tries to address the issue of the body and its biological and social effects. In this research, which has been written in a descriptive-analytical manner, an attempt has been made to study and analyze the evidence related to this issue in narrative actions and textual dialogues, focusing on the dual division of the natural body and the social body. The results have indicated that within the biological aspect, the author has paid more attention to the issue of body language and body awareness. However, in the social aspect, he has analyzed the issue of the effect of patriarchal power relations and culture on the gender image of women's bodies.

The beginning of the twentieth century is considered as the period of flourishing and emergence of women's writing, however, women's writing has existed for a long time without the aim of its authors to portray the feminine features of their writing. Women writers gradually addressed the issues that were ignored by the masculine discourse, with the aim of changing preconceived definitions of women, as well as social values. They sought to invent a new language and somehow try to break the masculine language and free themselves from prohibitions. The first step women writers took to break with traditional and masculine language was to destroy what was considered to be the basis of the novel's integrity: time. In fact, literature and novels in particular are considered as the art of processing time, and by analyzing it, one can achieve results in terms of the meaning of the work. In the works of the contemporary French writer Marguerite Duras, and in the two novels reviewed in this article, The Lover and The Ravishing of Lol V. Stein time is processed in a feminine and modern way. In this article, we study in descriptive-analytical way, the narrative time in Margarita Duras's female writing. Examining the text time, story time, relationships between them and also studying the eclecticism of narrative times, we came to the conclusion that in women's writing, time has a feminine dimension that originates from women's inner characteristics and perception of time and is the result of effort. Women are writers to break the traditional rules and definitions of writing. Therefore, this paper examines the time component from the perspective of narratology as one of the branches of literary criticism.