فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 49 (پاییز 1403)

E-learning, as one of the distance learning methods, has been rapidly expanded in most educational systems. Teaching contemporary structures and learning them effectively and practically to architecture students is one of the most important subjects of architectural education programs. Virtual reality is a new tool that makes it possible to imagine abstract concepts by using the computer and its capabilities, which have a positive effect on learning and knowledge transfer; accordingly, the student is actively involved in the learning process. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of electronic education of contemporary structures on the improvement of the learning quality of architecture students.

This research is exploratory and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature, survey method data analysis method. To reach the results, two types of specialized and general questionnaires were prepared. The statistical population of the specialized questionnaire was 33 professors and experts in the field of architecture and multimedia education and the general questionnaire; Two groups of students who had completed the course on contemporary structures in the form of face-to-face training and electronic training in a specific period, were selected in the number of 50 people. Validity was measured based on content validity and confirmed by professors through the Delphi method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method at 0.756. Data analysis was done through factor analysis and regression and Friedman tests with Spss and Lisrel software.

The confirmatory factor analysis test of the 4 components of the effect of e-learning and teaching on improving the quality of students' learning was identified and confirmed with a factor loading of over 0.4. The adjusted coefficient of determination was determined, the indicators predict 53% of the variance of learning quality improvement. Based on the regression test; The component of using digital technology has the highest effect on improving the quality of learning (beta=0.788). The results of the correlation coefficient test show that among the types of interaction, "learner-learner" has the most importance. The prioritization of the components of the effect of electronic education and learning on improving the quality of learning and students' progress according to Friedman's ranking test the use of digital technology (8.96), self-immersive (8.82), virtual reality (8.7), interaction (8.06).

According to the results, the indicators of simulation, motivation, the active role of the learner, synchronicity, content-content, student-content, skill, content transfer, creativity, knowledge construction, student-student, thinking-decision, achieving content, student-teacher; According to priority and correlation, Pearson's test has a positive effect on the improvement of the quality of students' learning. As a result, the electronic education of the course of contemporary structures using the virtual reality method improves the quality of students' learning compared to the face-to-face method in the field of architecture.

In the contemporary era, the gray boundaries or boundary of gray spaces, are a group of In-between spaces that have not received enough attention due to the nature of their existence. Since the extent of interpretation of a space requires potential ability and knowledge of that particular space, understanding physical factors influencing the acknowledgment of In-between boundaries between city and buildings, would not be possible unless the components forming the shape and type of urban morphology are appreciated. Also, how public and private spaces are formed, (examining) the status of homogeneous and heterogeneous spaces, and spaces related to movement and pause, are all effective in forming boundaries of gray spaces. The object of this study was to recognize, evaluate, and compile the criteria and factors that led to the emergence of gray spaces in district No.22 of Tehran, and compare them to six randomly selected regions in Tehran.

The approach used in this research is the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in an "Embedded/Nested manner" to evaluate the possibility of gray space-boundary formation. For this purpose, the subject of our study was picked and carried out using (tools like) existing documents, field observations, and the design of questionnaire forms.

Then, four factors of Access, Type of boundary, Ownership status, and Occupancy variation were identified. The analysis of obtained data was carried out by use of SocNetv software. Finally, a comparative-descriptive correlation between observations, universal literature, and outcomes from data analysis resulted in the direction of the effective indicator.

The research results show; That public spaces with private ownership (or privatized public property) contribute more to the formation of gray boundaries compared to what private or public spaces do. Furthermore, the formation of gray boundaries is intensified by free-form buildings with physical characteristics and unpredictable soft boundaries. In the meantime, the role of access and the way to connect existing points and spaces, especially for pedestrians, is important in the formation of interactions and participation in these spaces

Although the hospital’s outdoor landscape positively affects the physical and mental well-being of patients and staff, this aspect is frequently overlooked in research on hospital design. Effective investigation into hospital landscape design necessitates the accurate identification and assessment of existing conditions. A notable challenge is the absence of standardized evaluation tools, such as questionnaires and checklists, to measure user attitudes and behaviors regarding the quality of hospital campuses. The primary objective of this paper is to identify and analyze the tools employed in assessing the physical quality of hospital landscapes while evaluating their strengths and limitations.

To accomplish the objectives of this research, a systematic review was performed using databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Following the collection of articles and the removal of duplicates, the screening process was conducted by evaluating the titles and abstracts in accordance with established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the full texts of 37 articles were analyzed. Ultimately, 12 assessment tools met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Of these, seven tools were specifically designed to evaluate the hospital landscape, while five tools assessed both the interior and exterior physical environment of the hospital. The latter five tools were included in the study due to their inclusion of items specifically related to the landscape and hospital campuses. Subsequently, an analysis was performed examining the structure, production methods, dimensions measured, and the measures taken to ensure the validity and reliability of these tools.

The identified tools exhibit a hierarchical structure that employs a combined evaluative approach integrating psychological and cognitive approaches. A total of 13 distinct dimensions of environmental quality were delineated within these tools. Notably, the four dimensions that contain the highest number of items across each instrument are "type of activity and use," "comfortable facilities and furniture," "space and layout," and "environmental safety." These dimensions provide a foundational basis for scoring items, which is grounded in observational data and the user's subjective assessment of the environment's capacity to fulfill these criteria. All tools exhibit acceptable content validity; however, reports on reliability and structural validity assessments are not available across all instruments. Furthermore, these tools present several limitations, including issues related to item structure, multi-dimensionality, theoretical foundations, and the time required for evaluator training and the evaluation process itself. Also, these tools are primarily designed to assess whether the campus meets the needs of its users and ensures their satisfaction. They are user-oriented rather than function-oriented. However, the relationship between the campus and the hospital building, as well as the campus's integration into the city, has not received much attention. Additionally, most tools lack a standard definition for the landscape and hospital campus. This oversight may lead to challenges in the tool's repeatability and comparing findings across different tools.

This research's findings highlight the necessity of developing new tools with a more robust theoretical foundation accompanied by comprehensive reports addressing the reliability and stability of the results. The H-GET tool can serve as an initial framework for the development of future tools.

Designing cities with priority for pedestrians is one of the proposed solutions to reduce the problems caused by the use of motorized transportation. Thermal comfort is influential in people's willingness to walk in the environment. This research quantitatively examines the effect of street enclosure and the effect of trees on the thermal comfort of pedestrians on UTCI index.

This research has examined 18 sections of 6 " famous pedestrians of Iran", on June 22 from 8:00-20:00. The geometry of the streets, the placement of buildings and trees were modeled based on the existing situation, then they were entered into the Lady Bug plugin connected to Grasshopper in Rhino software. In this research, in addition to examining the effect of changes in the street enclosure and shading of trees on thermal comfort, the influence of two variables of orientation and climatic conditions (air dry temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, radiant temperature) was calculated and by analyzing and comparing different states of thermal comfort in each We have analyzed all the data.

Investigations showed that the orientation of the sidewalk in the hot season of the year is effective on the amount of radiation and air temperature in certain hours of the day, and the east-west sidewalks are hotter in the beginning and end hours of the day, but no significant change is observed in the average daily temperature. The street enclosure has a direct effect on the average daily temperature, in the street enclosure lower than 0٫5 the UTCI temperature is higher than the dry air temperature, and in the street enclosure higher than 0٫5 it is lower than the dry air temperature. Also, in street enclosure higher than 0٫5, the radiation temperature does not exceed the critical value of 60°C, which is the thermal stress limit. The shading effect of trees is dependent on the street enclosure, as the trees in the part of the sidewalk with low enclosure (H/W< 0٫5) reduce the average radiant temperature by 12٫56 °C and the emotional temperature by 3٫08 °C, the greatest reduction in Chaharbagh is Isfahan, where the UTCI temperature decreases by 6٫49 degrees during the day. But in a higher enclosure (H/W>0٫5), the shading of the building affects the shading effect of the trees in such a way that the temperature difference in the presence of trees at higher altitudes is at most one-third of the previous state.

We found that the effect of shading trees on thermal comfort is dependent on the condition of the street enclosure. In streets with a low enclosure ratio, the presence of trees as a canopy has a significant effect on lowering the temperature and better thermal comfort of humans, and this effect decreases with the increase of the enclosure of the street. It should be seen whether the effect of the shadows of the trees is greater or the shadows of the buildings on the street

New approaches to shopping and consumption as a form of leisure have caused new structures of commercial, service-entertainment spaces in the world, one of which is large-scale commercial centers (megamalls), and with the expansion and change of the behavior pattern of citizens based on consumerism in Cities and the construction of malls and mega malls as spaces that provide a platform for the development of consumer behavior patterns. In this regard, it is important to explain the effect of the characteristics of contemporary consumer society on the use of large-scale shopping centers and people's preferences in using these spaces, which is the main goal of this article.

 According to the investigated components, the nature of the subject, and the research objectives, the ruling approach of this research was "descriptive-analytical" and "fundamental". The research method was quantitative, SPSS and AMOS statistical analysis software were used for data analysis, and the data analysis method is exploratory factor analysis and structural equations. Considering the data collection, a survey method was used. A questionnaire had been used as the main tool to collect data. The statistical population includes all the users using the space in Megamall Ekbatan, Tehran, and the sample size of the users using the space according to Cochran's formula. The unknown number of the statistical population was calculated as 384 people who were asked randomly.

The results of the research indicated that the behavioral characteristics of the consumer society, which included indicators of the extent to which they showed themselves and others based on purchases from large-scale shopping centers, the tendency to use different clothing and behaviors to show themselves, a sense of superiority when shopping and referring to Large-scale shopping centers, the tendency to dress stylishly when visiting large-scale shopping centers, the more modern and contemporary nature of large-scale shopping centers, the amount of visits to shopping centers in prosperous areas of the city, the use of luxury goods when visiting large-scale shopping centers, the cost to meet the unnecessary needs and variety of goods has been large-scale shopping centers, it had the greatest effect on the use of large-scale shopping centers.

in the analysis of the structural equations of the influence coefficient of the use of Megamall Ekbatan, the most direct effects on the use of space in Megamall Ekbatan were related to the social and consumer society indicators, and indirectly to the economic and cultural indicators.

Due to the growth of environmental crisis in the last two decades in human settlements in general and in cities in particular, thinkers and researchers in the field of environmental sciences have sought approaches and strategies that improve livability in cities. One of the most pervasive approaches, proposed to achieve the environmental dimensions of sustainable urban development, has been the return of humans to nature under the name of biophilia. However, no coherent and comprehensive research has been done on how this concept affects the livability and quality of urban life. In this regard, this study has been conducted with the aim of identifying how biophilic dimensions affect the perception of people in cities regarding the quality of their lives.

To achieve this goal, after reviewing two concepts, biophilia in cities and the quality of urban life, the conceptual model of the research was explained and surveyed using a questionnaire in the city of Ramsar in northern Iran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey with regard to a method. The city of Ramsar was selected as a study site due to its special natural richness and at the same time the rapid growth of human structures and the destruction of natural spaces. The study sample includes 384 citizens of Ramsar based on the Cochran's formula. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in smartpls software.

The conceptual model of research based on biophilic indicators includes four factors: "necessary infrastructures and conditions", "biophilic activities", "biophilic attitudes and awareness" and "biophilic organizations and institutions". The results showed that the three factors "physical form", "biophilic organizations" and "biophilic attitudes and awareness" as the most significant biophilic factors in affecting the quality of life of Ramsar citizens have been effective through a special mechanism.

Destruction of proportions and natural elements in recent years by unplanned constructions and inconsistencies between the physical form and natural elements in this city are known by citizens as the main reasons for the decline in the quality of life in this city. According to the citizens' mentality, the pervasiveness of biophilic attitudes and awareness will change the priorities of governance in cities and increase attention to nature. Moreover, the existence of biophilic attitudes and awareness among citizens will cause them to pay attention to their health. In general, in this process, the quality of life of citizens is gradually affected

Nowadays, in developed countries, paying attention to the presence of people in urban spaces plays a key role in the design and planning of cities, and the important key to achieving sustainable, successful, and lively cities is paying attention to the role of people and their needs. On the one hand, urban spaces must be responsive to human needs, and this is realized when people feel safe and secure in this space, both in the public and private spheres and can meet their needs in this space. It is obvious that the result of the realization of such a space strengthens the feeling of belonging to the environment in the individual and increases the presence and interactions of citizens, and as a result, the resulting space is a lively urban space that is worthy of the high value of a person. On the other hand, with the beginning of the 21st century, information and communication technology has been considered the main axis of the transformation and development of the world, and the achievements resulting from it have become so intertwined with people's lives that neglecting it is a huge disruption in society and welfare and comfort. It creates people. Today, the smart city has been the focus of city planners and city managers as a unique solution to urban problems. 

The research method in this research, in terms of purpose, is applied and in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting data and information, documentary and library, as well as using a specialized questionnaire and analyzing it with the help of factor analysis techniques and Swara is riding. The analysis of the collected data is based on two quantitative-qualitative methods that have been examined in a combined manner. 

The results of the findings show some of the most important criteria and indicators of different aspects of the smart city that can help in improving the vitality of urban spaces, as well as the concept of a smart city, taking into account the vitality of urban spaces, along with dynamizing urban systems to The title of adaptive systems provides a suitable perspective in this field. 

Each of the dimensions of the smart city includes various components and variables, and the nature of these variables is focused on the complex and contextual conditions of each city. Therefore, it is expected that a diverse set of variables related to the specific issues and problems of each city will be considered in the feasibility study of smart cities. This research, in connection with the integration of the subject, explains the concepts, components, and characteristics of the smart city and urban vitality, and in the continuation of the content, introduces the conceptual model of the research, to achieve a lively smart city.

According to the report by the United Nations Population Fund, more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas, and this figure is expected to rise to five billion by 2030. Social inequalities and the lack of justice are primary factors contributing to population crises. Spatial justice, which is a component of social justice, relates to the unequal distribution of income, housing segregation, and the unequal allocation of public services. Resource allocation policies in cities are implemented through good urban governance, which aims to improve administrative skills, enhance transparency, and increase the accountability of officials. This research focuses on analyzing the indicators of good urban governance and spatial justice in the city of Shiraz. Given the growing population of this metropolis, it is essential to examine urban services and their proper distribution to prevent citizen dissatisfaction and the failure to achieve spatial justice. Additionally, the role of indicators such as legality and equal opportunity in shaping this justice will be explored.

The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, and in terms of strategic targeting, it is applied. Data collection was conducted using two methods library research and documentary analysis (detailed plan). The geographical scope of the study encompasses the metropolis of Shiraz and its 10 municipal regions. To evaluate the urban areas of Shiraz in terms of good urban governance with an emphasis on spatial and social justice, all land uses except residential use were considered. For data analysis, SPSS software and tests for determining the viability coefficient of the regions and factor analysis were employed. The statistical population of this research is based on the Delphi method, comprising 30 specialists in urban planning and architecture.

To assess the viability of all municipal regions in the metropolis of Shiraz and determine the level of acceptance of spatial justice (distribution of sports, healthcare, cultural, green space, educational, and urban equipment uses) and good urban governance (participation, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability and responsiveness, consensus orientation, transparency, rule of law, and strategic vision), we first establish a data matrix. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that Region 10, with a coefficient of 0.9, has the highest viability, indicating a greater suitability for development in this area. Regions 1 and 6, with coefficients of 0.5 and 0.15, rank second and third respectively, also demonstrating a preferable level of viability. The remaining seven regions under study exhibit low viability, and both good urban governance and spatial-social justice have faced challenges in these areas.

The final results from the analysis of findings in this research indicate that the existing weaknesses in governance indicators in the city of Shiraz will have negative consequences. These repercussions are clearly observable in various economic, social, and environmental aspects, significantly impacting the inadequate distribution of urban services across all regions. Based on the analyses, Regions 1, 6, and 10 are in a favorable condition; in other words, a fair distribution has been achieved in these areas. In contrast, the other seven regions are in an unfavorable situation

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades has led to social inequalities, spatial disparities, and unequal access to urban resources. Justice is recognized as the foremost virtue of social institutions, and one of its most critical dimensions is social justice, which reflects the impact of human rights on the lives of individuals in different social positions. Social justice theories indicate that economic and social inequalities influence the spatial structure of society, and any changes in spatial structures directly affect socio-economic relations and income distribution. Despite the long-standing efforts of urban researchers and professionals to utilize social justice concepts as powerful lenses to help develop more equitable communities, a coherent picture of these studies over time is lacking. The rapid growth of scientific research in the 21st century further highlights the importance of accurate research methodologies for improving Results. In this context, scientific critique in the field of urban studies is essential. This research, through a meta-analysis of studies on social justice in the spatial structure of cities—i.e., urban justice—aims to provide a clear and precise framework of the methodological approaches and scientific achievements in this field, thereby facilitating future studies.

This research is applied and of a meta-study nature, conducted with a descriptive-documentary approach. Data were collected from library sources and databases such as Google Scholar and Science Direct by searching keywords like social justice, spatial justice, environmental justice, and the right to the city. The timeframe for selected articles and dissertations was between 2000 and 2022, resulting in a total of 276 sources, from which 186 initial codes were extracted after review. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis, and Saunders' research onion model was employed to analyze the methodological structure of the studies.

The Results of this research indicate that studies on social justice within the spatial structure of cities are predominantly qualitative, with limited attention given to mixed-methods research. Furthermore, the interpretive philosophy prevails over other approaches, and qualitative content analysis is used as the primary method for data analysis. Information collection has largely been based on documents and archival materials. Many of the studies are applied and problem-solving-oriented, with less focus on expanding foundational theories. Overall, the methodology of these studies has shifted from purely quantitative approaches toward exploratory and integrative methods combining both qualitative and quantitative techniques.

Future studies should integrate both paradigms and expand into various subfields, such as urban design and regulations, to enhance the understanding of justice in urban contexts.

The first informal local communities were concentrated in the south of Shiraz, and with the continuous increase of the immigrant population, the related residential areas entered the process of physical expansion and became towns, one of which is Shahrak-e-Sadi in the northeast of the city. When entering this town, low-income immigrants, due to their socio-economic ability and due to structural limitations for attracting and operating in the legal sector, have mainly settled informally outside the legal and official limits of the city. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the employment system among the residents of this neighborhood based on the empowerment and urban management approach.

The statistical population of the research includes 11 urban management experts and 55,000 residents over 18 years old in Shahrak-e-Sadi. A sample size of 384 was obtained based on Cochran's formula and a normal level of 95%, whose validity was confirmed by the aforementioned experts and its reliability was accepted as 0.82 using Cronbach's alpha test. Inferential statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data, and content analysis method was used to identify the factors affecting empowerment.

The occupations of the residents of Shahrak-e-Sadi are divided into the groups of "urban agriculture, home occupations, motor couriers, hawkers, service workers, laborers, organized crimes and others". The significance coefficient values of skill training promotion on home business promotion and urban agriculture development show that the p-value is less than 0.05 and the T-value is greater than 1.96, and therefore it has a positive and significant effect and is almost strong. Also, the examination of the significance coefficient values of the organizations' assistance on the promotion of home businesses and the development of urban agriculture shows that the p-value is smaller than 0.05 and the T-value is greater than 1.96, and therefore it has a positive and significant effect and is almost strong.

Promoting skill training and assisting organizations by promoting home businesses and developing urban agriculture will create jobs and generate more income. Promotion of skills training and development of business skills is one of the components of the development of this underprivileged neighborhood, and its biggest achievement is establishing a level of well-being and increasing life expectancy among the target groups and using potential human resources with the aim of generating income.