Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:5 Issue: 3, Summer 2024

The purpose of this study was comparison  of traditional resistance training and resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle damage and the level of CPK and LDH on men bodybuilders

In this study, 40  healthy volunteer men bodybuilder were randomly divided into traditional resistance training (TRT) and resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR). Both groups performed the same training program. The RTR group performed the movement with 70-75% 1RM and the BFR group performed the movement with 25-30% 1RM. The program 90 minutes consisted of 10×3  with 1 minutes of active recovery between sets. The program was implemented for 8 weeks.

The results indicate that BFR training led to a significant reduction of LDH and CPK compare to the RTR group. BFR also caused less muscle damage compare to RTR. (P<0.001)

The present study revealed that BFR causes less damage to muscle and reduce releasing CPK and LDH. BFR can be a safer method to reduce muscle damage and cause less damage to ligaments compare to TRT training.

Strength and endurance training has experienced a surge in popularity in recent years and is currently one of the most commonly practiced methods of training. This study investigated the effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance training courses on physical fitness and levels of cortisol, testosterone, and human growth hormone (HGH) among adolescent taekwondo athletes in Rasht , Iran. This was a quasi-experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The participants included 20 male taekwondo players who were randomly selected from a pool of 40 individuals with a mean age of 17 years and more than two years of experience in practicing taekwondo. After the participants were randomly assigned to the control group (regular training) and resistance and e ndurance training (test group), they were evaluated in terms of age, height, weight, and some physical fitness parameters such as aerobic capacity (shuttle run test) and anaerobic capacity (Bosco test). Moreover, 10 ml of blood was taken from the arm vein of participants both before and after the study to measure the levels of cortisol, testosterone, and HGH. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test). Results showed a significant increase in the cortisol level and anaerobic capacity in both the test and control groups (p<0.05). In addition, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) increased in the test group and cortisol level decreased in the control group (p<0.05), but aerobic capacity reduced in both groups (p<0.05).    Conclusion The study findings suggest that high-intensity resistance and endurance training can improve some physiological parameters and positively affect the general health of athletes.

 This study aimed to determined the effect of eight weeks of combined aerobic -resistance training on estrogen and progesterone level and its relationship with serum lipids and lipid profile in menopausal females. 

 This study was conducted on 22 menopausal females aged between 49-65years who volunteered to participates. they weighed between 64 to 102kg and were between 150 to 165cm in height. they were randomly divided in two groups the exercise group (EG=12) and control group (CG=10). The EG performed aerobic-resistance exercises for 90 min, 3 d/w for eight weeks. BEF The data analysis was done with spss version 24 and significant level p≤0.05 was considered.

 in The comparison of Vo2max within a group; there was a significant increase(p≤0.05)however; body fat percent; WHR; Weight a significant decrease(p≤0.05)in comparison between group; body fat percent ;Bmi ;WHR a significant decrease .in comparison between group; vo2max;hdl;estradiol i(ex) group a significant increased(p≤0.05).

 the results of this research showed that the combined training that consists of endurance and resistance training in eight weeks improves body composition in postmenopausal females. Similarly, combined exercise increased aerobic capacity and estradiol in these females. The results indicated that combined exercise can keep serum lipids in their normal range.

The principle aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of combined training on the quality of life, cancer markers, aerobic capacity, and type II diabetic patients after breast cancer surgery.

The subjects were 30 women with cancer and type ll diabetes (mean age 50.53 ± 7.62 and weight 69.20 ± 19.14) who were selected initial screening and were divided into two groups, experimental group and control group. The aerobic-resistance training consisted of 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The resistance training were performed using Pilates cavities and aerobic exercises with a maximum heart rate of 50-70% and each intervention session lasted 60 minutes. The quality of life variables were assessed using the WHO-QI questionnaire, CA- 15-3 markers, CEA and aerobic power. In order to compare the pre-test and posttest results in each group was used the statistical correlated t-test, and the independent t test was used to compare the results of the two groups. The significance level was determined as P <0.05.

The results indicated that there is a significant difference in the variables of quality of life between the two groups. The results also demonstrated that there is a significant difference in the cancer markers in the CA15-3 variable among the two research groups, however, this difference was not significant in CEA markers .Aerobic endurance of the subjects did not show significant difference between the experimental and control groups after 8 weeks of combined exercise.

It can be concluded that 8 weeks of combined training in women with type ll diabetes after breast cancer surgery were effective on the quality of life, but it was unchanged in case of the cancer markers, the decreased CA15-3 variable and the CEA marker.

The tests of athletic and functional performance are widely used to determine physical ability and set performance goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between functional movement and physical and karate-specific performance in female adolescents.

 Karate technique, athletic performance, and Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM) were evaluated in 51 karateka (age: 14 ± 1.18 years, weight: 51.13 ± 10.92 kg, height: 1.58 ± 0.08 cm). Correlation analysis determined the association between the various tests, and stepwise linear regression established performance prediction models.

 Only individual FMSTM tests of hurdle step، in-line lunge and rotary stability significantly correlated with gedan barai،gedan barai/gyako zuki ، Edgren side-step test and mawashi geri (r=0/33، r=0/35،  r=-0/24، r=0/33، respectively).Muscular endurance, power, and agility showed a significant (p < 0.05) correlation with karate side-step and gedan barai/jaku zuki.

A compound of functional and athletic tests is probably used to assess young athletes’ predisposition to karate. The training concentrated in young karateka should be on expanding basic movement capacity along with fundamental sport-specific skills to let the young athlete’s natural physical development.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting 5-8% of women of reproductive age, often leading to infertility, metabolic disorders, and increased androgen levels. This study investigates the effect of an eight-week aerobic-resistance training exercise training on Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels, physical fitness, body composition, and ultrasonographic findings in women with PCOS.

A quasi-experimental design was implemented with 25 women randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG, N=13) or a control group (CG, N=12). EG participated in eight-week aerobic resistance training, while the control group maintained regular activity. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were taken for plasma AMH levels, body composition, physical fitness, and ultrasonographic evaluations of ovarian cysts.

This study showed a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and AMH levels, on the other hand, the result showed that improvement in aerobic and anaerobic power in the EG compared to the CG (P<0.05), while no significant reduction in ovarian cyst size was observed.

These findings suggest that aerobic-resistance training may contribute to better management of body composition and hormonal levels in women with PCOS, enhancing their overall fitness and potentially improving reproductive outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of non-pharmacological interventions, such as structured exercise programs, in managing the complex metabolic and reproductive challenges associated with PCOS. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of such interventions on ovarian function and fertility outcomes.

One of the common and liberating side effects of Parkinson's disease (PD) is pain and its related mechanisms. In this category of patients, the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the amount of pain and the related mechanisms have not been determined correctly. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of 6 weeks HIT swimming training on the pain tolerance threshold and MOR1 gene expression in rats with PD.

In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks with an average weight of 200 ± 10.2 grams were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control group, PD group and training group. PD was induced by injecting 1 mg/kg body weight of reserpine for 5 days. The training group performed 20 30-second swimming bouts with 30-second rest between each bout for six weeks. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05 and SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that the pain tolerance threshold (P=0.001) and MOR1 gene expression (P=0.003) in the PD group were significantly lower than healthy control group and training group. No significant differences were observed in the pain tolerance threshold (P=0.49) and MOR1 gene expression (P=0.16) between healthy control group and training group.

According to the obtained results, HIT swimming training are recommended to reduce the pain of PD patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between two methods of high-intensity aerobic and strength training on insulin, growth hormone (GH), and glucose homeostasis in professional taekwondo athletes.

This quasi-experimental research was conducted on one group of professional Taekwondo players (n=12) with an average age of 22 ± 1.5 years. All athletes regularly trained three days a week. In the first-week training session, regular training sessions (RTS, 90 minutes) were performed, high-intensity strength training (80%, 1RM, 45min) in the second, and high-intensity aerobic training (80% VO2max, 45 min) in the third week respectively. 24 hours after each training session, insulin, growth hormone (GH), and glucose homeostasis (FBS, HOMA-IR, Insulin) were measured after 10 hours of fasting. Data related to the sample are presented with descriptive statistics, and repeat measurement of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate variables. All statistical tests were performed and considered significant at a P ≤ 0.05.

The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the three methods of regular exercise training, high-intensity aerobic and strength training on the levels of insulin hormones, growth hormone (GH), and glucose homeostasis of professional taekwondo athletes (p<0.05). Serum insulin, FBS, and HOMA-IR increased in high-intensity strength training more than in high-intensity aerobic training. HOMA-B and GH levels increased in high-intensity aerobic training more than in high-intensity strength training (p<0.05).

According to the findings, in professional taekwondo athletes, high-intensity strength training may increase serum insulin levels and insulin sensitivity, and high-intensity aerobic training increases growth hormone levels. The findings of this study show that high-intensity aerobic exercise is better for taekwondo practitioners to increase growth hormone levels and to increase insulin hormones and improve glucose homeostasis levels, it seems that it is better to implement and perform high-intensity strength training for professional taekwondo athletes.

The effect of swimming on the behavioral complications of Parkinson’s disease has been investigated recently. However, based on our research, accurate and reliable information is still not available to clarify the effect of this type of exercises. So, the present study designed amid to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval swimming on improving performance in rats with Parkinson's disease model.

Methods & Material: 

In this experimental study, twenty-one 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats (weight 200±10.2 grams) were divided into three groups (7 rats in each group), including healthy control, disease control and swimming. Parkinson's disease was induced through intraperitoneal injection of reserpine for 5 consecutive days in the rats of disease control and swimming groups and the rats in the swimming group performed high-intensity interval swimming according to the training protocol for 6 consecutive weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and along with LSD post hoc test through SPSS-22 at the P<0.05.

Based on the result of Shapiro Wilk test, the distribution of data in the present study was completely normal. There was a significant difference in the time of bar test between healthy group and diseased control group (P<0.05). There was also a significant decrease in the time of bar test swimming group with both diseased and healthy groups (P<0.05).

In general, the findings of the present study showed that swimming training could significantly improve the motor disorder in rats with Parkinson’s disease. The results also showed the beneficial effects of swimming on the improvement of motor activity in rats.

Super Maximal has been considered as a method for enhancing the athletic performance of sportspeople; however, it can lead to injury, muscle fatigue, and increased serum enzyme concentrations, which come with side effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of bromelain supplementation on inflammatory markers following maximal weightlifting exercises.

The research was conducted using a pre-test and post-test design. The population and statistical participants of this research consisted of 11 female weightlifters with 3 to 5 years of training experience (age, weight and body mass index:  22 ± 7.5 years, 65 ± 8.5 kg and 24 ± 2.3) respectively. A sample was selected from the chosen weightlifting club in the city of Rasht, and consent forms were obtained from all participants. This study was conducted in four stages: (Stage One: 48 hour after normal training; Stage Two: 12 hours after supermaximal, followed by 30 days of bromelain supplementation+normal training; Stage Three: 12 hours after supermaximal, followed by 30 days of placebo plus normal training; Stage Four: 12 hours after supermaximal). In this study, blood samples were obtained for measurement of (white blood cell counts, serum IL-6 and LDH). For statistical analysis, ANOVA was used in SPSS version 26 with a p<0.05.

The findings showed 4 weeks of bromelain supplementation had a significant reducing effect on serum IL-6 levels after supermaximal weightlifting exercises (P < 0.05), But it had no significant effect on other components.

Supermaximal exercises lead to significant inflammation; bromelain is likely one of the substances that influence this process. Based on the results of this study, bromelain could be used to manage inflammation levels in athletes.

This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise (PARE) with the consumption of green tea on body composition, physical fitness, and serum lipids of overweight and obese women in Ardabil City.

In this quasi-experimental study, 45 Eligible volunteer women (age: 25-45 years; BMI>25 kg/m2 randomly divided into 3 equal groups (control group, CG; parallel aerobic and resistance exercise, PARE; and PARE with daily consumption of green tea (PARE+GT). The experimental groups performed three months of progressive PARE training, six sessions per week, Each session consisted of 15 minutes of warming up, and 35 minutes of aerobic exercise(65% of the maximum heart rate, HRmax; Saturday, Monday, Wednesday), or resistance exercise (60-65% one Repetition Maximum, 1RM; Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday). Before and after two months of training, body fat percentage (%BF), blood pressure (BP), Body weight (BW), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and blood lipid indices, aerobic and anaerobic power were measured. Statistical information was obtained by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed through SPSS software (version 24) and the significance level was considered as p<0.05.

The results of data analysis showed that GT consumption does not have a significant effect on the variables. But in PARE and PARE+GT groups, the variables of %BF, aerobic capacity, aerobic, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) had a significant difference between the two stages before and after performing the test stages (p<0.05). However no difference was observed in body weight indices, body mass index, waist circumference to hip circumference ratio, heart rate Rest, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

PARE training probably improves fat percentage, aerobic capacity, aerobic, SBP, DBP, TG, and LDL in overweight and obese women. But green tea consumption does not have more effect.

Women experience specific physiological changes and transformations throughout various life stages, including puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, lactation and menopause, which significantly impact their health and quality of life. This study aims to investigate the effect of a combined exercise program on bone homeostasis in postmenopausal women.

The methodology of this study was experimental. A statistical participant of 22 postmenopausal women was divided into two groups (EG: Experimental Group; CG: Control Group). The EG engaged in three sessions of aerobic and resistance training, each lasting 90 minutes, over the course of eight weeks. During this period, the CG did not participate in any exercise programmer. Measurements taken included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat percentage, speed, agility, cardiorespiratory fitness, serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol, and urinary calcium and phosphorus levels. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon test for non-normally distributed data, with α < 0.05 in SPSS version 22.

The results indicated a significant difference in fat percentage, WHR, cardiorespiratory endurance, speed, agility, serum calcium, urinary phosphorus, and estradiol levels (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the remaining variables.

In conclusion, the findings suggest that combined training effectively reduced fat percentage and WHR, decreased BMI and serum calcium levels, and increased urinary phosphorus and estradiol levels. Additionally, it improved speed, agility, and cardiorespiratory endurance in the experimental group, while having no significant effect on alkaline phosphatase, urinary calcium, or serum phosphorus levels.