نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

In today’s world, cities are the main places for people to work and live. Urbanization, as one of the major phenomena of the contemporary era, is one of the important factors affecting the individual and social health of citizens and is the manifestation of a network of complex social relations and the shaper of many basic challenges in the lives of citizens. So, most of the big cities are facing problems such as ethnic segregation, deprivation and social and economic inequalities, health, welfare, and inequality in access to health, educational, recreational, etc. services. Today, various approaches such as ecological city, smart growth, livability, new urbanism, and urban prosperity have been proposed and used to face these conditions and solve these problems in the cities of the world. In 2012, the United Nations Human Settlements (UNHCR) proposed a new approach to urban development called urban prosperity, which is a social construct that applies to the realm of human action. Shokofa City is a comprehensive city that provides spaces for social interaction, recreation, economic and social development of vulnerable groups, and social cohesion by providing appropriate spaces and appropriate design. The goal of the United Nations is urban prosperity, access to inclusive and accessible safety, and green and public spaces, especially for women, children, the elderly, and disabled people. Applying the method of foresight in cities and modeling the stages of foresight in the field of urban problems can lead to the spread of the culture of foresight and its application in cities and be useful by encouraging participation in solving urban problems. In fact, the existence of such problems has provided the reasons for turning to the future research approach in urban planning. Therefore, by focusing on the theory of a flourishing city, a new chapter of urban space development is opened for planners, managers, etc. This initiative is a basic approach to realizing the path of sustainability at different hierarchical levels and global, national, regional, and local scales. Therefore, every city undergoes ups and downs in order to achieve prosperity. As a result, in recent years, efforts have been made to measure urban prosperity in different cities of the world. These measurements and comparisons have focused on the cities in relation to the five dimensions of urban prosperity, i.e., economic production and productivity, quality of life, justice, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability.Behbahan, in the southeast of Khuzestan province, is one of the oldest cities in the province, with a population of 122 thousand people. It is the target community of the research with problems such as the rapid expansion of urbanization, change of unprincipled uses in the field of agricultural lands and gardens, infrastructure, Inadequate urban structures, excessive wear and tear of urban tissues, and incompatibility with other tissues, lack of proper access of citizens to urban services, scattered expansion of the city, air pollution and increase in service costs are faced. Despite these cases, it is necessary to use effective methods to advance innovative and flourishing goals.Therefore, the present research aims to analyze and evaluate the indicators of urban prosperity in Behbahan City to answer the following questions:1- What are the factors influencing the prosperity of Behbahan city?2- Which driving force has the most and the most negligible impact on the prosperity of Behbahan city?

According to the research problem, the present research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. In this research, in order to create the theoretical foundations and obtain the required information in the field of urban prosperity indicators, documentary and library information was used as the method of collection. Data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires. In this research, the statistical population of the research is made up of city managers and academic experts with opinions in the field of urban planning. The selection criteria for managers and experts are theoretical mastery, practical experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research and access. Therefore, with the snowball sampling method, a number of 20 experts, consisting of experts with urban planning and future research expertise who are familiar with the research area In order to answer the impact of each factor on other factors were selected. In this connection, 41 variables obtained from interviews with experts are combined, and a set of variables affecting the future prosperity of Behbahan city in the five dimensions (productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, equality and social participation, and environmental sustainability) were extracted. Then, by applying the method of cross-effects analysis, the variables were analyzed through Mic Mac software, and finally, the key driving factors of urban prosperity were extracted.

General analysis of the system environment: Table No. (2) the result of the mutual effects of 41 drivers affecting the future state of prosperity of Behbahan City is based on the formation of a 41x41 matrix. The results of this table show the number of repetitions of 4 times and the filling degree of 91.07%, which indicates the great effect of the engines on each other. Out of the total of 1681 relationships that can be evaluated in the matrix, 150 relationships have a value of zero, 465 relationships with a value of 1 have a weak influence on each other, and 692 relationships with a value of 2 have relatively strong influencing relationships. In addition, 374 relationships have the number 3, and this means that the relationships of the key drivers are very large and have great influence. Due to the rapid expansion of urbanization, the city of Behbahan has problems such as changing unprincipled uses in the field of agricultural lands and gardens, inappropriate urban infrastructures, excessive wear and tear of urban textures, and lack of compatibility with other textures. Citizens are facing city services, scattered expansion of the city, air pollution, and increase in service costs. Also, the lack of proper and logical planning will turn this city into a city in the not-too-distant future where livability will be difficult. Among the 41 driving forces, nine driving forces are marketing and creating investment platforms, employment status, social equality, economic conditions, employment, and women’s participation, satisfaction with public security, economic equality, economic power, and housing quality, which have a key effect on the state of the prosperity of the city. These drivers are related to the dimensions of productivity, justice, and social participation, so they are considered the most effective and key drivers. Paying attention to these indicators is of particular importance to raising the level of urban prosperity in the city. 

This research has been conducted with the aim of analyzing and evaluating the indicators of urban development in Behbahan. The findings of this research have shown that the general pattern of the distribution of flourishing drivers, in terms of the analysis of mutual effects, indicates the state of an almost stable environmental system. Among the 41 driving forces, nine drivers of investment platforms, employment status, social equality, economic conditions, employment and participation of women, satisfaction with public security, economic equality, economic power, and housing quality are among the key drivers affecting the future of the city’s prosperity, Behbahan. The analysis of these drivers has shown that the indicators of the employment situation, the creation of investment platforms, economic conditions, and economic strength are related to the productivity dimension and show the importance of this dimension of prosperity. Also, indicators of social equality, women’s employment and participation, and economic equality are related to the dimension of justice and social participation, and indicators of housing quality and satisfaction with public security are related to the dimension of the quality of life of the city.The findings of this research show that among the five dimensions of urban prosperity in Behbahan City, the dimensions of productivity, justice, social participation, and quality of life are of great importance, and the city’s trustees should pay special and more attention to these dimensions. The results obtained from this research, in accordance with the results of the research of Mohammadkhani et al. (1400), Barzegar et al. (1401), and Pitman et al. (2019), show the importance of urban prosperity as a transparent policy, balanced and coordinated development. In an environment, it indicates fairness and justice. In addition, the results of this research are in line with the research of Abbasi (1401) and Khazainejad (1400), which show that the issue of urban prosperity is a holistic and comprehensive approach to improve the level of collective happiness and guides cities towards a bright horizon from an economic point of view. It is considered social, political, and environmental indicators of urban prosperity, such as creating investment platforms in cities, economic and social equality, employment and social participation, and the quality of basic infrastructures, which are necessary for a city to achieve prosperity. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to all sectors and sub-sectors and their structure and to use effective methods to advance innovative and flourishing goals. Therefore, in order to achieve a logical process to achieve optimal and ideal conditions in the form of the concept of urban prosperity, it is necessary to pay attention to all Blooming dimensions are essential. The solutions to improve the prosperity indicators of Behbahan City according to the results obtained from the research are:1- The attention of the trustees and city officials to the optimal distribution of uses, the improvement of the state of infrastructures, and the reduction of inequality in different levels of urban spaces.2- Creating initiatives to increase the quality of urban services3- Paying attention to the inefficient structures of the city in order to promote and improve the quality of life in them4- Enhancing citizens’ participation in urban affairs for the creation of urban plans5- Paying attention to the geographical situation of the city in carrying out urban development projects and plans

Introduction :

In the past few decades, the increase in population in cities, especially in Iranian cities, due to migration into cities has caused challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental problems. One of the proposed approaches is urban prosperity, which deals with these problems and improves citizens’ quality of life. Urban prosperity is a concept that focuses on improving the economic, social, environmental, and physical conditions of cities and helps cities enhance the well-being and quality of life of citizens by providing balanced services and creating sustainable infrastructure. The city of Urmia faces many challenges with the continuous increase in population and problems such as increasing service costs, neglecting old structures for improvement and renovation, lack of vitality in some areas, and inappropriate distribution of facilities in the city. If these problems are ignored and not dealt with, social, economic, and environmental issues will intensify, and an unfavorable situation will dominate the city. Region 4 of Urmia City is also one of the areas involved with these challenges due to its dilapidated fabric. Hence, the urban prosperity model as a new approach can assess the degree of realization of urban prosperity indicators in the localities of this region. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the degree of realization of urban prosperity indicators in Region 4 of Urmia City neighborhoods and evaluate their status in terms of the degree of urban prosperity.

This research is applied in terms of type and descriptiveanalytical in terms of its method. The data has been collected using library studies, articles, and the field method through questionnaires collected from the residents of District 4. Using Cochran’s formula and an error level of 0/057, 300 questionnaires were distributed separately for 12 neighborhoods. The MEREC method (method based on the effects of removing criteria) was used to weigh the criteria, and data analysis was done using one of the new multicriteria decision-making methods called MARCOS. GIS software was also used to prepare maps. After conducting comprehensive studies on urban prosperity, 18 general indicators of prosperity were extracted, and based on these indicators, the neighborhoods of Region 4 of Urmia City were prioritized.

The findings of this research show that the state of urban prosperity in the neighborhoods of Urmia Region 4 is diverse. Based on the MEREC and MARCOS methods, some localities are significantly better off than others, while others need to improve. The results of the analysis show that neighborhood (A5), located between Ataei, Vahdat, and Madani streets, has the highest level of urban prosperity, and neighborhood (A1) between Sheikh Shaltut and Shahrokhabad streets shows the lowest level of urban prosperity. Also, the neighborhoods do not have the same conditions in terms of urban prosperity indicators. Hence, 37.14% of the neighborhoods are in favorable condition, 34.64% are in semi-favorable condition, and 28.22% are in unfavorable condition. This distribution shows that some neighborhoods have reached good condition, but many regions still face significant problems regarding prosperity indicators. The main achievement of this research is prioritizing neighborhoods based on the level of prosperity and providing suggestions for improving neighborhoods with the lowest level of urban prosperity, starting this process from the level of weaker neighborhoods as a central approach.

The results of MEREC’s weighting method and MARCOS ranking show that neighborhood 1-2-4 (A5) with the highest score and neighborhood 1-1-4 (A1) with the lowest score have the highest and lowest prosperity, respectively. Also, according to the ranking of localities, the eastern localities (A1, A7, and A8) of Region 4 of Urmia have been selected as the worst. The localities located in the northwest of this region (A5, A6, and A11) have been chosen as the best in terms of matching with urban prosperity indicators. In other words, the localities of the eastern part of the studied area have an unfavorable condition, and the northwestern localities have a favorable condition. In other words, some neighborhoods have achieved high levels of prosperity, but others still need special attention and careful planning. Based on this, suggestions such as creating green spaces and parks in different parts of the region, promoting sustainable vehicles such as bicycles, lighting projects, and creating painted walls and urban signs to promote the prosperity of Region 4 have been presented.

Humans have always strived to overcome natural challenges using their innate abilities and intellect, aiming to create a peaceful environment for living. In some cases, these efforts have damaged the natural habitat, such as constructions that deteriorate over time and lose their identity. Historically, architecture was designed to align with nature, establishing a balance between human structures and the environment. However, this harmonious coexistence was disrupted with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and increased urbanization. The demand for construction during this period upset this balance, resulting in numerous environmental crises in the modern world. Furthermore, neglecting the natural context of cities has had irreparable effects on urban life. One of the most effective perspectives in the design process of urban public spaces is the approach of environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability, emphasizing renewable energies, aids in maintaining livability. The development of Tehran has primarily occurred through substantial increases in construction in recent years. However, another aspect of this development is creating commercial spaces within the city. This research examines environmental dimensions and aims to identify sustainable environmental components that impact the qualitative enhancement of urban public spaces. Additionally, attention to sustainability chains is not limited to developing countries; in recent years, emerging economies have also focused on this concept. This paper will identify sustainable environmental components and analyze their impact on improving the quality of urban public spaces. It will clarify the need to reconsider the concept of urban public spaces concerning the environment. The research aims to find sustainable environmental components and subsequently assess their influence on enhancing the quality of urban public spaces (case study: commercial centers in Tehran).

In this study, researchers utilized semi-structured interviews and qualitative content analysis to explore the views of architecture specialists. The statistical population was determined based on Morgan’s table, and data were collected through five-point Likert questionnaires. Additionally, observation and researcher presence in commercial spaces at various times were employed as supplementary tools for data collection alongside studying maps, aerial photographs, statistics, and internet information. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, including frequency tables to examine the demographic characteristics of samples and research variables’ status. Understanding the demographic characteristics of the population and sample can enhance researchers’ comprehension of the topic and lay the groundwork for future analyses. The research method is applied based on research objectives. The data collection method is descriptive and survey-based, where researchers seek answers regarding how much sustainable environmental components can influence enhancing urban public space quality.

The findings section presents results derived from applying inferential methods used in the research. Common hypothesis testing methods involve stating statistical hypotheses and then confirming or rejecting them based on results obtained from SPSS software. In this research, a one-sample t-test was utilized for hypothesis testing; thus, each hypothesis’s mean was compared with a value of 3—if the t-test value exceeds 3, it can be concluded that the proposed hypothesis is more confidently accepted. Additionally, the Friedman test was used to rank effective components of environmental sustainability and their impact on urban public spaces (case study: commercial centers in Tehran). Based on library studies and analysis of interview data followed by data analysis, findings indicate that among factors influencing urban public space quality—namely economic factors, social factors, and environmental factors—the component of environmental quality has the most significant impact on enhancing urban public space quality. Also, tests confirmed that all sub-components proposed in the research hypotheses significantly influence urban public space quality.

In summary of research findings, it can be stated that unsustainable urban development over recent decades has resulted in numerous damages and significant environmental pollution in cities. Research conducted on commercial centers in Tehran indicates that none of these centers have paid attention to environmental sustainability parameters. Therefore, introducing sustainable architectural patterns and policies can provide an innovative idea for designing these centers and serve as a criterion for the proper design of commercial complexes. This research investigates the impact of sustainable environmental components on enhancing urban public space quality (case study: commercial centers in Tehran). The research method was descriptive and analytical; data collection tools included questionnaires, observation, and presence in public (commercial) spaces. The researcher was present at various times across different commercial environments in Tehran and collected data through questionnaires designed based on theoretical foundations. The statistical population was specified accordingly. Descriptive statistical techniques like frequency tables were employed to analyze sample demographic data. The majority of research samples were women aged between 37 and 47 years old; most participants held bachelor’s degrees and resided in Tehran. Subsequently, all variables and sub-variables were analyzed using SPSS software; after examining significance levels of sub-criteria, it was determined that all sub-components emphasized by environmental factors significantly influence enhancing urban public space quality.

Introduction :

Housing is the main challenge related to urbanisation, so it is both the driver of urban growth and its result. On the other hand, housing has always been considered one of the basic needs in urban societies, which defines the quality of life and well-being of the citizens of every nation. It has always been very important in the life of urban societies. The innovation of the current research can be proposed in the sense that in the research carried out so far, the variables affecting housing prices have been modelled linearly or spatially and simultaneously with the help of regression models or spatial correlation tests. This is even though many variables influence the housing price, especially the social characteristics of the place of residence, economic characteristics on a macro and micro scale, neighbourhoods, and accessibility, which have a moderating and controlling role on the housing price. They say that this issue has not been addressed in the reviewed research. Tabriz metropolis, the sixth metropolis in the country, is facing many problems, such as a high population concentration and high land and housing prices. In the last two decades, the increasing growth of the urban population in the metropolis of Tabriz has significantly changed the housing price equations in this city. Therefore, this article, while examining the factors that influence the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis, seeks to investigate the mediating role of influencing variables on the final housing price in Tabriz metropolis. For this purpose, by checking the theoretical framework of the research as well as examining the background and theories related to pricing in the housing sector, the selection of the most important components and sub-components influencing the price of housing in the metropolis of Tabriz will be made. In the next step, a certain number of real estate consultants in Tabriz metropolis will be questioned, and then the data will be analysed in the SPSS software environment using various statistical tests. The similarities and differences between the current research and the previous studies will be examined, as well as the conclusions from the research.

The current research is in the category of applied research. In terms of methodology, it is included in the category of correlational research in which regression methods are used to investigate the mediating role of economic, social, and accessibility variables in estimating The final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis. The studied population included all the entrepreneurs of the Tabriz metropolis, 55 cases of which were selected from real estate consultants who were ready to cooperate using the snowball method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and its face validity and reliability were calculated through Cronbach’s alpha 2 test. This questionnaire included four physical, economic, social, and access variables and had 39 items. After questioning, the data were entered into the SPSS 26 software environment, and the pre-tests of Kolmogorov Smirnoff, Shapiro Wilke, Durbon Watson, Tolerance, and VIF were used to determine the statistical tests and also verify the validity of the used tests. It was taken advantage of. In this way, normal distribution pre-tests (Kolmogrove-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) were used to determine the statistical tests, and Durbon-Watson, VIF, and Tolerance pre-tests were used to verify the correctness of the regression model. After the pre-tests, the main tests were conducted as follows: First, using stepwise regression, the number of items was reduced from 39 items to 18 items, and then the inter-regression method was used to investigate the mediating role of the mediating variables of the research. Finally, Sobel’s test confirmed the control and mediation role of mediating variables.

After reviewing the literature and background of the research, the most important criteria and sub-criteria influencing determining the final price of housing were identified: The physical-physical criteria (13 sub-criteria), economic (9 sub-criteria), social (10 sub-criteria) and access and proximity (7 sub-criteria) were chosen as the four main criteria of this research. Then, in the next step, using step-by-step regression, a deeper investigation of the relationship between the dependent variable of the research (housing price) and the independent variables of the research (physical-physical, economic, social, and access) was done. At first, by entering the dependent variable (housing price) and 39 other sub-criteria of the research as independent variables, only 18 items are known to be effective on the dependent variable of housing price, which have been entered into the model in the order of influence, as well as 21 other sub-criteria. They were removed from the model. The first variable entered into the stepwise multivariate regression equation is the distance of the residential unit from the nearest medical-sanitary use. The second variable that has played a very important role in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis is the level of education of the residents. After the residents’ education level variable, 15 variables that have the most influence in determining the housing price in Tabriz metropolis are related to bank interest rate, building size, household size, price of construction materials, renovation fees, and age. The building, the distance of the residential unit from the nearest public transportation stations, the number of newly built units, the type of skeleton (structure), the good reputation of the citizens, the age of the head of the household, investment, the facade of the building, the distance of the residential unit from the nearest green space and Park and finally the distance of the residential unit from the nearest religious place. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the effect of each independent variable on the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis. Also, the Durbon-Watson test was used to verify the validity of the presented model. According to the results, social factors are more important in predicting the “final housing price” variable. Therefore, it can be said that determining the final price of housing in the Tabriz metropolis is more influenced by social factors than any other variable. After ensuring there is no correlation between the influential mediating variables in determining the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis, Sobel’s test was used to investigate the mediating role of each mediating variable. In general, it can be said that the mediating role of economic, social, and accessibility variables in increasing the influence of the independent variable (physical factor) in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in the Tabriz metropolis is evident. Among the mediating variables, the social variable (6.998) has the greatest effect in determining the final housing price in the Tabriz metropolis. After that, access (4.667) and economic (2.736) mediating variables are ranked second and third, respectively.

The results obtained from the multiple regression indicated that the physical-physical factor only explains 48% of the changes in the final housing price in the metropolis of Tabriz, and the rest (52%) are related to economic, social, and access factors. In general, it can be said that in connection with determining the final price of housing in the Tabriz metropolis, the physical factor (independent variable) is not the only determining factor, and social, access, and economic factors are mediating and mediating factors in the increase The influence of the physical factor in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in Tabriz metropolis has a significant role, among the influential factors, the most influential factors are related to social factors (Beta = 0.435), physical-physical factors (Beta = 0.302) ), access (Beta = 0.290) and finally economic (Beta = 0.272). To put it better, According to the respondents, social characteristics are more influential in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis compared to other characteristics. In the final step, Sobel’s test was used to confirm the controlling and mediating role of mediating and mediating research variables (economic, social, and access). The obtained results indicate the confirmation of the mediating role of the mentioned variables in increasing the influence of the independent variable (physical factor) in determining the final housing price (dependent variable) in Tabriz metropolis and also the significant correspondence of the results obtained in The Sobel test with the results obtained from the multiple regression is evident in such a way that among the mediating variables, the social variable (6.998) has the most influence in determining the final housing price in Tabriz metropolis, and then the order of the mediating variables. (4.667) and economic (2.736) are in the second and third ranks. In a better way, it can be said that the social bases of residents in Tabriz metropolis, as well as the good reputation of citizens, have a significant effect compared to other factors (physical-physical, economic, and accessibility) in determining the final price of housing in Tabriz metropolis.

Introduction :

In recent years, urban regeneration has become a vital strategy for addressing the challenges many cities face, particularly in rapid urbanization and the need for sustainable development. Research in future studies related to the regeneration of urban core areas, primarily through the smart city approach, explores innovative solutions for revitalizing the urban core of megacities like Tehran. The concept of future studies involves systematically forecasting future trends and challenges, enabling urban planners and decision-makers to contemplate potential developments and design effective strategies. In Tehran, the urban core is characterized by a blend of historical significance and modern challenges, including traffic congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and social inequalities. By employing future studies methodologies, stakeholders can identify key factors of change and emerging needs within the population. The smart city approach integrates technology and data analytics into urban planning, making urban resource management more responsive and efficient. This approach focuses on enhancing the quality of life for residents through improved services, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Implementing smart technologies in Tehran could significantly contribute to the regeneration of its urban core. Furthermore, analyzing urban regeneration through the lens of future studies and innovative city principles underscores the importance of community engagement and participatory planning. Involving local communities in the decision-making process ensures that developed solutions not only address technical challenges but also align with the needs and aspirations of citizens. Ultimately, implementing a futures-oriented smart city approach can lead to a more sustainable and resilient urban core in Tehran, fostering economic growth, social cohesion, and an improved quality of life for its residents.

This study aims to provide scientific and practical solutions for the transformation and advancement of smart cities and their positive impact on urban regeneration in Iran. The research is designed as a developmental and applied study, divided into two key phases: cognitive and exploratory. In the cognitive phase, researchers collected data from various sources. To this end, diverse methods were employed, including literature reviews, document analysis, surveys, and expert interviews. In this phase, qualitative data were initially gathered through open-ended questionnaires and interviews. Additionally, quantitative data were compiled numerically using a weighting method based on Delphi questionnaires. The Delphi panel consisted of 29 members who were purposefully selected to participate. The goal of analyzing the collected information is to identify perspectives and critical points that influence developments related to smart regeneration using a meta-synthesis approach. A systematic review of the relevant literature defined and analyzed six main dimensions: physical and accessibility, functional, environmental, livability, economic, and social/cultural. Subsequently, 33 components and 107 indicators were extracted as critical criteria. These indicators were then presented to the Delphi group, where members were asked to rate each indicator and identify potential factors that could negatively affect the achievement of regeneration goals. In the exploratory phase, the focus is on understanding the opinions and viewpoints of stakeholders as a crucial factor. In this regard, efforts have been made to identify key drivers that influence the success or failure of the regeneration process by summarizing data and employing a systems approach and environmental analysis. Possible future scenarios have been examined and analyzed to facilitate optimal planning and strategic decision-making aimed at improving the current state of cities and enhancing the quality of life for citizens.

In the first step, six dimensions, 33 components, and 107 indicators were extracted using the meta-synthesis method. In the exploratory phase, key drivers were identified to identify influential factors and utilize a systems approach along with environmental scanning. By outlining the current situation, potential future scenarios were recognized and analyzed. The results of the Delphi analysis indicate that smart regeneration will have a greater impact on the transformations and spatial reconstruction of Tehran’s urban core in the following dimensions: functional (0.3456), physical and accessibility (0.2345), social/cultural (0.1789), economic (0.1234), environmental (0.0678), and finally livability (0.0498). According to the research approach, the central area of Tehran can be divided into several discernible sub-areas. This division aims to define dominant and comprehensible sub-areas to provide smaller-scale and more accessible plans for each area based on the smart city approach while ensuring a balance among these components of the central region. Clarifying and identifying these areas within the old and central city will reveal excesses and deficiencies in each area, which can lead to potential assessment and future studies regarding the application of smart city principles. In the central area of Tehran, the following sub-areas can be distinguished:1. Economic Area: This region is characterized by predominant commercial activities and a concentration of wholesale and retail shops.2. Cultural-Educational Area: This area is associated with predominant cultural and tourism activities, which are currently facing degradation and disorder.3. Residential Area: This now occupies only a small portion of these regions, where displacement and evacuation have contributed to unhealthy urban living conditions.4. Administrative-Service Area: This area is currently more prominent due to its concentration of publishing houses, print shops, institutions, banks, hospitality services, etc.An initial assessment of the spatial structure of the urban core indicates that urban construction and fabric are severely affected by deterioration, imbalance, inappropriate land use distribution, and fragmentation in the morphological structure. These issues particularly include inefficient spatial division of labor. According to the results, five key drivers will be crucial: designing flexible and modular systems; interpreting aesthetics and utilizing visual culture in event-driven regeneration; blending elements and regeneration processes with the surrounding environment; ensuring flexibility in functionality; and designing smart places. These factors will be elaborated upon based on a matrix that includes project staff participation, areas of responsibility, research and development, technical support, research management, resource allocation, and management. The overarching perspective of this research posits that the central fabric of Tehran (as functional-spatial cores) reproduces four special functions of a smart city and is moving towards greater intelligence: 1) development of commercial centers and malls; 2) development of specialized technology services; 3) development of supportive services, knowledge-based companies, and startups; and 4) transition from historical fabric to cultural-functional fabric.

Studies show that existing urban planning methods have been unable to address the issues of the historical fabric of Tehran, necessitating a new approach. The spatial and functional structure of central Tehran initially had a specific order, shaped by its natural and socio-economic characteristics. However, with historical changes and the emergence of modernism, this structure has undergone significant alterations and has become heterogeneous. The physical-spatial expansion, disproportionate distribution of land uses, and imbalanced population settlement have led to the emergence of inefficient urban fabrics. These areas, including historical and intermediate fabrics, suffer from low quality of life and face challenges such as inadequate housing, incompatible land uses, lack of green spaces, and insufficient infrastructure. If these problems are not addressed, they may escalate into larger issues in the future. Many urban regeneration approaches designed to organize inefficient areas have failed due to their one-dimensional perspective and lack of attention to human structures. The concept of smart regeneration has emerged as a comprehensive approach encompassing economic, environmental, cultural, and social dimensions. This approach can facilitate the process of addressing urban issues and ensure quality of life standards for both present and future generations. The management of regeneration in central locations should be structured to attract innovative ideas and systems that enhance social activities. Ultimately, the implementation of smart regeneration projects in the central fabric of Tehran requires collaboration between the government, the private sector, and civil society. Utilizing modern technologies and encouraging public participation can be key to the success of this process and ensure an improvement in residents’ quality of life. Establishing effective communication among citizens and creating suitable spaces for living and working can foster positive and sustainable transformations in the central fabric of Tehran.

Introduction :

In the new economic system, the place of production is separated from the place of sale, creating a more coherent structure. This is important in handicrafts; it works differently, and the place of purchase and production is usually the same. Meanwhile, the urban axes, especially the central axes of the city, are the places of production and sale of handicrafts according to the type of function. The economic function of urban axes in the handicraft sector gradually finds a specific pattern, and the organization finds its function. The old urban centers with traditional activities (handicrafts), which have become worn out and functionally decayed over time, have been revived with revitalization programs and are accepting an active functional structure. A function that seeks to renew its past identity with a contemporary approach while reconstructing the economic life of the past welcomes tourists as well. This research aims to investigate the effect of the revitalization of the historical-identity axes of the city with a handicraft approach to the role of handicraft revival in the development of the local economy of urban axes. Therefore, the research question is how the reconstruction of handicrafts in the historical axes of the city has led to the prosperity of the urban economy. What are the challenges of an urban economy based on handicrafts in historical axes, and what are its development strategies?

The current research approach is qualitative-inductive research based on the interpretive phenomenological method that uses the database approach. Data collection was done using semi-structured and unstructured interview tools. The geographical unit of the research includes guilds related to copperware industries located in Mesgarha Street, Zanjan City. The social unit of the research includes the activists of the above-mentioned copperware industries. The data was based on purposeful and theoretical sampling, including 24 activists located on Mesgarha Street (Tawheed). Data analysis has been done in an inductive interpretative way (from part to whole) in the database model. First, the data was open-coded (650 codes) and reduced by merging common and similar codes, then by axial coding, and finally by selective coding, categories, and main concepts were extracted. In such a process, the pattern model resulting from causal, contextual, intervening, strategic, and finally consequential conditions was drawn and explained.

The analysis of the database showed that the main concepts of services and facilities, product branding, and physical quality are the determining foundations in the local economy based on copper crafts in Zanjan’s copper mines axis, which functions in connection with the urban space of the central fabric of the city. Causal, contextual factors, and mediating and strategic conditions in the structures of strength, active challenge, obstacle, and retardation in the mobility and dynamism of the local economy or, contrary to it, have been influential in the process of revitalization and revitalization of the local economy based on handicrafts. The results of the database process in terms of the consequences of the model show that the branding of Zanjan copper handicrafts and its support with the presence of young people, educated people, and tourists will boost the local economy with a positive result, and the other hand, inappropriate spatial organization, inappropriate physical quality and services, the issue of authenticity. Acceptability of goods, the negative and two-sided mentality of artisans, and urban management have been among the negative consequences affecting the reconstruction of an economy based on handicrafts in the central axes of the city. To improve the structure of the said axis and accelerate the reconstruction of the said axis in the Mesgarha axis, it is suggested that urban management about the physical structure of the axis and the surrounding tissue implement more targeted operational and practical programs and by changing the intellectual and mental management procedure, the negative consequences to positive consequences to make it functional. The basic requirement is to prepare local and thematic plans for fabric restoration (by the structural and functional identity).

The active consequences of the reconstruction of handicrafts based on copper smithing in the said street due to the branding of Zanjan copper handicrafts and its support with the presence of young people, educated people, tourists, the boom of the local economy, and the other hand, inappropriate spatial organization, inappropriate physical quality and services, product authenticity The negative and two-sided mentality of artisans and urban management has been among the negative factors affecting the reconstruction of the handicraft-based economy in the central axes of the city.

Introduction :

Individuals with disabilities represent the most significant global minority and face numerous challenges in accessing equal rights, particularly the “right to the city.” This article focuses on Tehran and examines various barriers that individuals with disabilities encounter in utilizing urban spaces and services. Physical barriers, such as inadequate accessibility of pathways, social barriers like discriminatory attitudes, and economic and cultural obstacles, hinder these individuals from thoroughly enjoying their citizenship rights. By reviewing social theories, including the social model of disability and Henri Lefebvre’s concept of “right to the city,” this study emphasizes the importance of designing equitable urban spaces and involving all citizens, including individuals with disabilities, in urban decision-making. The primary objective is to highlight the need for an inclusive city where all citizens enjoy equal rights and opportunities regardless of physical ability.

This article employs a mixed-methods approach and consists of two phases: data collection and analysis.Phase 1: Qualitative data collection and analysis were conducted through in-depth interviews. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, targeting experts, scholars, and the disabled community in Tehran. Twenty-seven in-depth interviews were conducted, including 13 with experts and 14 with individuals with disabilities. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, comprising five stages: initial coding, organization of codes, review, and refinement of themes, definition, and naming of themes, and finally, compiling acomprehensive report of the analyses and the overarching narrative of the data. The reliability of the interviews was evaluated through inter-rater reliability and intra-rater agreement, indicating the credibility of the coding process.Phase 2: Quantitative data collection involved designing a questionnaire with 65 items, including 60 items to assess independent variables and five for the dependent variable, “right to the city for individuals with disabilities.” Items were rated using a 10-point Likert scale. The statistical population included 193,873 individuals with disabilities residing in Tehran in 2019, with a sample size of 384 determined using Cochran’s formula, employing stratified sampling. Professors confirmed the questionnaire’s face and content validity and the overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.75, indicating acceptable reliability. This research investigates and analyzes the perceptions of individuals with disabilities regarding their right to the city in Tehran.

Qualitative findings reveal that individuals with disabilities in Tehran encounter numerous and often interconnected barriers that adversely affect their lives. These obstacles can restrict their mobility and participation in society, leading to feelings of isolation and lack of access to essential rights and services. Although efforts by relevant institutions for individuals with disabilities in Iran are notable, they remain insufficient and fail to integrate this group into society fully. The thematic analysis of the interviews resulted in four main themes:Inclusive and Accessible City: Individuals with disabilities have the right to live independently and enjoy equal opportunities; however, various barriers, such as the lack of accessible urban spaces, hinder their participation in society. In Iran, although numerous laws aim to improve these spaces, accessibility improvements are often implemented sporadically and without cohesive planning. Issues such as the absence of escalators, wayfinding signs, and suitable pathways, along with inadequate transportation access, negatively impact the quality of life for individuals with disabilities.Dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of responsible institutions, such as municipalities, and a lack of adherence to accessibility standards lead to a decline in social trust and the participation of individuals with disabilities in social activities. This situation can result in feelings of isolation, powerlessness, and increased stress and anxiety among individuals with disabilities, significantly affecting their mental health and social well-being.Right to Space Allocation for Individuals with Disabilities: This concept encompasses control and ownership, physical share, security, vitality, and urban connections. Research findings indicate that individuals with disabilities do not have equal access to recreational and cultural opportunities compared to other citizens, which can lead to feelings of exclusion and despair. The primary reasons for this issue include the lack of compatibility of recreational spaces with the needs of individuals with disabilities, insufficient awareness of available opportunities, and high costs. Additionally, inadequate infrastructure, economic challenges such as the lack of home and vehicle ownership, and discrimination in the job market pose serious challenges for these individuals. This situation results in social isolation and a decline in their quality of life. Furthermore, the absence of security in public spaces contributes to increased stress and anxiety among individuals with disabilities, significantly diminishing their quality of life.Active Citizenship: A significant barrier to individuals with disabilities’ participation in urban activities is their exclusion from urban decision-making processes. Due to their disabilities, they miss opportunities for involvement in decisions that affect their needs and desires. Findings reveal that a lack of awareness about their rights, the absence of a participatory culture in decision-making, and existing physical, social, and cultural barriers hinder their participation. Moreover, mistrust of social structures and institutions stemming from negative experiences and ineffective actions can create additional problems.Public Transport for All: This theme addresses the need to make public transportation accessible to individuals with disabilities, focusing on the necessary modifications to metro systems, buses, and taxis. Findings indicate that physical barriers and lack of access to suitable public transportation adversely affect individuals’ quality of life, increasing their reliance on others.Overall, these findings illustrate that various barriers, particularly in urban accessibility, access to services, and participation in decision-making processes, diminish the quality of life and sense of security for individuals with disabilities, underscoring the need for serious attention and actions to address these issues and enhance their societal participation.

The results of this research indicate that individuals with physical disabilities in Tehran face serious challenges that negatively affect their quality of life and social participation. The findings reveal that the lack of accessibility in urban spaces exacerbates social and spatial inequalities, particularly in public areas that should serve as venues for equality and social interaction. The unequal access to these spaces leads to violations of social justice and deprives individuals with disabilities of numerous social, economic, and cultural opportunities. This situation not only presents physical limitations but also has psychological effects, such as reduced self-esteem and increased stress.The research clearly illustrates that the lack of urban space improvements strips individuals with disabilities of power and control. From a sociological perspective, this situation highlights the structural and social inequalities faced by individuals with disabilities. When public spaces are not appropriately designed, this group is systematically excluded from participating in social life, which translates into an inability to utilize physical infrastructures and limits access to social and economic opportunities. Based on Mitchell’s theory of the struggle for space, the research analyzes how urban and social spaces are shaped and accessed through power relations and conflicting interests. Accordingly, spaces are not neutral; instead, they are arenas for social and economic struggles. In this context, individuals with disabilities encounter complex barriers that signify a type of “struggle for space.” Improving urban environments is a physical necessity and a social imperative to enhance equality and justice within society. Creating accessible urban environments can strengthen the social identity of individuals with disabilities, boost their self-confidence, and provide a platform for active social participation. The findings also offer a profound analysis of the essential challenges and needs of individuals with disabilities concerning their right to space (control and ownership, physical allocation, urban connectivity, and security). The existing issues reflect the structural and systemic inequalities within urban spaces that impact the quality of life and social participation of individuals with disabilities. These problems include the need for more suitable infrastructure, insufficient access to recreational and cultural facilities, and the absence of supportive programs in housing and vehicle markets. The lack of home and vehicle ownership, along with the associated economic challenges, exacerbates deep social and economic issues for individuals with disabilities. Their inability to purchase or rent suitable housing and the high vehicle maintenance costs contribute to difficult economic conditions. Existing discrimination in rental and labor markets, particularly regarding sustainable employment and access to financial resources, further intensifies these challenges. The findings also reveal that the lack of participation of individuals with disabilities in decision-making and execution processes is influenced by structural and individual factors. Structural factors include the absence of appropriate infrastructure, discriminatory laws, and negative attitudes toward people with disabilities. Conversely, individual factors involve a lack of trust in non-disabled individuals and authorities and insufficient awareness of their rights and capabilities. The distrust of individuals with disabilities toward institutions and authorities stems from negative experiences and discrimination in various aspects of life. This distrust can lead to misunderstandings, judgments, and social exclusion. On the other hand, the attachment of individuals with disabilities to their residence and the establishment of strong social networks can provide essential emotional and social support. However, if they cannot participate easily in their communities, they may experience feelings of isolation and exclusion, limiting their access to education, employment, and healthcare services.

Introduction :

The dominance of exchange value over the use value of land[1] and inefficiency in the preparation and allocation of the irreplaceable resource of land in raw and undeveloped form has intensified speculation, intentions, and Commercialist Behaviors towards it. This trend has led to redistributive rent-seeking and has fueled urban space development in line with it[2]. Therefore, over the past decades, unconventional spatial development has caused a break in the continuous spatial structure of cities. So, in the next 30 years, with the doubling of the urban population in developing countries, the built-up land area will triple the current area [4]. Therefore, in the not-too-distant future (by 2030), we will face a predominantly urban world that will exploit the earth beyond its ecological capacity to meet its needs [5]. In this regard, it can be said that despite various models and approaches, not only has the area of land and housing rent not subsided, but the growth of commercialism has also affected the areas of economy, development, laws and regulations, welfare and quality of life, equality in access to services, and transparency in affairs. [7]. Therefore, considering the background and results of research conducted in the form of models, hybrid and network approaches, as well as the smart urban growth strategy, it is necessary to present and explain “a systematic and smart strategy to control the areas of rent in urban land and housing.” Therefore, in line with the primary goal of the research, what makes the strategy for controlling land and urban housing rents systematic and smart is a more precise redefinition of the conceptual dimensions, patterns, and studies in the field of smart growth that have an effect size in their results regarding the control of land and housing rents. The present study reviewed the concept of “ Effectiveness of the Theories of Smart Growth In Controlling Urban Land and Housing Rent.”

In this study, considering the title and nature of the research, the third version of the meta-analysis method was used to analyze the data. Therefore, the existing literature on the effectiveness of smart growth theories in controlling land rent and urban housing has been reviewed based on the guidelines, checklist, and 4-phase flow chart of the systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). In total, based on the study inclusion criteria, 391 systematic studies, mainly in English, were found between 2024 and 1970. Then, in the screening stage, by placing the studies in a specific protocol (applying data entry and exit criteria), finally 204 study samples in the field of “Efficiency of smart growth in controlling land rent and urban housing” were analyzed using the meta-analysis method. Also, according to the study and analysis of the effect size of the variables based on Cohen’s criterion (1988), the effect size of the nine research concepts was recorded as contributing factors in explaining the divergence and convergence of the study results regarding the status of land rent and urban housing, respectively. In the following, the correlation code of each “smart urban growth” theory with the research variable emerged based on the WH question table. Finally, the data from each study, previously set up in Excel format, were imported into the CMA spreadsheet with “Ctrl-V.” In the final stage of categorizing the content of each study, the following items were considered:1. Has the efficiency of smart growth been checked to control the fields of land and housing rent?2. Is it in accordance with the nine dimensions of the concept of efficiency of smart growth?

Based on the heterogeneity analysis and Cochran’s Q test, also considering the significance level of 0.05, the hypothesis H0 of the study that the effect size of the studies is the same is rejected, and preferably a random model with P-value = 0.000 and ES =.747 was used for the research analysis. Also, the results are I_Squared = 99.810. The value is close to 100 and indicates more significant heterogeneity in the effect size of the original studies. Examination of the Begg and Mazumder rank correlation test and Egger’s regression intercept test shows that the distribution of effect sizes of individual studies is not symmetrical, and 43 small studies bias the funnel plot of the study. Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill approach was implemented to fix the gap in CMA, and this study gap was hypothetically repaired and added to the analysis. In the analysis of the Nfs: Classical fail-safe N index statistic, the value of this statistic indicates that after 2270 non-significant studies enter the analysis process, the calculated effect size will become non-significant, and an error will occur in the final results of the calculations, and analyses. This situation indicates the high accuracy and precision of the information and results of this research. Therefore, the overall effect size is reliable, and publication bias does not threaten the results. Considering the results of the tests and also the regression analysis of the conceptual dimensions of the research and the interaction status of the essential components of the efficiency of smart growth in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing, it can be said that the unsystematic and unbalanced attention of the studies to the nine conceptual dimensions of the research is evident. So that the conceptual dimensions of “Smart governance or democracy,” “Smart citizen,” “Smart dynamism,” and “Social equality for access to services,” respectively, have the most significant effect and intervention towards the reduction of land and housing rent, And the conceptual dimensions of “Citizens Oriented Smart Urban Space Conventional Development “, “ Transparency “, “Amendment of Corrupt Laws & Contracts”, “Smart economy” and “Smart life” have had the least effect and intervention in reducing land and housing rent, respectively.

According to the results of the tests and also the regression analysis of the conceptual dimensions of the research and the interaction status of the basic components of the efficiency of smart growth in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing, in general, it can be said that research lacking effect sizes, individual perspectives of researchers, and neglect of the systematicity of the conceptual dimensions effective in controlling the fields of land rent and housing, methodological gaps, less systematic analyses, theoretical limitations, and insufficient mechanisms for applying research results have been the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of the results of each study in controlling the fields of land rent and housing, and as a result, its continuation and intensification in its spread. In this regard, the current research with a superior perspective, a comprehensive model that all effective concepts (Smart governance or democracy, Smart citizen, Smart dynamism, Social equality for access to services, Citizens Smart Urban Space Conventional Development‏, Transparency, reform of Corrupt Laws & Contracts, Smart economy, and Smart life) It has been presented systematically and without partiality, as a different type of the effectiveness of smart growth theories in controlling the fields of land rent and urban housing. Therefore, researchers’ attention to all nine conceptual dimensions of research can lead to monitoring and control of land and housing rents in the form of a systematic and smart strategy and serve as a smarter and more integrated model of systematic management and control of land and housing rents in cities.

Introduction :

The increase in urban population brings issues such as increased traffic density, air pollution, increased need for urban services, recreation, and other issues. In other words, cities face the challenge of maintaining the quality of urban life along with growth and development. On the other hand, in addition to the increase in population in cities, globalization has led to the dimming and blurring of cultural identity in cities. This is an issue, especially in historical towns. Because the loss of cultural identity in these cities can have inappropriate effects on historical and cultural values. The city of Isfahan, which is famous as a historical and cultural city at the world level, has also faced the problem of reducing the quality of urban life and the ambiguity of cultural identity. This issue is critical and necessary in the 3rd district of Isfahan City as a historical area with identity and historical values. However, the relationship between the quality of urban life and cultural identity in this district is unclear. Therefore, this research seeks to clarify the relationship between the quality of urban life and the cultural identity of the residents of District 3 of Isfahan City by using the structural equation model so that in addition to preserving and strengthening the cultural identity, the quality of urban life can also be improved.

This research is descriptive, analytical, and practical in terms of purpose. A library study, field survey, citizenship questionnaire distribution, and citizenship interview were used to collect data. The statistical population is residents of District 3 of Isfahan City, and to determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used with 95% confidence. Therefore, the sample size was determined to be 384. Separate questionnaires were designed and distributed for the two concepts of quality of urban life and cultural identity. 13 items were considered for the quality of urban life and 32 items for cultural identity in 5 dimensions of historical identity and customs - family and personal identity - religious identity - national identity - civilizational characteristics (language, science, art). In the present study, two hypotheses were proposed. The first hypothesis is the significant effect of cultural identity on the quality of urban life, and the second hypothesis is the considerable effect of the quality of urban life on cultural identity, which was investigated using Smart PLS software and designing the structural equations of the two hypotheses.

About the first hypothesis (meaningful effect of cultural identity on the quality of urban life), the value of R2 equal to 0.541 was obtained, which means the effect of cultural identity on the quality of urban life. On the other hand, the statistical results of F2 and the amount of direct effect showed that only two dimensions of cultural identity, including (historical identity and customs with F2 0.451 and direct effect 0.621) and (national identity with F2 0.109 and direct effect 0.420) have a significant effect on the quality of urban life. Still, the effect of other dimensions was not confirmed. Therefore, for the first hypothesis, the findings showed that cultural identity has a limited effect on the quality of urban life. About the second hypothesis (significant impact of quality of urban life on cultural identity), the findings showed that the quality of urban life significantly impacts cultural identity. The value of R2-F2 and the direct effect for four dimensions of cultural identity show a significant effect of the quality of urban life on the dimensions of cultural identity. In the following, after generalizing the results of the statistical sample to the entire community using the bootstrapping tool, the t-value also indicated the existence of a significant relationship between cultural identity and the quality of urban life in District 3 of Isfahan City.

The results of the structural equations showed that the quality of urban life significantly affects the four dimensions of historical identity and customs: family and personal identity, religious identity, and national identity. Therefore, the result of this research is that cultural identity can be preserved and strengthened by improving the quality of urban life. This result was also obtained for the 3rd district of Isfahan City, where physical changes, socioeconomic policies, and urban plans affect the formation of family and personal identity, religious identity, and national identity. The results of this research showed that in the 3rd district of Isfahan city, national identity and family and personal identity, due to the native context of the region and the presence of world-famous historical monuments, have the most significant impact on the quality of urban life. Therefore, suggestions were presented regarding urban transportation, event management, and the activation of historical and cultural potentials to improve the quality of urban life, considering the preservation and enhancement of cultural identity in the 3rd district of Isfahan City.

Introduction :

Increasing informal settlements without complying with legal frameworks will have adverse effects on the quality of the environment. The decrease in the quality of the environment of these types of settlements indicates a more unpleasant environment and also indicates an unlivable or livable settlement at a low level. As a result, Tabriz metropolis is no exception to this rule, and more than 500 thousand people live in these informal settlements. In this research, the northern informal settlements of Tabriz city were selected, which include 5 districts of Silab, Malazinal, Ahmedabad, Idalu, and Abbasi. These areas, which have seen an increase in house-building activities, are located in the northern part of Tabriz city. The activities of house building and development of facilities have drawn the attention of builders and opportunistic dealers to the region. And it has led to the development of illegal housing by private activists in a surprising way in the northern area of Tabriz. Assessment of livability in informal settlements created in terms of constructions with illegal land divisions has not been fully and accurately investigated before. The research in this field is limited and has only been investigated in the form of exploitation of activities, policies and effects in Iranian cities. In fact, illegal constructions and land separation have dominated the housing development processes in the suburban areas of Iranian cities, especially Tabriz. As a result, this research was carried out with the aim of developing livability criteria and measuring the livability of informal settlements with constructions and the separation of illegal lands and a vital role in creating a bridge between informal settlements developed with construction and separation of illegal lands with the concept livable settlements will play a role and will finally facilitate the informal urban housing markets as a tool to control the informal development of housing and informal settlements and its adverse effects on the quality of the environment so that citizens can have access to livable settlements in the future to be.

This study used primary research supplemented with secondary research as the main source of data collection. In order to identify informal settlements created by illegal constructions and separations in the northern region of Tabriz, several research techniques were used, such as exploratory interviews with land brokers, preliminary explorations with Google Earth of informal settlements, field observations, and authentic interviews with the municipality of the region. Ten cities of Tabriz were used. After determining the key locations in this field, preliminary researches are conducted in the form of interviews with selected experts to achieve the first goal, which is to develop livability criteria, and questionnaire-based interviews with the resident population to achieve the goal. Second, the livability of the informal settlements developed by dealers’ illegal constructions and separations of the city was assessed in the northern area of Tabriz city. The analytical method used to achieve the objectives of the study includes two analytical stages, which are categorized into stage one (quantitative content analysis) and stage two (distance analysis and importance-performance analysis (IPA). The work process in which each analytical stage plays a role will play is described in the following sections.

From the experts’ questionnaire analysis, eight main criteria and 28 sub-criteria of livability in the settlements created by informal land dividers were obtained. These criteria arise not only from the input variable, but also from several recommendations and adjustments based on experts’ inputs. These eight main criteria become the main priority for performance improvement, as described below; 1) distance to entertainment centers; 2) access to medical services; 3) the state of asphalt of local roads; 4) the condition of drainage channels; 5) the density of buildings; 6) distance to parks; 7) Financial ability to buy land for housing, and; 8) Access to workplaces around the residence, according to the eight mentioned criteria that affect the improvement of the livability of informal settlements in the northern zone of Tabriz, it can be concluded that improving the quality of life in these areas requires serious attention to urban infrastructure, welfare, and economic services. Criteria such as the distance to recreational centers, access to medical services, and the condition of asphalt roads show the importance of meeting the daily needs and welfare of the residents of these areas. Improving these indicators can have a significant effect on increasing satisfaction and reducing people’s daily problems. In addition, criteria such as the condition of drainage channels and the density of buildings emphasize environmental and safety issues. The poor condition in these areas not only threatens the residents’ health but also leads to infrastructural problems that will cost the city a lot in the long run. Improving these aspects requires long-term investments and systematic urban planning. Two other important criteria, including the financial ability to buy land and access to the workplace, refer to economic and social factors. The economic ability of the residents to buy land and easy access to the workplace are among the key factors in reducing poverty and increasing the sustainability of life in these areas. Without addressing these issues, other efforts to improve physical and infrastructural conditions may have limited effects.

This research shows that to improve livability in informal settlements, it is necessary to simultaneously focus on urban infrastructure, public services, and residents’ economic power. On the other hand, the research concludes that policymakers and urban planners should take into account these criteria and develop comprehensive solutions in accordance with the social and economic realities of these areas. Finally, this research, as a practical guide to improve the conditions of informal settlements, can help city officials allocate resources and measures more efficiently by prioritizing problems and needs and, as a result, improve urban performance and increase the quality of life of its residents. Regions to help.

Introduction :

The lifestyle in contemporary cities, especially in large urban centers and metropolises, has led to a disconnection between people and nature, including its key elements. Today, with the rapid growth of urban populations and the inefficacy of restrictive policies and regulations, the first and greatest development pressures from unchecked and unplanned constructions are imposed on gardens, green spaces, and agricultural lands located within city boundaries. The Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) approach represents one of the latest strategies aimed at preserving valuable urban lands at risk of degradation, such as urban gardens and green spaces. This approach emerged as a response to the inefficacy and limitations of urban development plans and seeks to preserve such lands by balancing public and private interests. As a market-driven mechanism, TDR attempts to balance conservation and development by employing a zoning system that enables the transfer of development rights from conservation-worthy areas (sending areas) to development-eligible areas (receiving areas) in a mutually beneficial manner. The concept of TDR has been discussed in Iran over the past few decades; however, due to the absence of necessary institutional and legal frameworks, it has remained largely theoretical without practical implementation. The most recent and significant effort to operationalize the TDR approach has been developing guidelines for transferring the property betterment rights mechanism (development rights) in Tehran, which this study addresses. This research formulates an economic model for a TDR program in the Kan neighborhood of Tehran, with the objective of adjusting the economic balance of the TDR program by calculating the market value of development rights per square meter. It aims to establish the most economically viable density system for allocating and implementing within the identified sending and receiving areas.

This study is categorized as descriptive-explanatory research in nature and orientation and applied in terms of objective. For computing and implementing the program, spatial data were described using GIS software, and quantitative analysis of spatial data was conducted by formulating mathematical formulas and calculating the value of each square meter of development rights. In the first step, GIS was utilized to identify and describe the spatial characteristics of the sending and receiving areas, including area measurements and zoning analysis. In the next step, based on the foundational zoning of the detailed plan, guidelines for the transfer of property betterment rights mechanism (development rights), and the program requirements, the base, allowable, and additional densities in both the sending and receiving areas were determined. Subsequently, through supply-demand calculation, loading scenarios for the two regions were formulated, yielding a total of 12 scenarios, of which two were eliminated by balancing supply and demand, leaving the remaining options for economic calculations. In the following step, using residential, commercial, and garden property prices, the market value of each square meter of development rights was calculated by formulating mathematical formulas, and an economic feasibility assessment was conducted using the Cost-Benefit method. For the final evaluation of the options, the Goals-Achievement matrix was applied. The necessary data for calculating this matrix were obtained from the program’s computational steps and by evaluating the achievable demand in the receiving area (Table 4). Ultimately, Scenario 11 was selected as the optimal choice for implementing the Transfer of Development Rights program. It is worth noting that the data used in this research were collected during the period from October to November 2023, and this program’s implementation model was developed based on this data.

According to the implementation model developed in this research and the selected scenario, Scenario 11, the most economically viable density system in the sending area includes a base FAR (Floor Area Ratio) of 30% for gardens under 2,000 square meters, 45% for gardens between 2,000 and 5,000 square meters, and 30% for gardens over 5,000 square meters. The allowable FAR is set at 240% for all gardens, with an additional FAR of 210% for gardens under 2,000 square meters, 195% for gardens between 2,000 and 5,000 square meters, and 210% for gardens over 5,000 square meters in this area. In the receiving area, the base FAR is established at 240% for residential use and 230% for commercial and administrative use. The allowable FAR is 480% for residential use and 430% for commercial and administrative use, with an additional FAR of 240% for residential use and 200% for commercial and administrative use. The selected scenario, with a profit of 128848251.6 million tomans and a profit rate of 36.65%, enables the creation of 11,530 residential units and 775 service units (commercial and administrative) using transferred development rights. Furthermore, it allows for the construction of 5,254 residential units and 353 service units (commercial and administrative) using the surplus demand generated in the receiving area. The generated surplus demand indicates market competitiveness, and the greater the surplus, the higher the program’s likelihood of success. Therefore, Scenario 11 is also the most favorable in terms of competitiveness. Moreover, in this scenario, there is no change in density relative to the base density, and the mandatory base densities align with the detailed plan, meaning that the customary density rights of landowners in both the sending and receiving areas are respected.

Analysis reveals that the legal framework for urban planning in Iran has yet to establish a stable legal position for Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) programs. The roots of this instability can be traced to legal-property, economic, institutional-social, technical, and regulatory dimensions. Efforts to legislate such programs, specifically the guidelines for the transfer of property betterment rights mechanism (development rights) in Tehran, remain far from full implementation and integration into the urban planning structure of the city. Therefore, to bridge the gap between theory and practice in TDR programs aimed at preserving gardens and green spaces, it is necessary to refine and clarify all these dimensions in an implementation framework for each region within Tehran, ultimately creating comprehensive documentation for the program. With ongoing updates, a comprehensive executive plan for this program can be developed and brought into practice. This study has designed an economic model for the TDR program in the gardens of Kan, Tehran, while future research can explore other program dimensions. In line with the primary research questions, findings indicate that key parameters affecting the valuation of development rights include residential building prices, garden prices, and construction costs. Parameters influencing the economic balance of the program encompass residential and commercial building prices in both sending and receiving areas, property prices, construction costs, and development rights prices. This underscores that property values in a given area play a critical role in determining the economic viability of these programs. Consequently, each square meter of development rights has been valued in such a way that allows garden landowners to gain a similar or comparable profit by selling or transferring their development rights to other areas rather than constructing on their own land. Only under these conditions can landowners be encouraged to participate in the program.

Introduction :

In today’s world, urbanization has led to metropolitan areas facing extensive and complex challenges. The development of human societies in recent centuries, particularly in the 21st century, along with the increasing trend of industrialization as a critical indicator of economic and social progress in urban regions, has had significant negative impacts on the environment and natural resources. These issues include excessive land consumption, increased traffic, greenhouse gas emissions, and high energy consumption, leading to global warming, biodiversity loss, and greater dependence on fossil fuels [1]. The rapid growth of urbanization, increased construction, and the rising demand for energy for cooling and heating have significantly escalated energy consumption, consequently increasing various types of pollution [2]. Consequently, the sustainable growth of cities faces multiple challenges, including increased individual consumption and inefficient exploitation of natural resources, leading to the creation of socially deprived and underprivileged areas [3]. In this context, the concept of sustainable development has been proposed to address these environmental issues, particularly in urban areas. The negative ecological footprint and consumerist lifestyle are among the factors that reinforce the necessity for action toward sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as meeting society’s current needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs [4]. The sustainable development model, focusing on the optimal management and preservation of resources, facilitates economic growth and social development in alignment with the needs of the natural environment [5]. Therefore, as ecological units, environmental indicators in cities demonstrate a close connection between humans and the environment, which can be improved by reducing resource consumption, energy use, and pollution [6]. According to a report by the International Energy Agency, urban areas account for two-thirds of global energy consumption and are responsible for 71% of greenhouse gas emissions from energy [7]. Since the economy, energy, and environment are inextricably linked [8], renewable energy resources and sustainable development are considered two related and complementary concepts [9]. In this context, one of the most essential strategies for achieving sustainable development is using renewable energy resources [10,11]. To ensure sustainability and meet current needs without compromising future resources, renewable energy sources are proposed as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for energy security [12]. Considering that using renewable energy is one of the critical global issues in sustainable development, numerous studies have been conducted in this area. However, the elucidation of factors influencing the use of renewable energy and sustainable development in metropolitan areas has not yet been fully addressed in research. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the factors affecting the use of renewable energy and the promotion of sustainable development in metropolitan cities. Wath factors influence the use of renewable energy in the sustainable development of metropolitan areas?

The research method in this study is a review, and data collection was conducted through library and documentary studies. Qualitative content analysis and the software MAXQDA were utilized for analysis. This research method employs qualitative content analysis, interpreting library documents, and extracting textual codes based on the content of these documents. Subsequently, the qualitative data were quantified by calculating the percentage of importance based on the frequency of codes in the texts, allowing for a more precise analysis. The extracted codes were then categorized according to economic, social, institutional, and environmental indicators, and the percentage of importance for each indicator was also presented.

The analysis of the relationship between the use of renewable energy and sustainable development in urban areas indicates that these two concepts are deeply and mutually interconnected. Using renewable energy sources, particularly in the current context where environmental crises and climate change have become significant challenges for societies, can serve as a key solution for achieving sustainable development. From an economic perspective, adopting renewable energy can lead to reduced energy costs, new job opportunities, and increased investment in sustainable infrastructure. Furthermore, using these resources can strengthen the local economy and reduce dependence on fossil fuel sources. Based on the research findings and the study’s conceptual model, it is evident that the use of renewable energy and sustainable development have a reciprocal and bidirectional relationship. Therefore, based on the research findings, the factors influencing the use of renewable energy in the sustainable development of metropolitan areas include poverty reduction, enhancement of quality of life, job creation, improvement of public health, environmental protection, reduction of air pollutants, energy security, energy sustainability, equitable access to energy, fossil fuel consumption savings, health promotion, effective governance, the intermittency of renewable energy sources, poverty alleviation, and energy security, as well as national policy drivers, among others. Additionally, using renewable energy can lead to decreased dependence on fossil fuels and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn contributes to environmental protection and the preservation of natural resources. One of the significant factors is the intermittency of renewable energy sources, which, when combined with optimal governance and energy management, appropriate zoning, and facilitation of service distribution, can enhance the performance of renewable energy systems and, consequently, support the sustainability of renewable energy sources.

Identifying and understanding the factors influencing the use of renewable energy and sustainable development is a fundamental issue for urban planning and the advancement of urban areas in alignment with national objectives. This understanding is essential for formulating strategies and policies to enhance quality of life across various economic, social, institutional, and environmental dimensions at both micro and macro levels. To date, no study has specifically addressed the elucidation and description of the factors affecting the use of renewable energy and sustainable development, illustrating the nature of this relationship. Therefore, this research was conducted through a review and synthesis of previous studies, presenting a conceptual model demonstrating the connection between these two aspects. The findings indicate that using renewable energy has a direct relationship with promoting urban sustainable development. This relationship is significant across environmental, economic, social, and institutional dimensions, as supported by the data and results of the study. Various studies have highlighted the factors influencing the use of renewable energy and its impact on the sustainable development of urban areas. However, in most of these studies, not all dimensions and the nature of their interconnections have been thoroughly addressed. Consequently, this research examines the influential factors across all dimensions, aiming to articulate the relationships among these dimensions and the internal connections between them.Considering the profound relationship between the use of renewable energy and the enhancement of sustainable development, it can be regarded as one of the effective strategies for promoting sustainable development in urban and metropolitan areas across variouseconomic, social, institutional, and environmental dimensions. In this context, this research employs qualitative content analysis of existing studies to elucidate the factors influencing the use of renewable energy and sustainable development.  The findings of the research indicate that the factors influencing this area include poverty reduction, enhancement of quality of life, job creation, improvement of public health, environmental protection, reduction of air pollutants, energy security, energy sustainability, equitable access to energy, conservation of fossil fuel consumption, effective governance, and the intermittency of renewable energy sources. These factors not only contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gases but also lead to improvements in quality of life and economic growth. The elucidation and implementation of these factors in energy policymaking can enhance the quality of metropolitan areas, attract domestic and foreign investments, and ultimately promote sustainable development indicators.

Introduction :

One of the basic issues in urban management is revenue management in the municipality. On the other hand, the upstream documents specifically emphasize the financial independence of municipalities based on paragraph b of note 52 of the law. This created an accelerated movement by which municipalities have turned to unstable and short-term income generation. In general, municipal financing sources can be divided into two categories: internal and external sources. Internal financial resources include cash flows from operating activities, asset sales, and accumulated profits, and external financial resources include funds acquired through the financial market, such as issuing bonds, issuing new shares, and receiving facilities. One of the foundational approaches in sustainable urban income generation is the growth and development of good urban governance. Creating new businesses with high added value, developing existing businesses, promoting economic growth and social welfare, reducing the unemployment rate, and finally increasing per capita production and establishing social justice are among the achievements of good urban governance. It seems that according to the existing arrangements and various sources for financing described, there is a potential possibility of generating income and financing. The main issue is how to manage finances and income sources and expenses properly. In this context, good urban governance, relying on the principles of participation, transparency, rule of law, responsibility, accountability, and effectiveness, has provided the necessary mechanisms for managing the revenue sources of municipalities. Suppose the financial management of the municipality is in harmony with the goals of good urban governance. In that case, the regulation of financial inflows and outflows in this institution will not be far from expected and accessible. Therefore, good urban governance must be relied on to create sustainable income for city managers and citizens. This issue is also worthy of attention from a negative point of view because continuing the current situation can lead to the spread of financial corruption, injustice in the distribution of urban facilities, and citizens’ dissatisfaction, which will bring destructive and long-term effects. From a theoretical point of view, the significant number of articles indexed in the country’s scientific journals shows that the categories of “municipal revenue sources” and “good urban governance” have an important position. Of course, the main research gap is that a combined study regarding the role of good governance in the financial management of the municipal institution has been neglected from the researchers’ point of view. Therefore, according to the existing research gap in this study, both categories will be addressed together with an integrated approach. In other words, the contribution of the research and theoretical synergy of the present study is the attention to the management of revenue resources of municipalities based on good urban governance. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill the research gap in the field of managing revenue resources of municipalities based on good urban governance with an approach based on an exploratory research design that covers the research gap. The present study will answer this key question: how is the management model of municipalities’ revenue resources based on good urban governance?

This study is an applied-developmental research conducted to design and validate the revenue resource management model in line with good urban governance in municipalities. Based on the data collection method, it is considered a cross-sectional survey. To achieve the research goal, an exploratory mixed research design was used. The community of participants in the qualitative section includes experts, professors, and general actors present in public and non-governmental institutions and organizations involved in developing these municipal financial policies. Based on the view of Miller et al. (2010), five criteria of keyness, popularity, theoretical knowledge, diversity, and participation motivation were used to select participants. Sampling was done using a purposeful method, and theoretical saturation was obtained from 15 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes all the actors present in public and non-governmental institutions and organizations involved in the process of formulating these financial policies of municipalities. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people using Cochran’s formula, and since the statistical population is homogeneous, simple random sampling was used for sampling in the quantitative part. The main tools for collecting research data are semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. The interview consisted of 5 basic questions and was conducted in a semi-structured way. The research questionnaire includes nine main constructs and 64 items with a five-point Likert scale. Content validity (opinion from experts) was used to measure the validity of the questionnaire, and its validity was confirmed. Also, the total Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was 0.856 in a preliminary study. After distributing the questionnaire to the selected sample, the validity of the questionnaire was checked using three methods construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity. AVE value for all variables should be greater than 0.5. Composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each factor were calculated to calculate the reliability. Thematic analysis was used to identify the categories of revenue resource management models that are in line with good urban governance in municipalities. The partial least squares method was used to validate the model. Data analysis was done in the qualitative phase with Maxqda software and in the quantitative phase with Smart PLS software.

In the findings section, the interviews were conducted using thematic analysis based on the six-step Ethrid-Sterling method. In the open coding stage, 1441 codes were identified. Through axial coding, two overarching themes, nine main themes, and 64 secondary themes were obtained. The factor loadings are greater than 0.6 in all cases, and the t statistic is greater than 1.96 in all cases. Therefore, the measurement part of the model is valid. And the coefficient of determination of the endogenous structures of the research model is favorable. The value of the determination coefficient of the municipality’s revenue resource management was estimated at 0.814. This shows that the variables of the model have been able to explain 81% of the changes in the management of municipal revenue resources. The index (Q^2) was also estimated to be positive in all cases, so the model has good predictive ability.

Research results showed that good urban governance affects urban planning, public culture, and meritocracy systems. These factors also affect the optimization of municipal tax and toll laws and municipal financial management tasks and lead to achieving sustainable financial resources and sustainable urban development. Finally, obtaining financial resources and sustainable development leads to the management of sustainable municipal income resources.

Introduction :

Since it is impossible to accurately predict an earthquake’s time and severity, preventive measures are of particular importance to reduce its destructive effects and enhance the city’s resilience to crises. Pre-crisis management measures in various physical, institutional, social, and economic dimensions can be used to prepare for and improve the city’s situation in the face of earthquakes. These measures include enhancing urban structures, increasing the efficiency and readiness of crisis management institutions, strengthening social networks and social solidarity, and creating appropriate economic conditions to deal with possible earthquake damage. The importance of adopting these measures becomes more apparent in circumstances where experiences show that after an earthquake, access to financial resources, institutional cohesion, social preparedness, and the existence of resilient infrastructure are vital factors in reducing casualties, accelerating the reconstruction process, and preventing further damage to urban society. Therefore, scientific examination and evaluation of these measures play a key role in improving urban resilient structures and are considered a guide for urban managers and policymakers in prioritising preventive measures. Given the high risks of earthquakes in high-risk areas of Iran, examining pre-crisis management measures is a national necessity that can help reduce human and financial losses and ensure sustainable development and security of communities. This study can provide a platform for improving the level of urban preparedness. Ahram City in Bushehr province, as an example of an earthquake-prone city, has specific conditions for applying these management measures and increasing resilience. The main objective of this study is to investigate and analyse the impact of pre-crisis management measures on improving the physical, institutional, social, and economic resilience of Ahram City in Bushehr province to deal with earthquakes more effectively; therefore, the main question is how do pre-crisis management measures affect the improvement of the resilience of this city against earthquakes?

The present study was descriptive-analytical and field observations, aiming to provide a comprehensive basis for more detailed analysis in the next stages. In the second stage, the sample size was selected, and in this regard, the statistical population of this study was experts and specialists in the field of crisis management who have sufficient knowledge and experience in urban resilience. Experts and specialists were selected to collect information. Based on the Delphi technique and the observation of the principle of theoretical saturation, 25 people were considered an appropriate sample size. In the third stage, a questionnaire was designed. The opinions collected from the questionnaire constituted the main data of this study. In the fourth step, SPSS software was used to analyse the collected data. Data analysis was carried out using regression and path analysis methods to determine the relationship between pre-crisis management measures and various dimensions of urban resilience (physical, institutional, social, and economic). Regression was used as a method to examine the impact of independent variables on resilience, and path analysis was used to understand the causal relationships between variables. The methodology used provided the necessary tools for scientific analysis and explanation of the data. The data and analyses resulting from this process will be the basis for providing practical suggestions for improving resilience and crisis management in Ahram City.

Urban resilience to earthquakes is of great importance, especially for cities like Ahram that are exposed to earthquake hazards. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of pre-crisis management measures on various dimensions of the city’s resilience. The results show that with appropriate planning and actions, the city’s economic, social, physical, and institutional conditions can be improved, and its preparedness for earthquakes can be increased. These findings provide a basis for providing more precise and practical suggestions so that Ahram can be more prepared and resilient to earthquake hazards. The results of this study show that in Ahram city, pre-crisis management measures have a significant impact on promoting urban resilience to earthquakes. The findings indicate that the four dimensions of economic, social, physical, and institutional resilience, each with its own mechanisms, strengthen the city’s resilience and help the lever to be more prepared in the face of an earthquake. Among these dimensions, the economic dimension has the greatest impact on the resilience of the lever. This finding shows that the city’s economic recovery and sustainability, especially through the creation of economic infrastructure and financial support for local businesses, plays a key role in increasing resilience. Allocating emergency funds and strengthening economic capabilities allows the city to proceed with the reconstruction process more quickly and efficiently after the crisis. The social dimension also has a significant impact on the resilience of the lever. In this city, increasing public awareness and preparedness is of great importance. Local social networks, social solidarity, and active citizen participation can strengthen the city’s preparedness to face an earthquake. Therefore, implementing educational programs, raising awareness, and conducting relief exercises among the people can improve social resilience and reduce the damage caused by the crisis. Aharm’s physical infrastructure also needs further strengthening and improvement. Resilient and sustainable buildings and developing safe public spaces, especially emergency shelters, can increase the city’s physical resilience. Given that Aharm is located in an earthquake-prone area, paying attention to construction standards and creating resilient infrastructure is a vital part of preventive measures to reduce the effects of earthquakes. Finally, the institutional dimension is also effective as a complementary dimension in Aharm’s resilience. Strengthening institutions related to crisis management, increasing coordination and empowerment of local organisations, and creating comprehensive crisis management plans will allow the city to act more efficiently and coherently during times of crisis. Developing and strengthening institutional capacity not only enables a faster response to a crisis but also enhances the city’s overall resilience by building public trust in its ability to manage the crisis.

Based on the research results, it is recommended that policymakers and city managers in Aharem give greater priority to planning and investing in economic, educational, and physical resilience and strengthening crisis management institutions. These measures can increase the city’s preparedness for earthquakes, reduce the destructive effects, and help Aharem return to normal conditions more quickly after the crisis.