فصلنامه جغرافیا (برنامه ریزی منطقه ای)
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 56، پاییز 1403)

The South Caucasus region is of strategic importance for the Islamic Republic of Iran due to its geo-economic capabilities and geo-political location. Therefore, any action and factor by its regional and extra-regional actors that leads to a change in the geography of the region can affect Iran's geopolitical advantages and change the balance of power to its detriment. This research analyzes the formation of the Zangzo corridor and its effects on Iran's geopolitics with descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that in the case of the superiority of Azerbaijan and the realization of the Zangzor Corridor, along with the geographical and geopolitical changes of the region, it will have political, economic and security consequences for the country of Iran, which will affect the future of the country's geopolitical position and is one of the advantages of Iran's superiority. It reduces in favor of competitors in the region and the international environment. On the other hand, this region can become an arena for the presence of extra-regional forces that are rivals and enemies of Iran. And these can prevent Iran from its geopolitical and geoeconomic goals in achieving a safe and balanced region in the South Caucasus. Therefore, the Zangzor Corridor can be a prelude to the threat to the security and national interests of Iran, which necessitates the strategic decision of the Islamic Republic of Iran to prevent the closing of the historical border between Iran and Armenia.

Urban economics is the study of spatial relationships between households from an economic perspective with a focus on urban economics, which mainly deals with providing a spatial analysis of economic activities in cities. The aim of the current research is the strategic management of sustainable urban economy in the area of Hazrat Abdul Azim Hasani shrine. In terms of the purpose of this research, it is applied research with an emphasis on Saunders research onion research method with a deductive-inductive approach and snowball sampling method among experts (40 people). For the purpose of the economic situation of the area using the PESTEL technique, in each dimension of this method, the effective factors of the urban economy of the area have been analyzed .The results show that the discussion of urban management and organizational rules and regulations must be done in a dual interaction between people and governments. In this case, we can hope for the concepts of development, sustainability and then a sustainable urban economy; therefore, with a comprehensive and systematic approach, he investigated the studied area, which may be a step towards the realization of a sustainable urban economy in the area. The obtained results showed that our scope is in the aggressive strategy (SO) that can be pursued with optimal management and proper planning to commercialize and achieve a sustainable urban economy.

Today, providing vitality in cities is one of the main concerns of the urban management system. The higher the vitality in a part of the city,the more potential it will have in attracting citizens. Therefore, improving vitality can lead to economic prosperity and housing; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the freshness and vitality of urban public spaces(Case study: Hezar Jerib neighborhood of Isfahan). Which is based on the applied purpose and has a descriptive-analytical nature. The data collection method was library studies and field studies through the design of a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among the citizens present in Hezar Jerib neighborhood of Isfahan by simple random sampling method with a sample size of 375 people. Spss software was used to analyze the data. Single sample t-test, linear regression, simple regression by Inter method and Pearson correlation were performed. The results show that all identified indicators have a significant effect on overall vitality; But the urban furniture index has had the greatest impact on the vitality of the neighborhood, On the other hand, the combined indicators of permeability, comfort and convenience, climatic comfort, flexibility and green space have a suitable and favorable situation in the neighborhood.

In order to attract more tourists and travel again to Bandar Abbasbeach, the present quantitative research, conducted by a descriptive-analytic method, aims to assess the satisfaction of tourists with the facilities and services provided to them andidentify the most important problems in tourism development in Bandar Abbasbeach, as well as determine the most significant strategies for the tourism development in this area from tourists’perspectives. The research statistical population consisted of all tourists of Bandar Abbasbeach. Using Cochran formula, 384 participants were considered as a statistical sample and they were randomly questioned. The research results showed that although more than 50% of tourists held university education, more than 40% of them had a five-day stay in mind, the their degree ofsatisfaction with facilities and services provided for them was 2.817 which is below the moderate level.The research results regarding the most important challenges to the facilities and services offered to tourists in the study area showed that 5 identified basic challenges could explain 71.78% of variance of the research dependent variable. The identified challenges are the following: Welfare infrastructure services (17.45), health (16.51), management supervision (16.16), security (12.88), and legal services (8.71). Moreover,

Biophilic design is one of the important needs of the new century and a logical response to problems has emerged. Most of the theories are presented by Western researchers and in terms of their cultural differences with Iranian culture, the main purpose of this study is to apply the principles of biophilic attitude with the principles of architecture in hot and dry climates and to achieve effective components to create a biophilic environment in Hashtgerd is the new city of Iran. The present research is "descriptive-analytical" in terms of its practical purpose and method. Documentary methods (to explain the indicators) and survey (observation and questionnaire) were used to collect data. Due to the small amount of research, a questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS was used to analyze the data. The biophilic view was performed, the results indicate a direct correlation between the variables of biophilic design and viability, and based on the beta coefficient, the "biomorphic" criterion has the greatest impact on the achievement of viability, and the criteria of education and awareness, culture and society are second and They are third. At the end, a model (pyramidal design) was presented to achieve livability in the new city of Hashtgerd.

The crisis of climate change and global warming along with the increasing growth of urbanization has faced serious threats to the life of human society and urban and territorial tissues, since no solution has yet been provided with regard to carbon neutrality in densely populated areas. In this research, by addressing this research gap, the land should be considered as a single organism. In fact, the purpose of this research is to integrate different theories and methods such as bivarianism, urban acupuncture, and designing energy communities in order to formulate and propose two new approaches to urban acupuncture. Thermal comfort and extra-urban acupuncture and combining these two in order to deal with the most important contemporary challenge (that is the crisis of climate change and global warming) along with presenting a conceptual model in the direction of transition to carbon neutral with a relief and adaptation approach, the present research aims In terms of its research nature, it is descriptive-analytical (using internet and library resources) and in terms of method, it uses descriptive structure. In order for this theory to work properly, multi-scale and multi-discipline analyzes are necessary in the whole city and territory on a micro scale. and the macro level should be done and needle intervention points should be identified and then the design and connection of each neighborhood and individual area should be done. In the following, compiling and combining the two new approaches of extra-urban (terrestrial) and urban thermal comfort acupuncture, a new solution in

The studies conducted show that preventing the creation of more gaps between the strong party with a dominant status and the weak party with a less privileged status as the ideal of justice seekers, ultimately led to the approval of Directive 13/93 of the European Union, the member states of each concept of absolute nullity. , relative nullity or protection based on which the nullity of a condition can occur "exclusively" in favor of the weaker party, have been recognized as a guarantee of the unfair implementation of the contractual terms. On the other hand, the acceptance of the theory of unconscionability in the United States of America goes back to the adoption of this principle in the uniform commercial law in the middle of the 20th century, which was created with the aim of creating a single legal body throughout the United States and explicitly choosing the performance guarantee as a matter of subject matter. assigned to the court. In Iranian law, the capabilities available in jurisprudence as well as the adherence of judges to legal principles and interpretation techniques can be useful, among which the most important ones are the reference to public order, harmlessness and abuse of the state of emergency. But the results of the research indicate the need for explicit action by the legislator.

In the current research, with the aim of achieving the design of the mental topography model of urban branding, the phenomenological method has been used, and the main basis for collecting information in this method is conducting semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable people and experts in the desired subject area. The sampling used in this research was theoretical sampling using non-probability methods, based on which, and based on theoretical saturation, 12 interviews were conducted with experts and senior city managers. After conducting interviews and collecting information, the codes obtained in different sections have been analyzed using a systematic phenomenological approach, which is considered the most appropriate method for in-depth understanding of the experience and meaning of a complex and multidimensional concept in this research. On the other hand, in order to understand the general content, all the written data related to the interviews were reviewed and then the text of each interview was typed separately and implemented in the MAXQDA software format. Each of these conditions and factors that make up the model have variables and categories that pay attention to them to achieve the ultimate goal of promoting urban branding. In addition, the findings of this research, by presenting the dimensions and components of the development of urban branding in the form of a paradigm model based on phenomenology, can be the basis for the formation of mental topography and the basis for the creation of employment and the prosperity of the urban management sector.

Due to the expansion of the process of industrialization and technological progress, which takes into account the quantitative aspect of human life, as well as neglecting the qualitative aspects of human life, attention to the concept of quality of life has increased in Western countries over the past few decades. . Today, the quality of life is an issue that concerns all governments and most international organizations, and there is a general agreement among researchers, policymakers, and development planners regarding the need to study the quality of life. The research findings show that the quality of life has many different dimensions, fields and indicators, which in most cases are directly related to economic development. In this research, the quality of life in the dimensions of satisfaction and happiness (subjective dimensions) and environment, security and income (objective dimensions) have been considered, and then the relationship between the quality of urban life and economic development has been investigated. The statistical population of this research is all people over 18 years of age in Lahijan city, using Cochran's formula and using simple random sampling method, 412 samples were selected and information was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the research show that the dimension of security is above the average level and the dimensions of satisfaction, income and also the quality of the environment are below the average level.

Che purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the management of small business and entrepreneurship development in Nimroz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this study, the statistical population, all residents and residents of villages located in Nimroz city who have a history of activity in the field of small home businesses. In line with the research hypotheses, The results of the test of research hypotheses conducted by one-sample t-test show that the most effective economic factor in the development of small-scale businesses in the villages of Nimroz city, the use of appropriate facilities and credits by the government and Trustee organizations will be strongly felt, and in relation to the socio-cultural factor, the mere fact that the spouse cooperates in the employment of women can not be a sufficient reason, and other factors are also important, and in relation to the infrastructure-environmental factor, Indicators of communication channels and climatic conditions of the region are important and fundamental for the development of this type of activity, and finally. Also, the final result was determined in the study of the measured dimensions, the average economic dimension with an average of 3.56 has the highest score and in fact the most effective factor in the prosperity of small businesses and then the infrastructure-physical dimension with an average of 3.47 socio-cultural with The average was 3.43 and finally in the managerial institutional dimension with an average of 3.35.

The aim of this study is to examine the security implications of population dispersion patterns in the geographical space of Hormozgan province. This research is based on applied purpose and on descriptive-analytical research method the study area is the cities of Hormozgan province with the center of Bandar Abbas. In order to examine the pattern of population dispersion in geographical spaces and its impact on the national security of Hormozgan province, the municipalities of the province( including: Bandar Abbas, bashagir, Jask, Minab, Rudan, Sirik, Hajiabad, Khmer, bastak, Qeshm, bandarlanga, Parsian and Abu Musa) were selected. The results of the study of Human Factors and their role in population dispersion, along with their defense and security implications, showed that in terms of Economy, especially along rivers, wells, plays an important role in the concentration of villages or their dispersion. Therefore, reducing the density or dispersion of villages and cities in the east of the province due to geological reasons, lack of communication roads, distance from the East and the center of the province, difficult environmental conditions can have a negative impact on defense and security in these areas. But in some cases, such as the cities of Rudan and Minab, due to water resources, adequate agriculture, various services and industries, and powerful police units play an important role in population density, which plays an effective role in the defense and security of the region. In general, there is a meaningful relationship between security and population components based on regression outcomes.

In the near future, the automated performance and intelligence of cities will become a vital need to improve the economic, social and environmental well-being of citizens. Urban smart technologies play an important role in the sustainable development of cities and make smart cities a reality. In this sense, the energy sustainability of cities has become a global concern, and has brought with it a wide range of research and challenges that affect many aspects of people's lives. Buildings that make up an urban subsystem In fact, buildings are the cornerstone of global carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the reduction of urban energy consumption for the sustainability of smart metropolises. The present research is descriptive-analytical and survey, the sample size is 15 city managers, managers and professors of information and communication technology. Data analysis was performed by structural equation method (SEM) with SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results show that the greatest impact on reducing energy consumption in the direction of urban sustainability in the metropolis of Tabriz is related to the physical index (PH), citizens' satisfaction and comfort index (SA), energy consumption management. (CM) with the extracted coefficients based on the structural model of the research are 0.965, 0.960 and 0.902, respectively. Therefore, to reduce energy consumption for sustainability in the metropolis of Tabriz, the use of smart urban development methods along with the forecast of smart buildings will be very effective.

Urban tourism with a focus on creativity, quality of life and welfare of citizens is an approach to urban development that cities have used to achieve sustainable urban development. Creative tourism has a positive effect on the cohesion of the local community and is effective on the interaction between tourism and the host and leads to the intention of re-traveling tourism. There is a possibility of developing creative tourism in cities such as Babolsar according to social, economic, cultural and environmental characteristics. With the help of documentary and library methods, the concept of creative tourism city was studied from a theoretical point of view, definitions of thinkers and related concepts. Models and indicators of creative tourism city were identified and components in this field were extracted. To extract the influential factors and potentials of Babolsar in the field of tourism, the factor analysis model in SPSS was used and factor loads of each of them were extracted in compiling the native model of the creative tourism city of Babolsar. The results show that the factor of business processes with a factor of 16,247 is the most important among the indigenous indicators of creative tourism. creative and innovative thinking, cultural and spiritual capital with a factor load of 13.229 and 8.76 are ranked second and third. Sustainable infrastructure, attractiveness and diversity, tradition and identity, quality , knowledge, education, deepening , multiplicity and diversity , participation are other effective factors in developing the native model of the creative tourism city of Babolsar.

The subject of taste in architecture, considering the artistic side of architecture, has always been the focus of architects and philosophers who have looked at a building from the inside and outside of a work of art.what we have witnessed in recent decades is a growing transformation in the taste of users and architects, particularly in residential buildings, which has led to the emergence of different spatial organizations in contemporary homes.The objective of this research is to examine and understand the changes that have occurred in residential architecture and extract the spatial organization characteristics of contemporary new homes over the past few decades, based on the evolving architectural taste, especially from the early 1970s to the late 1990s and even up to the present day in Iran.The factors that have influenced the participation of spatial organization in enhancing the way of life will also be explored.This research adopts a qualitative approach and consists of two parts:the first part is analytical-descriptive,.where data is collected in a library-based manner and using descriptive methods. Concepts and components related to the relationship between taste and architecture are extracted based on sociological, psychological, and interpretive paradigms.The second part is interpretive-historical, where data is collected in a documentary and library-based manner and using descriptive methods.The results obtained from the research identify the spatial organization characteristics of contemporary new homes as follows:"lack of appropriate spatial organization,"elimination of intermediate spaces"neglecting the role of constituent elements of space"importance of finding objects"influence of objects on indoor sounds"and"replacement instead of restoration

What we are looking for in this article with a descriptive-analytical approach and in the form of a library is to present a lesson-learning model from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an and explain its educational implications. In this regard, two basic questions have been considered: firstly, what are the characteristics of the teaching model based on the Quran. Second, what is the role of this model in education. The results of the research showed that the Quranic model of learning has an effect on the development of three areas of insight, tendency and action of people. In the aspect of vision, a believer not only sees God as the creator of the entire universe, but also sees the divine will behind all the affairs of the world. According to him, the world is changing and evolving towards God, and the ultimate goal of beings, including humans, is to get closer to God. Everyday trials are part of the stages of evolution of existence, and the end of the world is the fulfillment of the divine promise, i.e. the emergence of the rule of the righteous. Based on this attitude, a believer has a tendency to worship God, self-cultivation, acceptance of divine trials and tribulations, judgment and power, differences and differences. The manifestation of this type of vision and tendency is the specific behavior of the believer in different areas of life, such as trusting in God, planning in affairs, self-control, doing righteous deeds, patience in disasters and efforts

In the current research, the effectiveness of the tools and mechanisms of the United Nations in the promotion and implementation of human rights and the explanation of its geopolitical dimensions have been investigated. International mechanisms can never be replaced by national mechanisms and measures to implement human rights standards. First and foremost, human rights must be implemented at the national and local levels. However, international methods and mechanisms have a complementary role because they express the general desire of the international community to provide conditions for the implementation of important human rights documents. United Nations mechanisms for better and more effective protection of the standards provided in human rights documents can be divided into two categories; Institutions based on human rights treaties and charter-based institutions. Defenders and supporters of human rights around the world support the need to strengthen the mechanisms of the United Nations for more effective protection of the standards stipulated in human rights documents. Although the first and most important method of implementing international human rights documents is their national and local protection, for the implementation of international human rights, paying attention to the role of the United Nations as an international pioneer pillar and their effectiveness for protection is an undeniable necessity. is Pillars based on treaties are provided in nine important human rights treaties, and their form of activity is based on the clear legal basis of the treaty itself. Although the work of these elements is very important, at the same time,

Ghazal is one of the most popular forms of Persian poetry, which has had a continuous presence in Persian poetry since its inception due to its unique capabilities. In the contemporary era, along with the popularity of Nimai's poetry, attempts were made to transform the forms of Persian poetry, especially Ghazal. These changes have been made mainly for the dynamism of the mentioned format and its coordination and matching with the changes in society. contemporary modernist poets created New Ghazal by combining traditional Ghazal and free poetry. New poetry in all its forms has influenced the language, expression, thought, rhetoric, and aesthetics of the sonnet, and this research aims to investigate the impact of the language of free poetry on today's sonnet. This effectiveness in the field of "language" in the poetry of the most prominent poets of the new Ghazal movement, including Hossein Manzavi, Manouchehr Nistani, Simin Behbahani, Mohammad Ali Bahmani, and Mohammad Saeed Mirzaei, has been explained with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this research show that the poets of this trend, relying on the capacities and rich content of the sonnet form, as well as positive interaction with the new trends of contemporary poetry, especially free poetry, The introduction of new, common, and colloquial words into poetry, new combinations, adding adjectives to nouns, etc. have been among these influences in the field of language.

Friendly human rights is a global issue and guaranteeing its compliance also requires global solutions. One of the ways to support and guarantee the observance of friendly human rights is the existence of executive mechanisms. Therefore, international mechanisms are needed to protect friendly human rights in the international arena. On the other hand, the last step in the development process of legal regimes is the incorporation of criminal rules in support of the principles and rules of that system. Meanwhile, the International Criminal Court is a new legal structure to prosecute the perpetrators of international crimes and human rights violators. By creating a link between peace and international security and criminal justice, the said court has been connected with the category of human rights and humanitarian rights, which, in the light of its statute, can play an important role in promoting human rights-friendly policies. The interpretation of the rules of the statute based on friendly human rights, the nature of friendly human rights, international crimes subject to the jurisdiction of the court, etc., all indicate the evolution and evolution of international criminal law towards the organized protection of friendly human rights and criminal treatment of violations. The fundamental human rights are friendly. But the main issue considered in this article is what is the role of the International Criminal Court in realizing the goals and promoting human rights and explaining its geopolitical dimensions? According to such an approach, this research seeks to answer the above question with a descriptive

As one of the vital elements of the environment, protected areas play an essential role in water storage, preventing soil erosion and preserving biodiversity. In spite of the existing criminal environmental legislation policies, we are witnessing the illegal occupation and destruction of these areas. This article identifies and analyzes the challenges of Article 690 in preventing encroachment and occupation of protected areas from a critical point of view, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the principles of environmental law. Due to its multi-dimensional nature, the crime of destruction and occupation in protected areas has different characteristics from other crimes, even from an environmental point of view. According to the findings of this article, the inadequacy of crimes and punishments, the lack of guarantee of sufficient implementation in preventing the encroachment of the areas or their transfer by the government sector, and finally the lack of coordination between the stakeholders in these areas, are known as the basic challenges in this field. Therefore, developing efficient and effective criminal policies in order to preserve these areas (sensitive ecosystems) should be considered as a priority for legislators.

Today, one of the vital and effective requirements for increasing the capabilities of governments in their governance system is technology. The rapid growth of science and knowledge has brought fundamental changes to all areas of human life, and technology, as the fruit of science, has put its output as an emerging technology at the service of human society. Due to its new nature, emerging technologies have been able to create attractiveness and features different from other technologies for governments. One of the most important examples of emerging artificial intelligence technologies is 3D printing and space technology, which are discussed in this article. Since the governments have always sought to acquire and improve their power and national security and in this way they have been in endless competition with other actors, this article with a descriptive-analytical method, by explaining the consequences of using technologies New and emerging in the military field, it seeks to answer the question, what is the role of new technologies in the realization of human rights? Considering that several factors have been effective in acquiring and promoting national security and power, the aim is to investigate the impact of emerging technologies on human rights, and the general result of the article shows that emerging technology is a new tool at the disposal of activists like All other capabilities available to the actors of the international system have threats and opportunities that the agents should convert all threats into opportunities based on their needs

Story writing has a long history in Persian literature. With the passage of time, the familiarity of the story writers with the world's literature and new literary theories led to a new approach in fiction literature. Undoubtedly, Bijan Najdi can be called one of the most successful writers of this literary trend. Najdi had a short-term presence in Iran's literary scene with the publication of the collection "Yuzpelgani who ran with me", but the impact of his works on the literary trends after him is very impressive and significant. In today's story writing, language and technique have faced a new approach, the morphology of words and the form of the story have also been paid attention to more than the content in these years, and language has become one of the main pillars of modern fiction literature. Najdi created a special style by mixing poetry and stories. In this research, the structural analysis of stories, poetic language, and Najdi's cinematic perspective are investigated in three works of fiction, "Pool full of Nightmares", "My Button Eye Doll" and "Wet Tuesdays" from the series "Pozpangani that ran with me".

The aim of the current research is to investigate the requirement of domestic share in international oil and gas contracts, a comparative study of Iran's laws with the countries of Norway, Brazil and Nigeria. The oil industry is the largest and most effective active industry in the country, and besides being the main source of energy supply in today's world, it plays an important role in determining the national power and international prestige of different countries. The oil sector in Iran's economy has provided the majority of the country's national income for many years, and in fact, this sector plays a dominant role in the country's economy. The policy of requiring internal share can have both an imperative and binding nature and an optional and interpretive nature. This depends on various variables such as the level of development of countries, the financial resources available in the country and the growth and maturity of different economic sectors of the country. Accepting the mandatory nature of the domestic share requirement and adopting a regulatory approach that aims to implement and monitor the implementation of the laws and other tools of this policy by international oil companies will result in the application of regulations that are binding in nature and if ignored, may It can lead to severe financial sanctions or loss of license in some cases.

In general, geographers, relying on the old theory of climate influence, have said that the basic lines of countries are natural data (geographic determinism). What is certain is the influence of geography on individuals and society. This effect is sometimes direct and sometimes indirect. According to the growth of the human individual and the civilizational progress of the society, liberation from geographical determinism can be achieved to its extent. Just as this growth can be limited by the dominance of other factors such as economic, racial and environmental factors. Now the geographical factor can form different forms as an accelerating or decelerating factor; But there are always degrees of wide possibilities and a wide variety of choices, although what is chosen is not itself caused by the absolute will of man. In today's world, the economic structure and services of many countries are based on information and communication technologies, so it can be said that cyber terrorism is more dangerous than traditional terrorism. The opposition groups of the Islamic Republic of Iran also use this tool in different geographic environments to attack the country's national interests. In the upcoming research, the impact of geographical spaces on the space of cyber terrorism against the government of Iran has been investigated through the library study method

Studying the individual and social lifestyle of different people is of special importance. The main purpose of this research is to study the lifestyle and compare the gap between the current situation and the desired lifestyle of Iranian marketers. This research is of descriptive applied type. The statistical population of this research is marketing experts, especially company managers and marketing managers, as well as people active in marketing companies. The statistical sample includes articles, theses, and 50 experts from the statistical community of marketing experts, especially company managers and marketing managers, as well as people active in the discussion of marketing companies and universities. The research tool of the questionnaire includes the components of lifestyles extracted from the analysis of the theoretical foundations and the background of the research, with the validity approved by experts and the reliability of consensus coding using the Holstein method with 0.93. SPSS software for descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t) was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the personal and social lifestyle of Iranian marketers consists of 59 indicators, in 8 components of communication and informational knowledge; general marketing knowledge; personality traits; free time; managerial knowledge and awareness; nutrition, hygiene, and appearance skills; religious knowledge; and specialized marketing knowledge was categorized. The findings of the gap analysis showed that there is a gap between the current and desired status among all indicators of individual and social lifestyle of Iranian marketers. In other words, it is necessary

The present study aims to provide a model for tourist fascination with emphasis on its antecedents and consequences. Descriptive research method from is a type of survey. Statistical population of research Includes Iranian tourists in 2019 and 2020 in least Once the experience of traveling abroad (Turkey, Malaysia, Dubai, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) Have. Using available sampling method, 450 people were selected for the study. To collect research data from Researcher-maden questionnaire. Based on theoretical foundations and Experimental background related used. Validity of the questionnaire through the opinion of experts, Second-order factor analysis And reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Composite reliability (CR) and Mean explained variance (AVE) Confirmed, research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using Amos and SPSS statistical software analyzed. The results showed that the antecedents of tourist fascination Includes destination identity, tourist experience and perceived image They had a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination, Consequences of tourist fascination include tourist trust, tourist loyalty, co-creation, content production and word of mouth is Which have a positive and significant effect on tourist fascination.

China, which was one of the least developed countries in the 20th century, after extensive reforms in 1979, entered the path of serious economic development and was recognized as an emerging economic power in the world since 2000. After 23 years have passed since then, China has become an important actor in the world with its high gross domestic product and as a commodity production factory in the world, as well as a huge need for energy and introducing itself as a big investor. Creation, especially in regions with a special geopolitical and geoeconomic position. Among these countries, we can mention the countries of the Middle East and especially the Persian Gulf region, which have a large energy capacity to be present and invest and export energy to China. The Middle East region, with its many advantages, such as energy and special geographical location, etc., is one of the regions of interest to China. But being in the complex region of the Middle East always has challenges for actors, especially emerging powers such as China, which this article tries to address. In this regard, the author tries to find the answer to the following basic question with an analytical-descriptive method in this article: What are the challenges facing China's extensive presence in the Middle East region? The data of this research has been collected in a library-document way.

International protection of human rights, regardless of the global level, has also been considered at the regional level. In this case, regional intergovernmental organizations have ratified regional human rights instruments, the most prominent of which are the European, American and African human rights conventions. In order to monitor the proper implementation of human rights regulations, prevent any violation and infringement of the human rights of citizens of member states, and ultimately improve the status of human rights, these conventions have established executive mechanisms at the regional level and assigned them with competencies and tasks. Although these mechanisms have had an acceptable track record, they also face challenges. In the present article, an attempt has been made to identify and examine the most important and serious challenges facing regional human rights mechanisms and solutions to overcome the current situation. The implementation of human rights should be at the national and local levels, because the mechanisms of institutions based on international treaties have challenges and shortcomings that require continuous efforts to resolve. Therefore, strengthening these institutions can be considered one of the most important solutions.

The border position of a state can play an influential role in shaping its foreign relations. Access to waterways, commercial areas, and transportation routes are among the things that affect the geographical importance of a region in terms of borders and politics, and this issue is more important in sensitive international situations such as wars in which the countries involved each seek their own influence and interests. Iran enjoyed such a position during World War I and was the focus of the Allied (England-Russia) and Allied (Ottoman-Germany) governments. The study of Iran's border position in the Persian Gulf and its role in Germany's approach to this country during World War I is the subject of this research. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The achievements of this research show that Iran's land and water borders through the Persian Gulf, Arvand River, and proximity to Kuwait and Iraq due to the Berlin-Baghdad railway were among the reasons for Germany's economic and political interest in Iran. Also, proximity to Afghanistan is another reason for Germany's political presence in Iran during World War I.

The ethnic crises of the first decade of the Islamic Revolution caused many effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question has been raised as follows: What effect did separatist movements have on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution? In response to this hypothesis, it has been proposed that separatist movements in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution have become the basis for weakening the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of the article show that, in general, in the first decade of the Islamic Revolution, the existence of various crises in various dimensions contributed to endangering the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the meantime, the presence of separatist groups in Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Gonbad, etc. caused the weakening of economic, political, military, etc. security. On the other hand, since the Islamic Republic of Iran was involved in the war with Iraq and also had recently established an Islamic Republic government with the overthrow of the Pahlavi government, the existence of separatist movements is more effective in jeopardizing the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. was The current research method is descriptive-analytical. Also, in order to theoretically support this research, national security theories have been used.

Different messages sent by the city and formed in people's minds create the image of the city. Awareness of these mental images can lead to successful city branding by city management. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to model the image of the city in line with the formulation of city branding priorities, and for this purpose, Qeshm city has been chosen as a case study. In the present research, first, 9 components and 47 criteria for the image of the city were extracted based on documentary studies. Then, 402 questionnaires were completed by online and face-to-face methods among tourists with a history of at least one trip to Qeshm city, and the information was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis. The findings of the research show that the "environment and nature" component, followed by "trade and economy", are the most important components of Qeshm city image, and in order to strengthen the Qeshm city brand image, it is necessary to increase the value of the "urban planning and architecture" and "culture" components. , "facilities and infrastructures", "people's lifestyle and behavior", "social issues", "transportation and communication", "leisure", "trade and economy" and "Environment and nature" should be prioritized respectively. The result of the research shows that each of the urban components can play a significant role in the brand image by influencing "brand loyalty", "brand awareness", "brand association" and "perceived quality".