نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1403)

What has been effective in saving energy consumption in the old structures of Iranian cities is the observance of climatic principles in traditional architecture and the use of local materials in the region. In Iran, more than 40% of energy consumption is related to residential buildings. On the other hand, studies in the field of climate solutions to reduce energy consumption in traditional Iranian buildings are limited, among the studies that have been conducted in this field, we can mention the article "Traditional Architecture Values ​​of Semnan City in Optimizing Energy Consumption" written by Amir Hossein Salar, which describes the theoretical expression of architecture. Traditional has paid.In today's architecture, it is tried to ensure that the building can meet the thermal needs of the residents with minimal energy consumption, according to its design patterns. Meanwhile, traditional and native buildings in different climates of Iran are very suitable examples for examining the design patterns used in them. In this regard, this article aims to investigate the role of the orientation of the central courtyards of traditional houses in the hot and humid climate of Iran, from the point of view of optimizing the building's energy consumption and also creating thermal comfort for the residents. Hormozgan province is one of the hot and humid regions of Iran. In general, the weather of this province is influenced by desert and semi-desert weather. The weather of the coastal strip is very hot and humid in summers, but the temperature in this area does not exceed 52 degrees Celsius.The research process has been such that firstly, the site and the climate of the region, as well as the desired scenarios for the pattern of the central courtyards in the desired context, have been investigated and recognized. Then, with the help of simulation in Design Builder software, the orientation pattern of the central courtyards has been analyzed in line with the research objectives. Finally, the desired results are presented in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort of users.In this regard, library studies, water and meteorological information and computer simulation with the help of Design Builder software have been used. Finally, the research results have shown; The use of the pattern of central courtyards in a rectangular shape with a width to length ratio of one half with an east-west orientation has been able to reduce energy consumption in the building by about 12%. Also, effective factors in thermal comfort such as; The air temperature and speed should set the radiation temperature acceptable at the threshold of the comfort of the users, and in a way, the conditions for creating the thermal comfort of the users in the space will be provided and the amount of energy consumption of the building will be reduced. Finally, it can be said that; The studies conducted show that there has not been much study on the influence of the orientation of central courtyards in residential buildings, especially in the hot and humid climate of Iran, using computer simulation. Also, the use of computer simulation to achieve more authentic and realistic results can be very useful; Therefore, in this article, the pattern of central courtyards in traditional houses in hot and humid climates has been investigated in terms of energy consumption and thermal comfort with the help of computer simulation and field studies to achieve the optimal pattern of central courtyards in this climate. The field studies conducted in the context of Dezful city show that in the traditional context of this climate, the pattern of the central courtyard has responded well to the needs of the residents. Therefore, this architectural element can be used well in new contexts and newly built houses, in order to meet the thermal needs of residents and reduce energy consumption costs. Therefore, this article seeks to investigate the orientation in the pattern of the central courtyards of this climate and provide the optimal pattern for the purposes of the research. For this reason, it seems that such a research is necessary and necessary.It also provided the conditions for achieving thermal comfort for the users to a large extent. In fact, it can be seen that by using traditional architectural elements and solutions in the body of today's buildings, it is possible to advance buildings in the direction of reducing energy consumption. Central courtyards in the heart of traditional buildings can be well used as one of these elements and solutions for the aforementioned goals and have an effective role in architecture.

The tensile strength of high-strength bolts is determined by two test methods. In the first method, the tensile strength of the bolt is determined using a nut. The second method uses the device introduced in ISO instead of the nut. In the tested bolts, two failure patterns are observed,the bolt thread stripping and fracture in the threaded length of bolt. In this research, in addition to the experiment, the elastic-plastic numerical simulation of the bolt failure pattern was also performed in Finite element software. The results of the study show that the frequency of the thread stripping failure pattern is 4% in the bolt tension test with the ISO device and 90% in the bolt tension test with the nut. In addition, the tensile strength obtained from the bolt tension test with a nut is lower than the bolt tension test method with the ISO device. According to the frequency of the failure pattern in each method, the bolt tension test with the ISO device leads to the determination of the tensile strength of the bolt material, and the bolt tension test with the nut leads to the evaluation of the tensile strength of the bolt and nut assembly. Due to the compatibility of bolt and nut performance in steel structure, this research suggests performing tensile test of bolt and nut, in addition to other tests.

This research is related to the inefficient fabric of a city, which has different social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions, and knowing each dimension requires its own method. The main methods in collecting physical data and information are observation and receiving information from relevant bodies and organizations, and questionnaire and interview methods are effective for obtaining social information, as well as documentary and library studies, which provide valuable information in relation to this issue. provides us. Among the common and practical techniques in the quantitative method is the use of questionnaires and in the qualitative method, interview and observation. In getting to know the neighborhood, interviews with key informants, interviews with neighborhood residents, direct observation, questionnaires, as well as physical and field impressions have been used. In relation to documentary information, Fardis city regeneration plan and specialized articles have been used to collect information. The spatial frame in this research is the area of ​​the approved urban inefficient fabric of Fardis city. The statistical population under questioning is made up of the residents of inefficient neighborhoods, which after determining the statistical attribute through the guide sample, the estimation of the sample size is done through the formula of estimating binomial distributions. Sustainable urban regeneration is a complete and integrated approach in evaluating inefficient urban structures. The purpose of this research is strategic planning to investigate and analyze the inefficient and dilapidated parts of Fardis city and to adopt operational methods with system analysis techniques, which is done through the analysis of the mutual influence of economic, social, environmental, physical, managerial and legal factors. Is. The method of data collection was by using observation, interview and data of the organs and organizations of Fardis city, and library and documentary studies were also used. After collecting information using SWOT technique, classified information and situation evaluation indicators were prepared. From the intersection of the final score of the matrix of external factors with the number of 3.24 and the final score of the matrix of internal factors with the number of 3.01, it can be said that the inefficient fabric of Fardis city is in an aggressive position (maximum-maximum). In this situation, for strategic planning, three managerial strategies of cooperative improvement, provision of renovation facilities and local institution building can be used. According to the points given to the effective indicators, the index of physical factors and then social factors have the most points. These three strategies are physical, environmental, social and managerial. The method of collecting physical data and information is to observe and receive information from the relevant bodies and organizations, and to obtain social information, questionnaires and interviews have been used. We have also used documentary and library studies. A total of 37,392 people live in the worn-out structures of Fardis city. According to Cochran's formula, the number of samples was 87 samples, and the questionnaire was completed by the residents of dysfunctional contexts during many days and at different times. In this research, interviews were conducted with the vice president of urban planning, management of water and electricity department and local investors. Finally, in order to recreate the city of Fardis, the formation of three executive working groups was proposed. Environmental improvement working group, renovation working group and neighborhood social working group with the membership of management institutions and local residents for sustainable participation. With a strategic and systemic view of the problem, the indicators that were counted from the neighborhood were evaluated and weighted, and the SWAT technique was used to establish the mutual relationship between the indicators, and the internal and external conditions of the inefficient tissue were investigated. From the intersection of the final score of the matrix of external factors with the number 3.24 and the final score of the matrix of internal factors with the number 3.01, it can be said that the inefficient structure of Fardis city is in an aggressive position (maximum-maximum). In this approach, the most focus is on the strengths of the neighborhood and external opportunities. Adopting strategies in an aggressive approach are: 1- Participatory improvement 2- Granting renovation facilities 3- Local institution building; According to the points given to the effective indicators, the index of physical factors and then social factors have the most points.

The current research was carried out with the aim of developing spatial- locative organizing strategies of informal settlements. In this regard, data was analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method as a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The research sample includes 50 urban experts and specialists who were purposefully sampled. In order to achieve the goals of the research, SWOT analysis was used first and then QSPM matrix. In the following, the T-test has been used to evaluate the current situation of the informal settlement of Moradab Hill in Karaj. The results of SWOT analysis led to the formation of 14 strengths, 26 weaknesses, 17 opportunities and 17 threats. Next, using quantitative strategic planning (QSPM), the spatial-spatial organization strategy of this settlement was developed. The results of SWOT analysis led to the formation of 14 strengths, 26 weaknesses, 17 opportunities and 17 threats. Also, based on the results of quantitative strategic planning, 5 strategies were identified for the organization of informal settlements in Murad Ab Karaj hill, which include: preparation of a comprehensive study plan for organization related to sustainable urban regeneration in the form of a comprehensive joint action plan with regard to short-term time levels , mid-term, long-term and defining the role of each of the public, private and public participation organizations and institutions; facilitating the entry of the private sector into urban regeneration projects; organizing informal settlements; Using the capacities of the residents of informal settlements to recreate the target neighborhoods and create employment; Increasing security and preventing the occurrence of social harms through making available urban spaces in neighborhoods. In addition, the results of the t-test showed that none of the indicators mentioned in this settlement were in a favorable condition and the average scores obtained from the respondents were lower than the theoretical average at a significance level of 0.01.The formation of the informal settlement and biological center of Morad Ab Karaj Hill, which started in the late 50s, with its marginal position in the city, in recent decades, the discussion of urban poverty and informal settlements is more and more tied to the concept of urban sustainability, the available evidence shows that Many cities in developing countries have not been able to provide favorable conditions for the life of a large part of their residents, on the other hand, due to the poverty of a large group of citizens, many needs have been provided at the expense of the urban environment, and as a result, the urban environment It faces major problems and instability. Karaj has special characteristics. Moradab Hill is located in the eastern part of Karaj city and in the lands of Islamabad, and it is under the supervision of Region 1 of the 12 regions of Karaj Municipality. The disturbances and poverty prevailing in the area have caused that social and cultural relationships are not formed in a proper and appropriate manner with other parts of the city in this place, which has hindered the communication and connection of this space with other urban complexes in the process of forming its historical period, from Therefore, this space (Tepe Murad Ab) continued its life in a fragmented, isolated and introverted way in relation to others, and this caused the said center not to have the necessary legitimacy as an urban biological space, and the programs carried out in the area Also, there has been no effective action in solving the main problem and the problem is still within the limits. Therefore, due to the importance of the issue, spatial-spatial organization of this space and planning to improve the existing situation has been of great importance. Because the intensity of the development of the studied area and the ever-increasing speed of migrations and informal settlements on the one hand and the inability of the municipality and relevant institutions to improve informal structures and organize them on the other hand, the necessity of research on determining the pattern of spatial-spatial organization in Moradab Hill of Karaj made it inevitable. Since the present research deals with the spatial-spatial organization strategies of the informal settlement of Moradab hill in Karaj-Mer, therefore, its method is descriptive-analytical, and to collect the information of this research, library and documentary methods, direct observation methods, and field and survey methods are used. Interviews with urban experts and specialists and preparation of questionnaires were used. After that, a table of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been prepared. The research sample includes 50 experts and specialists related to the subject who were purposefully sampled. After selecting the sample population, the evaluation matrix of internal factors (IFE) and external factors (EFE) was formed and in order to determine the coefficient of each factor and make decisions about strategic factors with high and low importance, the opinions of the sample population were used until the results to be used from the matrices to get the final score. In the next step, through the SWOT matrix and comparative assessment, the SWOT matrix was created in the form of SO, ST, WO and WT guidelines, and then, using the QSPM matrix, the most prioritized strategy for the sustainable regeneration of informal settlements in Rasht city was extracted. In the end, T-test was used to evaluate the current situation of this settlement based on economic, social, physical-infrastructural and environmental indicators.

Located in the Alpine-Himalayan seismic zone, Iran is considered one of the most seismic countries in the world. After recent disasters and extensive destruction of urban and rural housing, various approaches to rebuild housing have been noticed by planners and policy makers. However, few researches comprehensively have dealt with this issue and considering many different factors.Identifying, categorizing and scoring the effective criteria on the reconstruction of housing after the earthquake, the research purpose is creating a comprehensive model for the management of after disaster housing.

The research strategy is Analytical one based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). At first, more than 200 qualitative contents of technical literature of permanent housing reconstruction were extracted, and in the next step, a comprehensive list of effective measures was identified in the planning of the housing reconstruction program. In the third step, by analyzing the obtained sources, the number of 58 criteria that have the greatest effect on the successful implementation of a reconstruction program was identified. In the fourth step, after discussing and exchanging opinions with experts and considering the practical aspects of implementing the model, as well as based on the quantitative information obtained from the results of the second step, it was decided to reduce the number of criteria to 4 groups of main criteria and 17 sub-criteria. These factors have been fully described in the extraction of criteria and effective factors in reconstruction. The final step was to set up a pairwise comparison questionnaire and conduct a survey by 31 experts. The results were analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, and their validity was determined by scoring each of the criteria.

The criteria are categorized in 4 main groups of “Coordination and organizational affairs”, “Technical and engineering affairs”, “Economic and financial affairs”, and “Social participation and community affairs”. Prioritized by experts, the factors of “Economic and financial affairs” and “Coordination and organizational affairs” are recognized the most influence, and it is followed by the next priorities “Technical and engineering affairs” and “Social participation and community affairs”.sub-factors would be listed as:Cooperation between public authorities, Coordination between local and national administrations and volunteers in the reconstruction program, The existence of government structures and organizations, Coordination between governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Organizational sub-factor)“Updating and modifying construction standards and regulations”, “Applying new construction methods and technologies” and “Considering the principles of sustainable development in construction”, “Use of local labor”, “Qualification of contractors and skill of local workers”, “Continuous monitoring and evaluation” (performance evaluation), “Quality and speed ofconstruction”, (Technical sub-factors)“Expediting the payment of emergency funds” (financial assistance and loans), “Long-term budget plans to finance the reconstruction in the country”, “Public accident insurance coverage” (Financial sub-factor)Considering local culture and lifestyle, Safety and public health, Considering the situation of vulnerable groups (indigent people, female-headed households, the elderly, etc.), Effective consultation with key stakeholders and beneficiaries of the reconstruction (Social sub-factor).Among the sub-factors higher priorities are “Long-term budget plans to finance the reconstruction in the country”, “Public accident insurance coverage”, and “Coordination between local and national administrations and volunteers” in the reconstruction program, found to have the greatest impact on the success of post-disaster reconstruction. Factors such as “Use of local labor”, “Updating and modification of construction standards and regulations”, and “Effective consultation with key stakeholders and beneficiaries of the reconstruction program” were identified as the three factors with the least priority.The prioritization shows that, despite common opinion, from the point of view of this group of experts, factors such as social participation, are not among the main success factors of reconstruction programs, and instead, financial and organizational affairs are more important. This issue can be investigated and evaluated in other groups of experts.

The analysis finally led to a model that shows a prioritized set of main factors affecting the success of reconstruction project and can be used to evaluate the success of reconstruction projects and programs.

Climate change is known as the most important crisis of this century, and many scientists and researchers believe that the main cause of its occurrence is human activities, especially at the level of cities, but it should be stated that climate change is not only affected by human and urban factors but also by They will also be influential and will have different consequences. This circular process, due to the acceleration of greenhouse gas production and industrial activities, puts the urban and natural ecosystems at greater risk. The main purpose of the research is to identify the influential and influential factors both at the urban level and at the natural level and to provide more efficient solutions and more acceptable management in the local and global arena to deal with the risks caused by climate change, In this regard, the descriptive-analyticallogical reasoning method has been used. According to the review of the research literature and based on the results of the analysis and investigation and relying on the inference and analysis of the bases; Important factors such as economy, society, performance and infrastructures, urban structure and form, environment as the main factors and the micro factors of each in a completely separated way, the way to provide more accurate and specialized solutions. It makes it easier to deal with climate change (causes of events, effects and consequences) and is a guide for those interested and researchers in the fields of environment, urban planning, architecture, society, economy, management policy, etc.