پژوهشنامه ایرانی روابط بین الملل
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، پاییز 1403)

According to Sutherland's definition, white-collar crime is a crime that is committed by "respected and high-ranking" people. Studies clearly show that women are under-represented in official statistics related to certain types of organizational white-collar crime. Despite this, what exactly causes such a pattern is worthy of reflection and interpretation. This article aims to analyze the role of gender in committing white collar crimes in Iran and Norway.

The research method used in this article is a mixed (combined) exploratory research method with meta-composite and Delphi approaches. Library method was used to collect data. The study population of the research includes all the articles related to the research topic. In order to carry out the research, after designing the research questions, a systematic search was conducted based on relevant keywords from the Google scholar, Scopus, SID, IRANDOC, etc. databases between 1390 and early 1402.

The findings show that the number of initially extracted codes were 538 codes, which were converted into 241 codes in the next stage and 38 sub-codes in the secondary (central) coding stage, which were converted into 6 codes in the selective coding stage. became the main

The results of this research indicate that 6 main categories or themes were extracted for white collar crimes, which are: 1. individual dimension with twelve components; 2. social dimension with four components; 3. economic dimension with two components; 4. organizational dimension with eight components; 5. Political dimension with three components and 6. Laws and regulations dimension with three components

Considering the sensitivity of the position of judges in the judicial system and their immunities, and the fact that they can make mistakes cannot be ignored, and assuming this happens, it is necessary to predict and develop executive guarantees in the field of judges' performance and on different bases. It is discussed in the country's constitution and Islamic jurisprudence. The nature of the judgment, the flaw in the law, the disarray of the judicial system, the multiplicity of investigative authorities, and the flaws in the preliminary investigations increase the possibility of the judges making mistakes, and the judge's mistakes may cause irreparable material and moral damages. And according to Article 171 of the Constitution and Article 58 of the Islamic Penal Code, whenever a judge causes damage to a convicted person as a result of a mistake or fault in issuing a sentence, the said person can claim the damage from the judge or the government. The judge will be responsible by fulfilling the following conditions: 1- Making a judicial decision, 2- Committing a mistake or fault, 3- Occurring a loss, and 4- Causation relationship between the commission of a mistake or fault and the occurrence of damage. The authority for verifying the commission of a mistake or fault is the judge of the Supreme Disciplinary Court of Judges. Therefore, the injured party must first file a complaint to the aforementioned court to prove fault or mistake, and then go to the public court based on that for compensation.

Today and in the third millennium in the global village, almost all the countries and nations of the world are familiar with every legal system with the high value of human rights standards and have confirmed its importance, but in practice they are either indifferent to complying with its standards or on the contrary They violate it explicitly or implicitly and they do not face the immediate reaction of the international community and the conscience of public opinion, due to the economic crises in the world and the growth of terrorism and the mysterious corona disease, the importance of the attention of the nations of the world to the violation of human rights has decreased. However, this indifference does not apply to everyone, and in these cases, the United Nations, as the beacon of the turbulent ocean of international law, is responsible for guiding the ship of human rights by establishing special and permanent international criminal courts, which is one of the most important These courts are the International Criminal Court that pays attention to human rights violations and defends human dignity. The purpose of this research is how the International Criminal Court supports human rights standards and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The main findings of the research prove that the court does not have enough legal and executive tools to effectively protect human rights and the proceedings are selective and not real.

Since the formation of communities, there have been different reactions to the phenomenon of crime. In the past, in the process of defining the punishment, offender’s character was not taken into consideration but only the crime and its consequences. By positivism school, the offender’s character, “this newly emerged in criminal law”, was taken into consideration. Since then, criminal justice was realized not only according to the crime but also with respect to the offender’s character and understanding the circumstances which led to the commission of a criminal act. Since early twentieth century, it was felt the necessity of filing character dossier alongside with the criminal case in order to adopt a response proportional to the offender’s character to achieve refinement and treatment goals and to plan effectively the prevention and recidivism programs. Character dossier which is necessary to reform criminals is a record containing the comments by specialists in psychology, psychiatrist, psychologist and social workers about the criminal’s character in order to be used by the authorities to adjust the punishment to offender’s character. In Criminal Procedure Law 2013, Articles 203 and 286 predicts explicitly the character dossier filed against adults and also children. Obviously, according to changes in the Islamic Penal Code in 2013, some new proposed mechanisms including alternatives to imprisonment, probation, suspension of punishment, postponed sentencing, exemption from punishment all of which require appropriate response to the offender’s character, are not applicable without filing character dossier.

The 21st century has coincided with a fundamental transformation based on science and technology. The rapid growth of science revealed a new type of technology, which is called emerging technologies. The most important difference between this technology and its predecessor is that emerging technologies are constantly cutting and have an inevitable dependence on previous technologies. One of the most important examples of emerging artificial intelligence technologies is 3D printing and space technology, which are discussed in this article. Since governments have always sought to acquire and improve their power and national security, and in this way, they have been in endless competition with other actors, this article, with a descriptive-explanatory method, by explaining the opportunities and threats caused by the development of emerging technologies, seeks to The answer to this question is what is the role of new technologies in the national security and power of countries and what are the threats and opportunities in this field? Considering that several factors have been effective in acquiring and promoting national security and power, the aim is to investigate the impact of emerging technologies on the security and national power of countries, the general result of the article shows that emerging technology is a new tool at the disposal of actors like all Other capabilities available to the players of the international system have threats and opportunities that the agents should convert all threats into opportunities based on their needs and use them in line with their national interests.

Human rights are one of the important components that various international organizations seek to develop and promote. The United Nations General Assembly is one of these institutions. According to the course of organizational development in the United Nations General Assembly in human rights issues, which has been analyzed, the relevance of the issue related to the global expectations and demands for the development and formulation of human rights has been emphasized. Of course, this right to development is an indisputable human right by which the United Nations General Assembly participates in it on behalf of various governments, whereby all human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully respected regardless of the structure of the countries without the power component approach. can be realized and this clarification of the language of contemporary human rights. At the same time, this effective approach is a prelude so that all societies can benefit from economic, social, cultural and political development, and it also helps to ensure that human rights institutions are vital for the effective implementation of their roles and responsibilities. have it The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on the library method.have it The type of research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on the library method.