فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 187 (پاییز 1403)

Landslides are one of the most important geological hazards that cause significant damage to rural and urban settlements around the world every year. One of the factors influencing the occurrence of landslides is tectonic activities, including faulting, which, by creating weak surfaces in mountainous areas and on the slopes of highlands, reduces the resistance of the rock and soil mass and leads to slope movements.Shear zone of the Kushak fault and on the material of an ancient landslide. The bedrock of the village consists of conglomerate and marl with Gypsum lenses. Approximately one year after the Rudbar- Manjil earthquake in 1369, gradual slope movements began to occur in the Aliabad village area. These movements were triggered by the depletion of water in the village's springs and old aqueduct. During rainy periods, the intensity of slope movement increased, leading to accompanying damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the landslide in the village and the activity of the Kushak fault.

Through examination of geological maps, satellite imagery, field observations, and geophysical studies, the location of the Kushak fault in Aliabad village was identified and confirmed. Along the Kushak fault, there are two springs and the main well of an old aqueduct, which experienced reduced flow or drying up following the 1369 Rudbar-Manjil earthquake.

Further studies revealed the presence of another fault located 600 meters south of the Kushak fault, on the downstream slopes of the village, with a tensile mechanism. This fault is associated with numerous springs that also experienced decreased water supply following the 1369 earthquake.

Geoelectrical studies indicated soil saturation up to a depth of 25 meters, indicating that the alignment of the Kushak fault and the F2 fault (identified in the southern slopes of the village) coincided with the occurrence of the Rudbar-Manjil earthquake, leading to reduced spring outflow and subsequent slope saturation.

This research aims to develop a suitable model and design for constructing a diplomatic compound. Aligned with the definition of applied research, which seeks to put knowledge into practice, this study falls under the category of applied research. The research methodology is analytical-descriptive, requiring an examination of theoretical texts, particularly within the realm of theoretical frameworks, to explore new theoretical paradigms and emerging models.Furthermore, considering the significance of this issue in the country's political system, the study involves an analysis of documents, books, and existing master plans, as well as relevant foreign sources and articles. Additionally, expert opinions were gathered through interviews, and studies conducted by specialists, organizations, and relevant institutions were examined. Through specialized surveys, needs assessments, and evaluations of prominent global examples, a comprehensive understanding was gained.Subsequently, using a combination of field, library, and documentary research (such as studies of master plans), the results were integrated using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) technique and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Each sub-criterion was weighted using the expert choice software, and finally, the SWOT situation assessment model was employed for analysis, leading to the formulation of a final strategy.The findings indicate that the optimal strategy is an offensive one, meaning that the realization of a diplomatic compound in the northern regions of Tehran Province should focus on maximizing its strengths and opportunities to transform it into a competitive and influential city akin to the metropolis of Tehran. The proposed model, integrating principles of sustainable urban design, high security, and specialized amenities for diplomats, provides an ideal work and living environment. Moreover, this research emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in implementing this project and its positive impact on the country's diplomatic relations. By presenting a comprehensive roadmap, this study assists policymakers and planners in making more informed decisions regarding the development of diplomatic infrastructure.

his study employed a combination of field research, literature review, and documentary analysis (including top-down document analysis). Subsequently, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized to assign weights to sub-criteria using Expert Choice software. Finally, a SWOT situation assessment model was applied to conduct a comprehensive analysis and formulate the final strategy."

Based on the SWOT analysis, the final strategy focuses on an aggressive approach.

This means that the realization of the diplomatic city in Shemiranat should aim to maximize its strengths and opportunities, enabling it to become a competitive and influential city comparable to the metropolis of Tehran.

In the field of design research, one of the approaches that explains the nature of design has attempted to introduce design as rhetoric. This study seeks to identify the rhetorical aspects of design in persuading its audience. Given the importance of housing as one of the most significant products of architectural design, the present research focuses on the rhetorical aspects of residential units in Kermanshah City.

The method used in this research is a survey. First, dimensions and indicators affecting housing desirability were extracted from credible domestic research. Then, opinions of buyers were surveyed and collected using a questionnaire tool to ultimately identify their persuasive aspects. The statistical population includes all Kermanshah citizens who have purchased residential units in the last five years. Sampling was conducted using a simple random method, and the sample size was 120 people, considering the number of variables (35 variables), which is more than three times the number of variables and is suitable for statistical analysis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software with the help of exploratory factor analysis models and multivariate linear regression.

The findings indicate that only 28 variables out of 35 variables of housing desirability were effective in persuading buyers. The findings also confirm that a housing design was convincing to buyers in Kermanshah, which had the following characteristics: 1. Responsive to people's collective/social behavior. 2. Responding to the need to separate their individual/collective life. 3. Providing facilities suitable for life. 4. Having a suitable external appearance for users.

The results show that in the design of residential units in Kermanshah city, cost, construction methods, safety, and flexibility in housing are among the variables that have been given less attention. This issue highlights the need for more serious attention to overlooked factors, from educating architecture students to the implementation and supervision in the construction field.

The latest energy balance report (2013-2021) shows a 27.3% increase in the energy consumption of residential buildings. Building components react differently to climate. Unconventional construction in the rural lowlands of Rudsar County increases energy consumption. The study aims to optimize the opening dimensions of houses to reduce energy consumption in this area.

In this context, the first step is to assess the current needs of a typical residential building in the region, followed by the optimization of its energy-intensive components. To carry out this research, Climate Consultant 6.0 software was used to assess the building's climatic design requirements, while Expert Choice 11 software was used to prioritize the energy consuming components using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The selected building was modelled in Rhino 7 and its energy simulation was performed using the Honeybee and Ladybug plug-ins within the Grasshopper environment. Finally, the Octopus plugin was used for parametric optimization.

The results of the single objective optimization focused on the energy consumption intensity of the building, indicating that optimizing the window proportions in the kitchen and living room zones had a more significant impact on reducing energy consumption compared to other zones. In addition, openings with canopies on the south façade of the living room had fewer constraints in modifying the opening proportions than those in the south room on the same façade. In summary, both the north and south facades offered greater flexibility in selecting variable window proportions during the design process.

Selectively among the optimal forms that are more commonly implemented, the kitchen zone was found to have an energy consumption difference of 3.58 kWh per square meter per year compared to the existing conditions, with a Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) of 31.75% for the northern façade and 8.42% for the eastern façade. Of the total window area used on the exterior of the building, 34% corresponds to the north elevation, 29% to the south elevation, 23% to the east elevation, and 14% to the south elevation, representing the average optimal conditions for the building. Therefore, based on the average optimization results across the zones, reducing the WWR on the south and north facades of the north room to 16.54% and 2.87% respectively could lead to a reduction in energy consumption intensity of 3.52 kWh per square meter per year compared to the current state.

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades in Iran has led to massive residential complexes in cities. On the one hand, residential complexes provide more and better facilities for residents, and on the other hand, as long as their private space and personal life are not affected, they prefer collective life to individual life.Environmental security is a crucial factor in improving the quality of life in residential complexes.CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) strategies emphasize environmental design to increase feelings of safety and reduce crime in urban environments.The current research was conducted to measure the level of security in the Sugarcane Industry residential complex in Ahvaz.

This qualitative research combined descriptive-analytical, survey and case study approaches. The theoretical framework of this research was established by studying reliable collected library sources. Data collection instruments included questionnaires, narrative interviews and field surveys by researchers. A questionnaire was administered to one hundred and twenty-four residents of this housing complex.

The questionnaire was developed based on the extraction of the principles and indicators of CPTED strategies (surveillance, territorialism, access control, activity support and fear of crime, environmental management and maintenance, and physical security). Data were analyzed using SPSS21 software, one-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

The results showed that surveillance, activity support and fear of crime, environmental management and maintenance, and access control are essential security factors in the sugarcane industry housing complex in Ahvaz. There is also a significant relationship between these factors which directly affect each other.

Ecolodges are unique accommodations that adhere to the philosophy and principles of ecotourism, emphasizing the provision of distinctive experiences for tourists through local cuisine, interaction with nature, conservation of the natural and cultural environment, use of indigenous architecture and materials, family management, and community involvement. Despite the increasing number of ecolodges and the published research on them, no study has yet examined, classified and finally analyzed the dynamics of the scientific knowledge presented in this field in order to illuminate the future direction of research.

This study conducts an analysis and evaluation of the published knowledge within the country, combining a systematic review and the paradigm funnel.The most important scientific article indexing databases were selected to search and find relevant articles, including NoorMagz (46 articles), Magiran (64 articles), the Islamic World Science Citation Center (33 articles), the Comprehensive Humanities Portal (33 articles), and Google Scholar (68 articles). Of the total number of articles reviewed (244 articles), 170 articles were duplicates across the five indexing databases and were removed.

The results show that 74 articles have been published in the country's scientific journals on these accommodations. The four fields of geography, tourism, architecture and management are the dominant themes in the scientific literature on ecolodges. Given the primary focus of the study on the paradigm funnel, one of the most critical points is the development of scientific knowledge related to ecolodges. The results show that most studies are at the first and second levels, which means that the existing research literature cannot be expected to provide in-depth knowledge and evaluation results regarding ecolodges.

The articles were categorized into 15 thematic groups, including architecture, sustainable development, customer orientation, quality management, empowerment, business development, crisis management, entrepreneurship, tourism development, socio-cultural development, business management, marketing, rural development, spatial planning and social responsibility. Of these, sustainable development and business development were the most common.

The purpose of branding is to create a relationship between what the city offers (identity) and the mental image that people have of the city. In particular, Jan Lang considers a positive mental image to be a prerequisite for the survival of cities in global competition and considers the strategy of place branding to be important in this respect. He also sees a direct link between branding and mental image. In fact, the concept of branding has been introduced as a set of measures with different tools to gain competitive advantages between cities, with the aim of attracting capital and tourists, strengthening local identity, introducing the city to its citizens and, ultimately, improving the image at home and abroad. Place branding is defined as a set of measures introduced with various tools to gain competitive advantages between places or cities with the aim of attracting capital and tourists, strengthening local identity, introducing cities and places to their citizens and ultimately improving their image at home and abroad. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of place brand in the development of tourism in the historic village of Palangan.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The purpose Data collection was done using documentary-library and field methods. In the documentary method, the indicators under study were extracted and these indicators were organized in the form of a questionnaire and finally, in the form of a survey, a 45-question questionnaire based on a five-option Likert scale was distributed to the sample population.

The statistical population of the study consists of tourists who made the village of Palangan their tourist destination in the summer and autumn of 1402. The sample size was estimated to be 384 using the Cochran formula.

The results of the study showed that physical-environmental, socio-cultural, economic and management criteria ranked first to fourth in importance to tourists.

This study examines the physical patterns that influence the formation of an appropriate relationship between the inside and outside of the house. These patterns help to maintain the privacy of the house and also to connect this place to its outside environment. Since the optimal level of the relationship between the inside and the outside of the house is related to the lifestyle of the inhabitants, the research is limited to a specific spatial-cultural area, namely the middle fabric of Kermanshah. The close relationship of women, especially housewives, with the house has led to the research question being closer to being answered through the narrative of the female residents.

The research method is qualitative content analysis. Data collection was continued through open-ended interviews with 16 housewives living in 9 houses in the middle fabric of Kermanshah until reaching theoretical saturation. After matching the initial findings from the interviews with the maps taken from the houses, open and axial coding was carried out.

indicates that the optimal relationship between the inside and outside of the house is one that is controlled by the house inhabitants, i.e. from the inside to the outside; the more diverse the spaces in a house are in terms of the degree of connection with the outside, the more efficient that house is in shaping the desired relationship between the inside and outside. Also, two categories of physical patterns, namely "spatial layering" and "windows", help to achieve the desired relationship between inside and outside; the former, realized at horizontal and vertical levels and at macro and intermediate scales, denotes the placement of the private parts of the house (living and sleeping parts) at depth and upstairs, as well as other house spaces, including open, semi-open and closed spaces, adjacent to pathways, making these spaces a buffer for private spaces. Meanwhile, the position, size, depth, proportions, insulation or lack thereof, the ability to open or close 'windows' and their adjacency to the outside can affect the quality of the inside-outside relationship on a micro scale.

Another important finding is that in these houses, due to the long-term presence of the woman (mother) in the kitchen, this space has become the heart of the house and it is one of the most effective spaces that, when adjoined to the outside, helps to strengthen the inside-outside relationship.