نشریه پژوهش زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 72، بهار 1403)

Tragedy, a type of dramatic literature, is a significant part of Aristotle's thoughts on the philosophy of art, as presented in his Poetics. As the first person to elaborate on the components of tragedy, Aristotle identifies multiple elements that enhance the understanding of tragedy and elevate it above epic literature by creating a balanced emotional effect on the audience. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh includes stories that exhibit Aristotelian tragedy traits, reflecting ancient Greek tragedies and suggesting an influence of Persian literature from Greek literature. This research aims to analyze the Aristotelian tragedy components in Shahnameh, demonstrating the alignment or influence of Persian literature with ancient Greek literature through a descriptive-analytical approach.

Comparative literature is a contemporary science or research field that focuses on the comparison, examination, and analysis of literary works and, in its broader sense, the artistic works of different nations and cultures. It explores the similarities and differences among these works, as well as the literary and cultural influences and exchanges between nations. This discipline aims to see and recognize the "self" in the mirror of the "other." This issue has prompted literary critics to study literary works in relation to each other in order to achieve an evolutionary and comparative understanding of the signs within the texts. On the other hand, the "Koush-nama" narrates the tale of "Koush Pil-dandan," a dark and demonic hero in Iranian epics. A comparative analysis of this tale reveals the frequency of similarities between the narrative of Koush and that of Alexander the Great in non-Iranian mythological-historical accounts. This encourages critics to explore the layers and indicators of kinship between these two narratives and their main foundational themes. Therefore, this research has sought to discover the system of signification between the two texts using a descriptive-analytical method and comparative study. The findings of this research indicate that these two stories, due to their alignment and overlap in areas such as characterization, action, emotional states, and intertwining narratives, are undoubtedly part of a system of mutual influence. This influence from the narrative of Alexander to Koush is particularly significant, suggesting that in various aspects, the character of Koush can be seen as a transformed reflection of the non-Iranian figure of Alexander. Furthermore, this narrative can be interpreted as a selective metamorphosis derived from a collection of data found in popular literature and the written accounts of Alexander

The main issue of the upcoming interdisciplinary research, which is provided in a descriptive-analytical and library form, is that by examining Attar's Masnavis (Mantegh al-Tair, Elahinameh, Mosibatnameh, and Asrarnameh) as well as his way of life to existentialist views. Attar in four areas; The freedom, death thoughts, solitude, and meaning-making achieved prove that the roots of the philosophy of existentialism, like many pure human thoughts, have long existed among the thinkers of the East and later spread from the East to the West. This school, which today casts a shadow on many sciences such as psychoanalysis, can be seen in Iranian-Islamic mysticism. The most important question is; How existentialism has affected Attar's Masnavis and his way of life? Hypothesis; Masnavis and Attar's way of life contains most of the existentialist attitudes of the God-believing and mystical type. Some of the most important cases of research; Existentialist concepts of freedom, death thoughts, loneliness, and meaning creation with a mystical approach are abundantly found in Attar's works. For example, the concept of freedom and choosing God's path can be seen in Mantegh al-Tair by the thirty birds looking for Simorgh. In Attar's works, the thought of death and its acceptance are based on the concept of connection with God. Loneliness has no place in Attar's thought because the world is the manifestation of God and the beloved has a dwelling in the lover's heart, and the meaning that Attar creates is the closeness to God and his connection.

This article seeks, through a qualitative-explanatory approach and using available library tools based on the proposed translation norms by Toury, to demonstrate how the target language and culture readers receive, understand, and accept writers and works of the source language and culture. Two main questions are addressed: 1. How do translators perceive and understand the linguistic and especially cultural elements of source texts? 2. What happens if a single text in the source culture is decided to be translated into a single language in the target culture by more than two translators? It seems that readers of the target culture interpret and accept the contents of translated texts in a communication pattern and discourse significantly different from the pattern and discourse of the source culture. This article attempts to examine the understanding and acceptance of Sa’adi by five Western translators through the prism of how taboos are translated in a selection of stories from Gulistan in nineteenth-century England. The results show that Gladwin, Ross, and Eastwick prefer to relocate, soften, or remove taboos, while Platts prefers to translate taboos exactly or into Latin. Rehatesck, unlike other translators, tries neither to remove nor to soften or relocate taboos, nor to translate into Latin but rather translates all taboos like the original text and, through the strategy of fidelity and loyalty to the original text, presents Gulistan as it is to English-speaking readers, believing that previous translations of Gulistan are overly refined and sanitized.

Indigenous and local tales and legends are among the most enigmatic phenomena in anthropology, brimming with mythological motifs and ancient archetypes. Rooted in each ethnicity's culture, customs, traditions, and environment, these narratives encapsulate one of the most pivotal and significant elements of mythology: metamorphosis, or transformation. This motif manifests in diverse forms across the stories and legends of various cultures and people. Notably, it is a fundamental mythological theme in the stories and legends of the Sistan region, finding reflection in numerous narratives from this area. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to analyze the various types of metamorphosis in the stories and legends of the Sistan cultural region. It further seeks to quantify and qualitatively assess the extent to which these transformations are depicted in these narratives. The findings reveal that Sistani stories and legends predominantly feature two types of metamorphosis: human metamorphosis and the metamorphosis of supernatural beings such as demons or evil spirits. Among these, human metamorphosis exhibits a higher frequency and is more prominently represented in Sistani narratives.

Peace is one of the principles and values ​​of life, and it is only under the shadow of this divine gift that security, tranquility, growth, and excellence can be achieved in societies. In other words, the survival of humanity depends on creating and maintaining peace. Therefore, it is essential that education step into this field to create and maintain peace in the world and clarify the solutions to achieve peace. Education, by utilizing the ideas of artists such as Sohrab Sepehri, opens a window to the minds and consciences of humans and, through this, teaches societies the culture of peace. Sohrab Sepehri is a poet and painter who thinks of a peaceful world, away from conflict, destruction, and corruption, where there is no blame or injustice. His world is transparent and untainted. Like pacifists, he pursues his mission of creating peace and friendship. This research aims to analyze the themes of Sohrab Sepehri's poems to achieve the components he introduces for creating a culture of peace. This research was conducted using a qualitative method of analyzing the themes and findings in both inductive and deductive ways. The statistical population is the collection of Sohrab Sepehri's poems. The data collection method was carried out using library documents and the data was analyzed using five steps of thematic analysis including getting acquainted with the data, creating initial codes and coding, searching and recognizing the themes, drawing the theme network, and analyzing the theme network. The results of the study showed that Sohrab Sepehri’s poems have eight main components with the titles of belief in God, self-improvement, good thinking, good speech, good behavior, living with nature, respectful behavior with nature, aversion to the machine age and 27 sub-components that fall under the three main domains of peace with oneself, peace with others and peace with nature.

The purpose of this research is a sociological analysis of the novel "Cloudy Years" based on the theory of "Erich Kähler". This novel is about the author's life and community experiences. Using the descriptive-analytical method, we have analyzed the novel to explain the lower social classes, including the social and political situation of the society of that period, which is comparable to the Pahlavi government. This work shows the bad economic situation, the beginning of industrialization, and the growth of the bourgeoisie and changes without context. Darvishian believes that the source of social unrest is the growth of capitalism, and the economic system is the cause of poverty and corruption. The content of the novel is poverty, unemployment, poor health status, death, family disputes, hard work of children and women, class conflict, belief in superstitions, and determinism. According to Kähler 's theory, the creation of any literary genre takes from the realities of the writer's time and follows four basic variables: The historical situation, the writer's belonging to a class, the writer's personality and cultural upbringing, and the writer's special literary genre. Therefore, in the sociological analysis of this novel based on these variables, we first explained the meaning of each variable and finally extracted and analyzed some of the most important indicators of the novel.