نشریه پژوهش های علوم کشاورزی پایدار
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 15، پاییز 1403)

Essential oils are a mixture of volatile oil compounds that are made as a secondary metabolite in medicinal plants. Due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, essential oils can be a suitable alternative in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Essential oils have become more popular. The present review presents a comprehensive summary of the definition of essential oils, the extraction method from medicinal plants, biological and pharmacological activity, the investigation of chemical compounds, and the potential benefits of essential oils in order to increase the health level of society. Mamiran plant is a rich source of various substances that have antimicrobial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Since most of the medicinal properties of this plant are related to terxate hydrocarbons such as sabinine, penine and camphormi. In this research, the amount of essential oil and active compounds of the essential oil in the aerial part and root in three times of autumn, early spring and late spring with three repetitions in The complete randomized block design format was investigated in Golestan (Gorgan) province. In this way, at any time studied, roots and aerial organs were randomly selected and sampled. The results showed that the highest percentage of essential oil and active compounds of essential oil were found in the autumn season and in the aerial parts, and there was a significant difference between different seasons in the amount of essential oil and active compounds of the essential oil in the roots and aerial parts.

Water Since groundwater resources are the major source of water supply, therefore, the estimation of the groundwater level profile plays an important role in the management of valuable water resources. Nowadays, due to the increasing aquifer use, groundwater levels are declining. The sustainable management of groundwater resources requires high level of knowledge and skills in planning. Accurate groundwater level estimation allows water managers and engineers to develop better strategies to manage groundwater resources. In recent years, the Haar wavelet method has been very effective in solving engineering problems. In this study, in order to investigate the efficiency of the Haar wavelet method, governing equations of groundwater level profile estimation in confined and unconfined aquifer have been used. In this method, the differential equation is converted into a system of algebraic equations that contains a few variables and solution of differential equation is obtained. After solving the algebraic equations, the values of multipliers are obtained. By substituting the boundary conditions in Haar wavelet functions, the values of coefficients determined.  After putting the values of coefficients in the basic equation, differential equations are solved. The results of engineering problems using Haar wavelet compared with the solution of the exact mathematical method in related references. The comparisons indicate both of the solution in problems are the same. The results of show that even with a finite number of collocation points, the Haar wavelet method is highly accurate and the solution obtained from the Haar wavelet method is quite similar to the exact mathematical method

In order to investigate the effect of pretreatment of safflower seeds of Omid with salicylic acid on seedling growth, germination percentage and speed, seedling length and dry weight, proline content and change in catalase enzyme activity under drought stress conditions, experimentally in factorial form in a completely randomized design with three The replication was carried out in the laboratory of Seed Technology Science of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology of Aburihan in 1402. The test treatments included salicylic acid at four levels (zero, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) and drought stress at four levels (no stress, -2 bar, -4 and -6 bar). Parameters such as germination percentage and speed, seedling length and dry weight, proline and catalase enzyme activity were measured. The results showed that the effect of salicylic acid and drought stress on germination percentage and speed, seedling length and dry weight, proline content and catalase enzyme activity were significant. Drought stress up to negative level 4 times increased the percentage and speed of germination, length and dry weight, seedling and proline content and catalase enzyme activity. Salicylic acid hormone at a concentration of one mM had an effect on increasing the measured parameters. The results showed that the best concentration of salicylic acid to deal with the effects of drought stress was one mM concentration in the conditions of low levels of drought stress. Therefore, with increasing levels of drought stress, treating seeds with salicylic acid hormone was not effective.

The development of greenhouse crop cultivation in Iran is considered one of the most important policies for increasing agricultural productivity and strategic water management. In Kerman province, due to weather conditions and limited water resources, the conditions for the development of greenhouses have been provided; so that after Tehran province, it has the second place in the area under greenhouse cultivation in the country. Therefore, the economic review and evaluation of greenhouse products of the province and the introduction of products with high economic advantage and production for the market can open the way for the development of greenhouse crops and their replacement with water-bearing crops in the province and create higher economic benefits for producers. The aim of this study is the economic evaluation of aloe vera product in greenhouse condition of the province. For this purpose, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and Dynamic Payback Period capital (DPBP) indices have been used, and Comfar software has been used to calculate the indices. The results of the study showed that the production of aloe vera in greenhouse condition is economic based on both scenarios, and in this regard, it is suggested to introduce this product as an economic product to the greenhouse owners of the province. Also, necessary promotional trainings should be given by related institutions to familiarize greenhouse owners with the cultivation of this product. In addition, financial support should be provided to encourage farmers to cultivate this product in greenhouse conditions.

Nowaday, the issue of production has become one of the most fundamental issues in the field of the country's economy. The importance of the agricultural sector as one of the main pillars of the country's growth and development as well as optimal production in this sector is very important. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role and position of wheat production inputs as a strategic and vital product in the consumption basket of Ziwiyeh region of Saqqez city. The required data were collected by referring to the Jihad Agricultural Department of the city and the country's water demand system in the crop year of 2021-2022. In order to economically evaluate the inputs involved in wheat production, various production functions including Cobb-Douglas, transcendental, translog and generalized quadratic functions were estimated and finally Cobb-Douglas function was selected as the superior production function. The results showed that the sum of the partial tensions or the estimated coefficients of Cobb-Douglas production function was 0.953, which shows the decreasing return to scale in this production function. Also, the factors of cultivated area, spring fertilizer, autumn fertilizer and farmer's capital have a positive and significant effect on production, while the labor force has a negative effect. Spring fertilizer with the greatest effect and economic value of 27,945 Tomans was recognized as the most important input. According to the results, it is recommended to make appropriate policy and planning in order to increase the productivity of wheat production factors in the region.

Energy is one of the primary factors in production and simultaneously one of the principal commodities. In recent years, the significance of strategic planning in optimizing energy consumption has increased. By examining energy indicators and the impact of various economic policies on them, it is possible to attain a comprehension of past conditions and a picture of the future in different energy sectors. The data spanning from 1947 to 2019 were used through a Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) for analyzing non-linear effects of policy instability on energy indicators in the agricultural sector of Iran. The results indicated an association among the variables, wherein positive fluctuations in agricultural value-added, with a coefficient of 0.13, and conversely negative fluctuations with a coefficient of -0.09, significantly affected long-term energy consumption. It is notable that the second coefficient lacked statistical significance. Additionally, the asymmetrical effects of other variables on energy consumption and productivity in agricultural practices was confirmed.