فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال نوزدهم شماره 69 (زمستان 1403)

The present study aims to clarify the role of families of origin in the stability or instability of couples' relationships. This research is qualitative and based on Grounded Theory. The statistical population included couples living in the northwestern region of Tehran in 2019. The sampling method was used with purpose and reached theoretical saturation with twelve couples. The data was collected, coded, and analyzed by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews. The comparison of extracted concepts in open coding led to the discovery of 134 components for axial coding and 27 main categories for selective coding. The paradigm model's core concept of respecting and violating privacy and boundaries is found to be based on the analysis of collected data. Causal conditions involve being sensitive to the degree of private issues' expression, complying with boundaries, and being independent of family, and intervening conditions include differences, interference, lack of support and disrespect. According to the findings, it can be said that respecting privacy, paying attention to boundaries, and using strategies such as compatibility, non-interference, evaluation, and problem-solving by the families of origin, will bring stability to couples' relationships. The families of origin failing to pay attention to the above matters will result in instability in the couple's relationship.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how gender roles represented during the elementary school as a golden age and effective in construction the foundation of students' thought in the first and second grade textbooks. The method of this research is quantitative content analysis based on the indicators that have been earned using the opinion of experts in the field of women and family and based on the Delphi method. Qualitative content analysis has also been used to analyze the quality of representations in images and textbooks. Findings show that during primary school, there is no specific order and planning to identify and institutionalize gender concepts based on Islamic teachings. The role of women in the family is small and there is not much mention of their presence in the home or the desired way of employment and their social presence. Despite the importance of explaining and institutionalizing the original positions of men and women in the family and society from childhood and in elementary school, the attention of textbooks to the issue of gender roles is very low and is not evaluated in accordance to the policies adopted in the upstream documents and should be reviewed

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the marital compatibility model based on the dimensions of intelligence on the emotional intelligence of compatible and incompatible couples in Kermanshah city in 2022-2023. In terms of the practical purpose and in terms of the implementation method, the present research was descriptive of the content analysis type (by reviewing the research literature in the field of marital adjustment model based on intelligence dimensions and also the opinions of experts in the field of family counseling). The statistical sample of the qualitative part was to develop a training package for compatible and incompatible couples living in Kermanshah city (10 family counseling specialists) in the year 2022-2023. In order to sample according to the purposeful sampling method, 40 compatible and incompatible couples of Kermanshah city were selected to extract the components of the marital compatibility model based on the dimensions of intelligence and to investigate the effect of independent variables, a training package approach was developed for 10 couples and for the control group. Also, 10 compatible and incompatible couples were selected and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The results showed that the intervention of the marital compatibility model based on intelligence dimensions had a significant effect on increasing emotional intelligence and its components (P=0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the model of marital compatibility based on the dimensions of intelligence can be considered by psychologists and counselors in premarital counseling and family counseling.

Marital dissatisfaction with impairment in physical and mental health disorders is consided a risk factor for divorce, so the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of shame in the relationship between self-concept and marital conflicts in married people. The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population included married men and women in Isfahan. 320 people (204 women and 116 men) were selected by a stepwise cluster random method and filled out the Self-Conscious Affect Questionnaire (TOSCA-2) (Tangney, Dearing, Wagner & et al,2000), Beck Self-Concept Test (BSCT) (Beck & Steer, 1978) and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ) (Sanai Zaker & Barati, 2000). The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling, correlation and regression. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between shame and marital conflicts as well as between shame and self-concept dimensions and self-concept dimensions are significant predictors of marital conflict. Also the feeling of shame plays a mediating role in the relationship between self-concept and marital conflicts. The results of this study show the relationship between the cognitive dimension (self-concept) and the emotional dimension (shame) of men and women's personality with the rate of marital conflicts in them, which can be considered by researchers and therapists in the field of family.

Today, marketing of luxury goods has become one of the most popular areas of marketing, and considering that women are the biggest customers of luxury goods. The purpose of this study is to understand the themes of women's consumption behavior of luxury goods. The research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology strategy. In order to find out the reasons behind the consumption of luxury goods by women, 13 female participants in Mashhad who had experienced the phenomenon of buying and consuming luxury goods were selected by purposive sampling. Based on the data obtained from in-depth and semi-structured interviews, three main themes of "individual motivation", "social motivation" and "product-related motivations" were extracted as motivations for buying luxury goods. The findings from the interviews indicated that the sub-theme "showing off" and the sub-theme "functional aspect of luxury products" have a more effective role in the consumption of luxury goods.

Fertility and childbearing are always related to women's bodies and cause biological and physical changes in their bodies. Today, paying attention to the physical aspects of having children and trying to manage the shape and appearance of the body among the new generation of women is more important. In this research, the fertility behavior of women in relation to the variables of body management, social capital and generational belonging has been investigated by a survey method. The statistical population of the research is married women aged 15 to 49 in Tabriz, 498 of whom were estimated using Cochran's formula as the sample size and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was used to measure variables, collect data and test hypotheses, and its items were compiled based on theoretical bases and conceptual definitions. The results of the research show that women's fertility behavior has a negative and significant relationship with body management. While the social capital variable has no significant relationship with Tabriz women's fertility behavior. Also, the fertility behavior of Tabriz women has a significant difference according to their generation, that is, with increasing age, the fertility behavior of women decreases.

Demographic changes in the Islamic Republic of Iran during the past three decades have been caused by important demographic factors such as fertility, mortality and migration. Under the influence of social, cultural, economic, technological and political factors, these changes have created many challenges that will threaten the country's national security and defense and military capabilities. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of predicting demographic changes in the Islamic Republic of Iran with a defense-security approach in the horizon of 2042. The research is fundamental with a qualitative approach. The statistical sample of the research includes 23 university professors, experts and senior managers in executive and decision-making jobs in the demographic field. The findings of the research showed that 38 driver forces have an effect on demographic changes, and among them, by holding two Delphi rounds and obtaining the opinions of experts and placing opinions with the help of the Wilson matrix, 11 drivers with the highest probability of impact were identified, which include the increase in the marriage age of young people, to Postponing childbearing after marriage, changing women's attitudes towards birth control, preventing births in families or forced control, women's employment in men's jobs, technological developments, women's birth control training, changing the lifestyle of families, high rate unemployment, lack of housing and increased migration from the countryside to the cities. Also, five surprising factors were identified, which included the change in the cultural and social values of families, social networks, increasing the level of university education, increasing the number of self-headed households, and the desire to emigrate from Iran.

In Article 1037 of the Civil Code, regarding the compensation for damages caused by the disruption of the engagement, the legislator paid attention to the compensation of material damages, but paid less attention to the compensation of spiritual damages; This is despite the fact that it is much harder for people to bear spiritual losses, including mental pain and social discredit, than material losses; Therefore, the feasibility of determining and identifying and ordering compensation for this type of damage is very important. From the point of view of jurisprudence, in addition to the verses of the Qur'an and hadiths, the reason from which the need to compensate for spiritual damage is understood is the "harmless rule". Now, in this article, which is done in a descriptive and analytical method, the results are obtained that due to the abandonment of compensation for moral damages caused by disrupting the engagement, it is necessary for the legislator to pay serious attention to the compensation of these losses and Referring to Article 1 and 2 of the Civil Liability Law and the criteria of Article 171 of the Constitution as well as the legal rule of harmlessness, imagine a type of civil responsibility for the disrupter of the engagement that is in accordance with public order and preventing chaos at the community level.

This study endeavours to elucidate the cycle of aggression within Iranian couples. The research cohort comprises couples who have reported instances of physical aggression and sought assistance from counselling centres affiliated with the judiciary in the year 2020. Through semi-structured interviews, individuals experiencing recurrent physical aggression in their marital relationships were engaged. Interview sessions persisted until thematic saturation was achieved, culminating in a total of ten interviews. Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed the emergence of four principal stages characterizing the aggression cycles among couples: re-experiencing negative emotions, insistence on fulfilling personal desires, consolidation of power dynamics, and culmination in physical confrontations precipitating shifts in relational power dynamics. The findings of this investigation underscore the imperative of addressing salient factors including power dynamics, communication patterns, attachment styles, and problem-solving capabilities among couples grappling with aggression in their relationships.