فهرست مطالب

Archives of Razi Institute
Volume:79 Issue: 6, Nov-Dec 2024
- تاریخ انتشار: 1403/09/11
- تعداد عناوین: 30
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صفحات 1121-1133
آبله میمون یک بیماری ویروسی است که امروزه به دلیل شیوع بیماری های نوپدید و بازپدید به ویژه بیماری های اپیدمیک بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است.این بیماری برای اولین بار به عنوان یک بیماری متمایز در سال 1958 در میان میمون های آزمایشگاهی در کپنهاگ، دانمارک شناسایی شد. اولین مورد عفونت آبله میمون در انسان در سال 1970 در جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو در پسری 9 ماهه گزارش شد که تنها عضو خانواده اش بود که واکسن آبله دریافت نکرده بود. ویروس آبله میمون یک ویروس مشترک بین انسان و دام متعلق به خانواده Poxviridae، زیر خانواده chordopoxvirinae و جنس orthopoxvirus است.آبله میمون از طریق لمس و تماس مستقیم با سطح یا فرد آلوده به ویروس منتقل می شود. همچنین انتقال از انسان به انسان می تواند از طریق مایعات بدن فرد آلوده رخ دهد.در این مقاله مروری تمامی جوانب این بیماری مورد بحث قرار گرفته است، به طوری که پس از مقدمه ای در مورد بیماری، تاریخچه بیماری، ویروس شناسی، ویژگی های بالینی بیماری و عوارض آن، تشخیص افتراقی بالینی با بیماری های مشابه، اپیدمیولوژی بیماری، شیوع بیماری، دامنه میزبان های حیوانی، انتقال ویروس، تشخیص بیماری، پیشگیری و درمان و در نهایت خطرات بیماری در آینده (تهدیدات آینده) مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.بر این اساس که در این مقاله تمامی جوانب بیماری بررسی شده است، می تواند برای محققان و به ویژه برای سیاست گذاران حوزه سلامت و بهداشت عمومی بسیار مفید باشد چرا که با شناخت این بیماری و به دلیل اهمیت بهداشتی این بیماری و اینکه این بیماری یک بیماری مشترک بین انسان و دام است می توان برای پیشگیری از این بیماری اقدامات لازم را پیش بینی نمود.
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صفحات 1145-1154
عفونت های پاپیلوماویروس (PV) برای انسان ها و حیوانات خانگی، از جمله سگ ها و گربه ها، خطراتی را به همراه دارند که شامل توسعه سرطان می شود. تحقیقات اخیر نشان می دهد که بلاک کننده های چک پوینت ایمنی (ICBs)، در بهره برداری از سیستم ایمنی بدن در برابر آنتیژن های مرتبط با تومور (TAAs) و نئو-آنتیژن ها دارند. به طور خاص، واکسن های پاپیلوماویروسی درمانی، به ویژه واکسن های چند اپی توپ، قدرتمندی در تقویت پاسخ های سلول های T CD4+ و CD8+ در برابر سلول های آلوده به PV دارند، که می تواند در کاهش پیشرفت سرطان موثر باشد.این مرور جامع به رابطه پیچیده میان پاپیلوماویروس (PV) و سرطان می پردازد، به نحوی که نشان می دهد ژنوتیپ های PV با خطر بالا، مانند HPV-16 و HPV-18، به خصوص سرطان سرویکس را تقویت می کنند. مرکز این بحث پروتئین های ویروسی E6 و E7 است، که نقش حیاتی در سرطان زایی میانجی HPV را با تداخل با پروتئین های سرکوبگر تومور p53 و pRB دارند، در نتیجه ایجاد مهار از سیستم ایمنی و رشد توموری را تسهیل می کنند.علاوه بر این، مرور به توسعه واکسن های پاپیلوماویروسی درمانی پرداخته و بر مبنای واکسن های چند اپی توپ به عنوان یک مسیر امیدوارکننده برای تقویت پاسخ های ایمنی در برابر سرطان های مرتبط با HPV تمرکز دارد. با وجود چالش ها در مقابله با واکسیناسیون، مرور بر اثر متحول کننده واکسن های پاپیلوماویروسی با اثربخشی بالا در پیشگیری از بیماری های مرتبط تاکید می کند.علاوه بر این، مطالعه پیشرفت هایی را در روش های درمانی مانند پزشکی دقیق و ایمونوتراپی مورد بررسی قرار می دهد، امیدواری برای مدیریت سرطان های مرتبط با HPV را ارائه می دهد. این نوآوری ها شامل درمان های هدفمندی است که از آسیب پذیری های مولکولی خاص در سلول های آلوده به HPV بهره می برند، و همچنین روش های ایمنی شناختی که پاسخ ایمنی بدن را در برابر سلول های بدخیم تقویت می کنند.به طور خلاصه، این مرور مسیری روشن را در مقابله با عفونت های HPV و سرطان های مرتبط با آن نشان می دهد، که ممکن است چشم انداز درمان سرطان را طبیعتا تغییر دهد. با بهره گیری از ایمونوتراپی، واکسن های درمانی و پزشکی دقیق، پژوهشگران و پزشکان قادر به گام های مهمی در جلوگیری و درمان سرطان های مرتبط با HPV هستند، که در نهایت بهبود نتایج بیمار و کیفیت زندگی را به ارمغان می آورند.
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صفحات 1183-1190آبله گوسفند (SP) ، آبله بز(GP) و بیماری لمپی اسکین (LSD) از زیر گونه capripoxvirus (CaPVs) می باشند که اهمیت اقتصادی در بیماری زایی گوسفند ، بز و گاو برعهده دارند. ما در اینجا ارزیابی و بهینه سازی تکنیک بی همتای LAMP را برای تشخیص سریع کاپری پاکس ویروس و مقایسه آن با روش PCR را گزارش می کنیم. پرایمرهای LAMP از ژنوم محافظت شده P32 از این جنس انتخاب شدند. رنگ فلوروسنتی SYBR safe برای مانیتورینگ و ایجاد تغییر رنگ در موارد مثبت بیماری به سبز درخشان در طول موج 350 نانومتر بکار گرفته شد و نتایج نهایی با الکتروفورزیس تایید شد. تست LAMP با ویژگی بالا برای capripoxvirus و عدم واکنش متقاطع حتی با ویروس های خانواده پاکس ویریده و یا ویروس های با علایم کلینیکی مشابه ارزیابی شد. تست LAMP بهینه شده با روش PCR مقایسه شد. LAMP و PCR از لحاظ حساسیت تشخیصی مشابه و با محدوده تشخیص LOD 3 و 8 کپی ژنوم می باشد. ویژگی تشخیصی با تعداد 30 نمونه پوست گاو مشکوک به بیماری لمپی اسکین و 16 عدد نمونه رفرانس مثبت و منفی و کنترل منفی ارزیابی شد . تست LAMP با قابلیت استفاده آسان ، ارزان با حساسیت بالا و بخصوص مناسب برای تشخیص کاپری پاکس ویروس در آزمایشکاه های مناطق مرزی و آزمایشگاه های مناطق روستایی، در این گزارش توصیف می شود.
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صفحات 1197-1205زمینه
بهبود ترمیم زخم با کیفیت بالاتر، یک مسئله مهم است که برای بازگرداندن عملکرد سالم پوست انسان در مراحل ابتدایی باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. در حالی که پژوهش های گذشته تاثیرات تک تک اسانس پیپریتا و کلینوپتیلولیت را مورد بررسی قرار داده اند، این مقاله، اثرات ترکیبی آن ها را نشان می دهد و یک رویکرد نوآورانه را برای تسریع در بهبود ترمیم زخم ارائه می دهد.
روش هااین مطالعه از 60 موش نر ویستار استفاده کرد که به پنج گروه تقسیم شدند: گروه کنترل منفی، گروه کنترل مثبت (فنیتوئین)، کلینوپتیلولیت، پیپریتا و پیپریتا + کلینوپتیلولیت. با رعایت نکات اخلاقی زخم های گردنی ایجاد شد. بررسی های بافت شناسی در روزهای 4، 7 و 14 انجام شد. ریخت شناسی کلاژن، التهاب و ری اپیتلیالیزاسیون نیز در روز 14 با استفاده از سیستم امتیازدهی آبراموف ارزیابی شد. آنالیزهای ترمیم زخم در روزهای 4، 7، 10 و 14 انجام شد. مقدار P کمتر از 0.05 معنادار توصیف شد.
نتایجگروه نعناع پیپریتا + کلینوپتیلولیت افزایش معناداری از پرولیفریشن فیبروبلاست ها و رگ سازی را به همراه تعداد کمتری از سلول های التهابی در مقایسه با سایر گروه های آزمایشی داخل محل زخم نشان داد. به علاوه، همه گروه ها امتیازهای بالاتر کلاژن و ری اپیتلیالیزاسیون (مقدار P کمتر از 0.05) و امتیازهای کمتری از التهاب (بدون معناداری آماری) نسبت به گروه کنترل نشان دادند. علاوه بر این، گروه پیپریتا + کلینوپتیلولیت سطح کمتری از زخم را نشان داد و نرخ بهبودی سریع تری نسبت به سایر گروه ها در تمام روزهای آزمایش داشته است و در روز 14 درصد بهبودی قابل توجهی برابر با 99.75 ± 0.5 را داشت.
نتیجهترکیب کلینوپتیلولیت و پیپریتا به طرز معناداری بر ترمیم زخم تاثیر می گذارد (با در نظر گرفتن پارامترهای بافت شناسی و نتایج بالینی) که از استفاده جداگانه یا فنیتوئین موثرتر است.
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صفحات 1227-1234
این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثر مکمل سازی انجام شدسطوح مختلف سین بیوتیک بر عملکرد رشد و فیزیولوژی روده جوجه های گوشتیجوجه ها در مجموع جوجه های گوشتی 360 روزه به طور تصادفی به 6 قطعه مختلف تقسیم شدند.تیمارهای 4 تکرار، با 15 پرنده در هر تکرار. درمان ها کنترلی بودند (نههر مکمل)، (زینک باسیتراسین 0.04 گرم بر کیلوگرم)، و چهار تیمار باقی ماندهمکمل با چهار سطح مختلف (0.25، 0.5، 0.75 و 1 گرم بر کیلوگرم) سین بیوتیک بهرژیم های غذایی پایهدر روز 10 و در طول دوره آزمایشی، وزن بدن و افزایش وزنبه طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافت (05/0 <p) و ضریب تبدیل خوراک (FCR) به طور قابل توجهی با افزایش بهبود یافت.سطح سین بیوتیک گروه کنترل FCR ضعیف تری را نسبت به سایر گروه های تجربی ثبت کردندگروه ها (P<0.05). تا 10 روز، مصرف خوراک به طور قابل توجهی در پرندگان رژیم غذایی افزایش یافتمکمل با 0.25 و 0.75 گرم بر کیلوگرم سین بیوتیک. با این حال، هنگامی که بیش از 35 ارزیابی شددر روزهای دوره آزمایش، مصرف خوراک در پرندگان به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت (05/0 <p).که 75/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم سین بیوتیک در مقایسه با سایر گروه های تجربی دریافت کردند. اینوزن نسبی اندام های داخلی تحت تاثیر تیمارهای غذایی قرار نگرفت. عملکرد لاشهو گوشت سینه به طور معنی داری با افزایش سطوح رژیم غذایی افزایش یافت (05/0 > P).سین بیوتیک طول پرز به طور قابل توجهی تحت تاثیر درمان قرار گرفت، که نشان دهنده بلندتر بودن پرزها استدر پرندگانی که در جیره غذایی حاوی 0.5 گرم بر کیلوگرم سین بیوتیک در مقایسه با شاهد بودند.به طور قابل توجهی پرزهای کوتاهتر در پرندگانی مشاهده شد که بیشترین میزان را دریافت کردندمکمل (1 گرم در کیلوگرم) سطح سین بیوتیک. تعداد E. coli در ایلئوم نبودتحت تاثیر درمان های غذایی می باشد.
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بررسی اثر محیط کشت سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی بر رفتار بدخیمی سلول های سرطان پستان در شرایط آزمایشگاهیصفحات 1249-1256سرطان پستان شایع ترین سرطان تشخیص داده شده در بین زنان در سراسر جهان است. در سال های اخیر، علاقه فزاینده ای در میان محققان به بررسی روش های درمانی جایگزین، از جمله درمان با سلول های بنیادی، وجود داشته است. بنابراین، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثرات محیط کشت سلولهای بنیادی بر سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی مشتق از چربی (AD-MSCs-CM) بر القای آپوپتوز و مهار مهاجرت سلول های سرطان پستان (MDA-MB-231) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. در این مطالعه، سلول های سرطانی بدخیم پستان (MDA-MB-231) و سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی چربی (AD-MSC) به طور جداگانه در محیط های کشت DMEM F12/FBS15% در شرایط استاندارد کشت داده شدند. متعاقبا، محیط شرطی شده مشتق شده از سلول های بنیادی مزانشیمی AD-MSC در معرض سلول های MDA-MB-231 قرار گرفت. پس از 24 و 48 ساعت قرار گرفتن در معرض، سطح بیان CASP3، KRAS و MMP9 با استفاده از روش qRT-PCR ارزیابی شد. علاوه بر این، توانایی های تکثیر و مهاجرت سلول های سرطانی به ترتیب با استفاده از روش های MTT و تست خراش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. همچنین بیان پروتئین کاسپاز-3، K-RAS و MMP-9 با استفاده از روش وسترن بلات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. قابل ذکر است که سطح بیان ژن های MMP9 و KRAS به دنبال درمان AD-MSCs-CM در سلول های MDA-MB-231 به طور قابل توجهی کاهش یافت. همچنین میزان بیان ژن CASP3 در گروه های آزمایش به طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافت. علاوه بر این، تکثیر سلول های MDA-MB-231 تحت درمان با AD-MSCs-CM توسط روش های MTT و تست خراش به شدت کاهش یافت. علاوه بر این، AD-MSCs-CM افزایش در فعال سازی کاسپاز-3 و کاهش بیان پروتئین K-RAS و MMP-9 را نشان داد. یافته های این مطالعه نشان می دهد که AD-MSCs-CM پتانسیل تاثیرگذاری بر آپوپتوز، تکثیر و مهاجرت سلول های سرطان پستان را دارد. بنابراین، می توان آن را یک استراتژی درمانی امیدوارکننده برای سرکوب سرطان پستان در نظر گرفت. با این حال، برای تایید این یافته ها و کشف پتانسیل کامل این رویکرد، آزمایش ها و تحقیقات بیشتری لازم است.
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صفحات 1319-1328بررسی غلظت سرمی آمیلوئید A (SAA)، IL-6 و IL-8 در سرم در طول دوره های ماستیت بالینی و تحت بالینی ارزش قابل توجهی دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ارزش تشخیصی SAA، IL-6 و IL-8 در تشخیص زودهنگام ورم پستان تحت بالینی در گاوهای آلوده به اشریشیا کلی (E.coli) و عفونت استافیلوکوکوس انجام شد. این مطالعه تحلیلی مقطعی که در سال 1392 در گروه دامپزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بهبهان انجام شد، نشانگرهای التهابی را در 79 راس گاو شیری مبتلا به ورم پستان بالینی و تحت بالینی مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. گاوها به سه گروه گاوهای سالم، گاوهای مبتلا به ورم پستان تحت بالینی و گاوهای مبتلا به ورم پستان بالینی تقسیم شدند. سپس این گروه ها از نظر آمیلوئید A (SAA)، IL-6 و IL-8 سرم بررسی شدند. ارزش تشخیصی نشانگرهای التهابی با محاسبه مناطق زیر منحنی (AUCs) منحنی های ROC تعیین شد. به طور کلی، در بین بیماران با آزمایش کشت مثبت (57٪)، 19٪ به E. coli، 22.8٪ به استرپتوکوکوس اوبریس و 15.2٪ (12 مورد) به استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس آلوده بودند. همبستگی قوی بین میانگین SCC و مقادیر IL-6 (P<0.005)، IL-8 (P<0.005) و SAA (P<0.005) مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، SAA همبستگی قوی با IL-8 نشان داد (P<0.005). مقدار IL-6 با هر دو IL-8 (P<0.005) و SAA (P<0.005) همبستگی متوسطی داشت. حساسیت و ویژگی SCC (0.98)، SAA (0.90)، IL-6 (0.95) و IL-8 (0.87) برای تشخیص ورم پستان در گاوها بالا بود. مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که ورم پستان در گاوهای شیری با افزایش سیتوکین های التهابی مانند آمیلوئید A، IL-6 و IL-8 همراه است. این مطالعه نشان می دهد که تغییرات در این نشانگرهای زیستی می تواند برای تشخیص بیماری مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
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صفحات 1329-1335استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس به دلیل توانایی خود در ایجاد بیوفیلم معروف است که به باکتری ها کمک می کند تا به سطوح مختلف بچسبند و درمان را با چالش مواجه کند. تشکیل بیوفیلم به اپرون icaABCD متکی است و ژن های icaA و icaD نقش کلیدی در این فرآیند پیچیده دارند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی نقش این ژن ها در تشکیل بیوفیلم جدایه های استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس منشا گرفته از محیط های بالینی است. ما 100 ایزوله استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس را از منابع بالینی جمع آوری کردیم، سپس DNA و RNA را با استفاده از کیت تجاری از شرکت کیاژن استخراج کردیم. برای رونویسی نمونه های RNA به cDNA، از کیت تجاری شرکت کیاژن استفاده کردیم. ما توانایی تولید فنوتیپی و مولکولی را اندازه گیری کردیم. تشکیل بیوفیلم به ترتیب با استفاده از روش میکروتیتر پلیت و PCR بررسی شد و تعیین بیان ژن های icaA و icaD از طریق RT-PCR بودیم. نود و پنج درصد (95%) از جدایه ها قادر به تولید بیوفیلم بودند که 16 (16%) ضعیف، 64 (64%) متوسط و 15 (15%) بیوفیلم قوی تولید کردند. علاوه بر این، 72 (72٪) از جدایه ها دارای ژن icaA بودند، در حالی که 58 (58٪) حامل ژن icaD بودند. از بین این جدایه ها، 70 ایزوله (97.2%) ژن icaA و 53 ایزوله (73.6%) ژن icaD را بیان کردند. چهار جدایه (5.5%) که دارای ژن icaA بودند اما فاقد ژن icaD بودند، بیوفیلم تشکیل ندادند. یک سویه هیچ یک از ژن ها را بیان نکرد. وجود ژن icaA یا icaD برای توسعه بیوفیلم بسیار مهم است. با این حال، تحقیقات بیشتری برای درک کامل تشکیل بیوفیلم مورد نیاز است.
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صفحات 1345-1351مقدمهبا وجود اینکه Tumor associated tissue eosinophilia(TATE) همراه با تومورهای مختلف از جمله Oral Squammous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) دیده شده ، اما نقش آن به طور دقیق مشخص نشده است. هدف این مطالعه تعیین تعداد TATE در شرایط بدخیم نسبت به بافت سالم و بین درجات مختلف هیستوپاتولوژیکی OSCC می باشد.مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه توصیفی_تحلیلی، از بین پرونده های موجود در بایگانی انستیتو سرطان بیمارستان امام خمینی، 10 نمونه بافت سالم و 60 نمونه OSCC با درجه هیستوپاتولوژیکی مختلف (20مورد Well-Differentiated،20مورد Moderately-Differentiatedو20مورد Poorly-Differentiated) انتخاب گردید و بررسی اینفیلتراسیون ائوزینوفیل ها در نمونه ها با استفاده از روش رنگ آمیزی Sirius red انجام شد و ائوزینوفیل ها در 10 ناحیه تصادفی با بزرگنمایی 400 شمارش شده و میانگین تعداد آن ها بین درجات 4-0 گزارش شد. جهت آنالیز آماری نتایج از نسخه 22 نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون های Student t-test One-way ANOVA ، chi-square استفاده شد.یافته هامیانگین TATE در OSCC 27/5 و در بافت سالم 05/2 بود و TATE، در OSCC به طور معنی داری بیشتر از بافت سالم بود.(026/0=P) بین TATE با درجات مختلف هیستوپاتولوژیکی تومور ارتباط معنی دار ضعیفی مشاهده شد، اما روند تغییرات آن در درجات مختلف به طور دقیق مشخص نشد. (048/0=P) هم چنین رابطه ی معناداری بین TATE با سن و جنس افراد وجود نداشت.نتیجه گیریحضور بیشتر TATE در ضایعات OSCC نسبت به بافت سالم مشاهده شد، اما نقش آن در درجات مختلف هیستولوژیکی OSCC مشخص نشد. واژگان کلیدی : ائوزینوفیل _ رنگ آمیزی Sirius Red _کارسینوم سلول سنگفرشی دهان
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صفحات 1353-1364
ممانعت از فساد محصولات غذایی به ویژه انواع حساس به فساد مانند گوشت طیور، همواره چالشی بزرگ در صنعت غذا بوده شده است. بنابراین مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر فیلم موسیلاژ دانه ی به تقویت شده با کربوکسی متیل سلولز حاوی اسانس زنجبیل (GEO) بر ویژگی های میکروبی، فیزیکوشیمیایی و حسی گوشت بوقلمون طی نگهداری در یخچال بوده است. GEO تهیه و ترکیب شیمیایی آن توسط کروماتوگرافی گازی متصل به طیف سنج جرمی (GC/MS) بررسی شد سپس نمونه ها در گروه های; کنترل (C)، فیلم موسیلاژ دانه میوه به تقویت شده با کربوکسی متیل سلولز (Film)، فیلم موسیلاژ دانه به تقویت شده با کربوکسی متیل سلولز حاوی 1 درصد اسانس (Film+1% GEO) و فیلم موسیلاژ دانه به تقویت شده با کربوکسی متیل سلولز حاوی 2 درصد اسانس (Film+2% GEO) تهیه شدند. سپس آزمون های میکروبی (شمارش باکتری های هوازی، سرماگرا، مولد اسید لاکتیک و انتروباکتریاسه)، آزمون های شیمیایی (pH، عدد پراکسید(PV)، مجموع نیتروژن فرار (TVB-N) و تیوباربیوتیک اسید (TBARS)) و ارزیابی حسی در روزهای صفر، 2، 4، 7، 9 و 12 برای نمونه های مختلف انجام گردید. همچنین خواص فیزیکی-مکانیکی فیلم ها (استحکام کششی (TS)، نرخ انتقال بخار آب (WVTR)، Elongation at break(EAB)، میزان رطوبت، میزان تورم، میزان ضخامت و میزان شفافیت) بررسی شد. طبق نتایج، 19 ترکیب شیمیایی برای GEO شناسایی شد که زینگیبرن (71/15 درصد)، آلفا کورکومن (39/11 درصد) و بتاسزکوئیفلاندرن (69/10درصد) عمده ترین ترکیبات بودند. تیمار Film+2% GEO بعنوان موثر ترین تیمار در آزمون های میکروبی در آزمون های میکروبی عمل کرد و با سایر تیمارها اختلاف معنادار نشان داد (P<0.05) همچنین بهبود ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی در نمونه های دارای فیلم بخصوص Film+2% GEO نسبت به گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. بعنوان مثال میزان TVB-N از mg/100g 67/10 در روز صفر به mg/100g 61/21 در روز پایانی رسید درحالیکه این میزان برای تیمار کنترل در روز صفر و 12 به ترتیب mg/100g 68/10 و mg/100g 95/39 درصد بود. در ارزیابی حسی مشخص شد استفاده از فیلم در تمامی پارامترها به استثنای ظاهر موجب بهبود مشخصات حسی نمونه ها شده است. بطور کلی نتایج نشان داد استفاده از فیلم موسیلاژ دانه به تقویت شده با کربوکسی متیل سلولز بخصوص زمانی که حاوی اسانس باشد می تواند به عنوان عاملی در حفظ و ارتقاء کیفیت مواد غذایی به ویژه انواع گوشت مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
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صفحات 1365-1374
تلومرها مجموعه ای از پروتئین-DNA هستند که در انتهای کروموزوم های یوکاریوتی قرار دارند. انتهای شکسته کروموزوم ها به هم می چسبند؛ بنابراین، نقش تلومرها جلوگیری از چسبیدن انتهای کروموزوم ها به یکدیگر است. این عملکرد خاص تلومرها، انتهای طبیعی کروموزوم ها را از شکستگی های دو رشته ای در DNA متمایز می کند. تلومرها دارای توالی های کوتاه و تکراری هستند که به صورت متوالی قرار گرفته اند. بسته به نوع موجود، تعداد این توالی های تکراری بین حدود 20 تا 1000 بار متغیر است. رشته ای غنی از G وجود دارد که توسط سنتز رشته پیرو تکثیر شده و یک انتهای '3 ایجاد می کند، و همچنین یک رشته مکمل غنی از C که توسط سنتز رشته پیشرو تکثیر می شود. در این مطالعه، ما قصد داریم ساختار تلومر در Saccharomyces cerevisiae، Saccharomyces pombe و پستانداران را مقایسه کنیم. در تلومرهای Saccharomyces cerevisiae، پروتئین Rap1 به توالی های دو رشته ای تلومری متصل شده و همچنین به Rif1 و Rif2 که طول تلومر را تنظیم می کنند، متصل می شود. Cdc13 و عوامل مرتبط با Cdc13، یعنی Ten1 وStn1، به انتهای تک رشته ای متصل می شوند. در تلومرهای Saccharomyces pombe، پروتئین Taz1 به DNA دو رشته ای متصل شده و همچنین پروتئین های Rap1 و Rif1 از طریق Taz1 به ناحیه دو رشته ای متصل می شوند. Pot1با Tpz1 تعامل کرده و به انتهای '3 متصل می شود. Poz1 مجموعه های متصل به DNA دو رشته ای Taz1/Rap1را به مجموعه های متصل به DNA تک رشته ای Pot1/Tpz1 متصل می کند. Ccq1 نیز با Tpz1 تعامل کرده و تلومراز را جذب می کند. مجموعه Stn1/Ten1 به تلومر تک رشته ای متصل می شود. در تلومرهای پستانداران، مجموعه Shelterin که به DNA دو رشته ای تلومری متصل می شود، شامل شش زیرواحد است TRF1 و TRF2 که به طور مستقیم به DNA دو رشته ای تلومری متصل می شوند. TPP1 و POT1 به DNA تک رشته ای متصل می شوند. TIN2 مجموعه های متصل به DNA دو رشته ای TRF1/TRF2 را به مجموعه های متصل به DNA تک رشته ای POT1/TPP1 متصل می کند. پروتئین Rap1 از طریق تعامل با TRF1 و TRF2 به تلومر متصل می شود. علاوه بر این، در این مطالعه، تنظیم و مقایسه مجموعه Shelterin مورد بحث قرار خواهد گرفت. همچنین، هنگامی که DNA دو رشته ای در پستانداران شکسته می شود، مسیرهای پاسخ به آسیب DNA باید فعال شوند، بنابراین توضیح داده می شود که کدام مسیرهای ترمیم استفاده می شوند. در نهایت، ساختار T-Loop را مورد بحث قرار می دهیم، زیرا نشان داده شده است که تلومرها در چندین گونه به ساختاری به نام T-loop باز می گردند که احتمالا در محافظت از تلومر نقش دارد.
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صفحات 1375-1380
Eirenis یکی از جنس های مارهای خانواده Colubridae در ایران است که جثه کوچکی دارند و حداکثر طول بدن آنها 90 سانتی متر است. مارهای این خانواده نزدیک به مارهای جنس Dolicophis و Hierophis هستند. این به این دلیل است که مارهای این دو گونه دارای اندازه های بزرگ هستند. بنابراین، این جنس ها اجداد مشترکی دارند، بنابراین می توان نتیجه گرفت که مارهای کوتوله از مارهای بزرگتر تکامل یافته اند.یکی از گونه های این خانواده Eirenis walteri رجبی زاده و همکاران، 1393 است که نمونه با بررسی میدانی جمع آوری و پس از شناسایی، برای اولین بار در فهرست فون مارهای استان یزد قرار گرفت. بر اساس نمونه و گزارش این تحقیق، این گونه مار در چک لیست مارهای استان یزد قرار گرفت.با توجه به اینکه پراکنش جنس Eirenis در ایران با چالش بزرگی همراه است، بنابراین گزارش های جدید از پراکنش گونه های آن می تواند نقشه دقیقی از پراکنش گونه های این جنس ارائه دهد.ایرنیس والتری در سراسر شرق ایران پراکنده است و در این تحقیق اولین رکورد پراکنش ایرنیس والتری در منطقه حفاظت شده کوه بافاق روستای قطروم (شهرستان بافق) استان یزد، ایران ارائه شده است. بنابراین، می توانیم با داده های جمع آوری شده با مشاهده مستقیم، نقشه توزیع Eirenis walteri را تهیه کنیم. بررسی جمعیت های والتری Eirenis و دامنه توزیع آنها به ما کمک می کند بین آنها تمایز قائل شویم. اکنون از پراکندگی گسترده این تاکسون در مناطق مرکزی و شرقی ایران مطمئن هستیم.
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Pages 1121-1133
Monkey pox is a viral disease that has received much attention today due to the spread of re-emerging and emerging diseases, especially epidemic diseases. Mpox was first identified as a distinct illness in 1958 among laboratory monkeys in Copenhagen, Denmark. The first case of monkeypox infection in humans was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a boy aged 9 months who was the only member of his family without a smallpox vaccination. Monkeypox virus is a zoonotic virus belonging to the family Poxviridae, subfamily chordopoxvirinae, and genus orthopoxvirus.The monkey pox is transmitted by touching and direct contact with a surface or a person infected with the virus. Also human-to-human transmission can occur through body fluids of the infected person.In this review article, all aspects of this disease are discussed, so that after an introduction about the disease, history of the disease, virology, clinical features of the disease and its complications, clinical differential diagnosis with similar diseases, epidemiology of the disease, the prevalance of the disease, animal hosts range, virus transmission, disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment, and finally the risks of the disease in the future (future threats) are discussed.Based on this, all the aspects of the disease have been reviewed in this article, which can be very beneficial for researchers and especially for the policymakers in the field of health and public health, because by knowing this disease and because of the health importance of the disease and the fact that the disease is a zoonosis disease between humans and animals can be affected to prevent this disease.
Keywords: Monkey, Pox, Disease, Zoonosis, Vaccine -
Pages 1135-1143
One of the most destructive diseases of the twenty-first century is cancer, which has raised serious concerns among medical professionals and academics. To win the battle against cancer, a variety of therapy modalities are being investigated. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading fields of the science having tremendous application in diverse disciplines (9). It employs knowledge from the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, health sciences, and engineering (10). In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in nanotechnology applications to medicine in order to prevent and treat diseases in the human body (11). In the past two decades, manganese oxide nanomaterials (MONs) and their derivatives have attracted a growing attention for applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug/gene delivery, and tumor therapy thanks to the tunable structures/morphologies, unique physical/chemical properties and excellent biosecurity. Green synthesis of MnNPs using raw materials, vegetables and fruits, plant extracts, microorganisms and fungi has advantages of non-toxic, environmentally friendly, clean and low-cost. Given the variety of their mechanisms, green produced MnNPs are a prospective source of new anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. By activating apoptotic signal transduction pathways or inhibiting angiogenic signaling in cancer cells, MnNPs showed anti-proliferative activity against colon, liver, cervical, breast, melanoma, and prostate cancer cells. For the treatment of cancer, metal nanotherapy like MnO NPs are given research consideration. Manganese oxide plays a role as a drug carrier by improving retention and tissue penetration. MnOx NPs have been suggested to possess enzyme-like activities, including oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase. The biocompatibility obtained by green synthesis points to its potential usage not just in particular cancer conditions but also in other types of cancer with no risk of these compounds' toxicity. These therapeutic strategies might prove helpful not only in these particular cancer cases but also in other proliferative disorders. Due to the low risk of toxicity of these compounds, the biocompatibility obtained through green synthesis suggests its potential use in various biomedical applications.
Keywords: Green Synthesis, Cancer, Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles, Nanobiotechnology -
Pages 1145-1154
AbstractPapillomavirus (PV) infections pose a significant risk of cancer development in both humans and domestic animals, underscoring the importance of understanding and addressing this viral threat. Recent research highlights the potential of immunotherapies, remarkably immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), in amplifying the immune response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-related neoantigens, thereby aiding in their neutralization by the immune system. Moreover, vaccines tailored to heighten the immune response against PV-infected cells have demonstrated encouraging outcomes by bolstering CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactions, potentially impeding cancer progression. The oncoproteins E6 and E7, notably implicated in malignancy development, exert deleterious effects by disrupting tumor suppressor proteins and facilitating immune evasion and tumor proliferation, particularly in high-risk PV genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18. Despite hurdles such as vaccine hesitancy and concerns regarding vaccine toxicity, PV vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention strategies, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against PV-associated cancers. Advancements in precision medicine and immunotherapy hold promise in managing advanced PV-related cancers by pinpointing and exploiting specific molecular vulnerabilities while bolstering immune responses. This transformative approach can potentially treat established cancers and prevent their recurrence and progression. Consequently, immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine have garnered substantial attention in scientific discourse due to their capacity to enhance the quality of life and outcomes for individuals afflicted with PV-related cancers. By harnessing the immune system's power and leveraging cutting-edge therapeutic modalities, researchers and clinicians are poised to reshape the landscape of cancer treatment, offering renewed hope and optimism for those affected by PV-associated malignancies. Thus, integrating innovative strategies into clinical practice is pivotal in combating the formidable challenge PV-induced cancers pose. In conclusion, this review illuminates a path forward in combating PV infections and associated malignancies, potentially revolutionizing the landscape of cancer treatment. By leveraging immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine, researchers and clinicians are poised to make significant strides in preventing and treating PV-related cancers, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Keywords: Papillomavirus, Cancer Immunotherapy, Virus, Oncogenic Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies -
Pages 1155-1164
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. An efficient strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic includes the rapid recognition of patients and vaccination using accurate and reliable methods. Various diagnostic methods such as CT scan, serology and molecular methods have been applied for the COVID-19 diagnosis. Moreover, various vaccines and antiviral drugs or immunotherapies have been utilized to combat the virus. This is particularly important for COVID-19 patients at high risk of serious consequences. Various challenges in the prognosis, diagnosis, vaccination and treatment of COVID-19 include variability in disease severity, emerging variants, individual factors and immune responses, co-infections and complications, limited long-term data, psychological and social factors, availability and accessibility, tests sensitivity and specificity, variability in symptoms, mild or asymptomatic cases, limited specific antiviral options, clinical heterogeneity, lack of universal treatment protocol, overwhelmed healthcare systems, management of severe cases, long-term effects and post-COVID syndrome, vaccine hesitancy, global cooperation and vaccine production capacity. This article describes the latest challenges and achievements in the prognosis, diagnosis, vaccination and therapy of COVID-19. The consult with reliable sources such as national health authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) is crucial to obtain the latest information on COVID-19 vaccination, including eligibility, availability, and recommended protocols in any specific region. The treatment options and strategies continue to evolve. Healthcare professionals and researchers are working diligently to address therapy challenges and improve outcomes for individuals affected by COVID-19. Randomized clinical studies designed to identify the most appropriate and proven treatment are essential both to reduce the prevalence of COVID-19 and to prevent the prevalence of any pandemic in the future.
Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019, Prognosis, Vaccination, Diagnosis, Antiviral Therapy -
Pages 1165-1182
The emergence of new high-resolution physic-chemical methods, the introduction of omics technologies into the practice of biomedical research have determined new opportunities for studying the mechanisms of bacterial survival in vitro and in vivo under the pressure of biotic and abiotic stressors, in axenic cultures, microbial communities, and holobionts. Innovative methodological platforms contributed to obtaining unique data relevant for both fundamental and applied science. Experimental results indicating a phenomenally high level of genomic plasticity of microorganisms and the potential for the evolution of bacterial virulence under conditions of selective pressure have made significant adjustments to our understanding of the arsenal of self-defense tools in bacteria and the prioritization of research. The growing pool of factual material today dictates the need to focus attention not only on pathogens, but also on widespread commensal bacteria, which have the status of probiotics, actively used in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Reports of the possibility of large-scale genomic reorganization and progressive evolution of virulence in these bacteria under stressful conditions, means for modulation of host cell signaling systems and suppression of innate immunity, negative regulation of key cell cycle controllers, disruption of the structure of the intestinal microbiota and intestinal homeostasis reveal the obvious insufficiency of our knowledge about the "logic of life" of symbionts and the mechanisms of their interaction with eukaryotic cells, which may compromise the ideas of a number of practical applications. This determines the relevance of comprehensive studies of commensals, the potential of their plasticity in different environmental conditions as well as the ways of intercellular communication and interaction with regulatory networks of higher organisms, and dictates the need to develop a standardization for assessing the safety of probiotics.
Keywords: Gut Microbes, Probiotics, Selective Pressure, Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Evolution -
Pages 1183-1190Sheep pox (SP), goat pox (GP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD), subspecies of the Capripox virus (CaPVs), are important in the pathogenesis of sheep, goats, and cattle. The causative agent is the capripox virus which has been isolated in South Africa for the first time. Sheeppox (SP), goatpox (GP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) viruses are morphologically indistinguishable from each other and have been adapted to different host species (4). From a serological point of view, it is difficult to differentiate these viruses and cross-immunity occurs among them (2). The present study reports the evaluation and optimization of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the rapid detection of CaPVs and compares the LAMP technique with the PCR method. LAMP primers were selected from the P32-protected gene of the Capripox virus. Safe-Red fluorescent dye was used to monitor and change the color in the disease’s positive cases to bright yellow at a 320-nm wavelength, and the final results were confirmed using electrophoresis. The proposed LAMP test for the Capripox virus showed high specificity and non-cross-reactivity with viruses of Poxviridae with similar clinical symptoms. The optimized LAMP test was compared with PCR. LAMP and PCR were similar in diagnostic sensitivity. The specificity was evaluated using 30 samples of cow skin suspected of having lumpy skin disease as well as 16 samples of positive and negative references and the negative control. The proposed easy-to-use, inexpensive, high-sensitivity LAMP test might be suitable for detecting caprypox virus in laboratories in border areas and rural areas.Keywords: LSDV, LAMP, PCR, Capripoxvirus
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Pages 1191-1195Breast cancer patients from different regions have different demographics. Therefore, we conducted this study to report the clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients at our center and compare them with information from other studies. This retrospective descriptive study, which included 816 patients registered in the two years between October 2021 and September 2023, was conducted in the Department of Medical Oncology at a Government Tertiary Cancer Care Center in Southern India. At the first presentation, the median age was 49 years old and a majority were post menopausal. Breast lumps were the most frequent presenting complaints, accounting for 636 cases (77.9%) and 115 cases (14.09%) of axillary edema. In 19.9% (162/816) of the patients, a history of breast cancer in the family was evident. Of the patients, 594 had hormone receptor positivity, making up 72.8%. 202 cases, or nearly 25% of the total, were positive for Her 2/neu by FISH or IHC. 178 (21.9%) patients had triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The majority of patients (46.8%) presented late in Stage III. In the case of stage IV disease, there were more cases of skeletal metastases (40.3%) than visceral. Our study shows a present scenario of breast cancer patients in Southern India. The majority of patients were post-menopausal. Also, there is an increased number of Hormone receptor-positive patients—more proportion of metastatic disease with skeletal metastasis than other sites. There is a need to increase awareness about breast cancer, alleviate fears, and educate about the importance of screening, timely diagnosis, and treatment. Such studies provide baseline data on the magnitude of the problem and help in looking into the solutions.Keywords: Breast Cancer, Female Cancer, Indian Cancer, Epidemiology Breast Cancer, Common Cancer
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Pages 1197-1205
Effective wound healing with the highest quality is an important issue to be considered to restore the healthy function of human skin in the early stages. While past research examined the individual impacts of Mentha Piperita and clinoptilolite, this experiment demonstrates their synergistic effects, presenting a promising new approach to expedite wound recovery. The study utilized 60 male Wistar rats, divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (phenytoin ointment), clinoptilolite, M. Piperita, and M. Piperita + clinoptilolite. Ethical considerations were upheld, and neck wounds were created. Histological examinations were conducted on days 4, 7, and 14. Collagen deposition, inflammation, and re-epithelialization scores were also evaluated on day 14 utilizing Abramov’s scoring system. Wound healing assays were performed on days 4, 7, 10, and 14. A P-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. The M. Piperita + clinoptilolite group exhibited a statistically significantly higher number of fibroblasts and vessels, along with a lower inflammatory cell count compared to all other experimental groups within the wound site. Additionally, all groups demonstrated significantly higher collagen deposition and re-epithelialization scores (P-value <0.05) and lower inflammation scores (not statistically significant) than the control group. Moreover, the M. Piperita + clinoptilolite group showed a significantly smaller wound surface and faster healing rate than all other groups on all experiment day, achieving a remarkable 99.75 ± 0.5 recovery percentage on day 14. The combination of clinoptilolite and M. piperita significantly influences wound healing (considering the histopathologic parameters and clinical outcomes) which is more effective than their separate usage or phenytoin.
Keywords: Wound Healing, Wounds, Injuries, Zeolites -
Pages 1207-1215The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct area within the brainstem near the posterior part of the tegmentum. This part of the brain consists of some heterogeneous neurons that play roles in different functions, including response to stress, arousal, learning, and modulating hippocampal theta rhythm. Orexin neuropeptides also have widespread distributions and overlapping actions within the NI. However, the actions of the orexin receptors in the NI are not well characterized. In the present study, the effect of post-training and pre-probe of trial intra-NI administration of SB-33486-A (OX1R antagonist) (12 μg/0.5μl) and TCS-OX2-29 (OX2R antagonist) (10 μg/0.5 μl) on consolidation and retrieval in Morris Water Maze (MWM) task was examined. In the experiment 1, rats were trained in MWM and immediately after every training received injections of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control group), SB-334867-A, and TCS-OX2-29 into NI. Experiment 2 was similar to experiment 1 except rats received DMSO, SB-33486-A, and TCS-OX2-29, 15 minutes before the probe test. In subsequent experiments, probe and visible tests were performed after the last training and distance moved, escape latency, and velocity were recorded. In experiment 3, rats trained in experiments 1 and 2 immediately after the probe test were given trials for visuomotor coordination assessment on the visible platform. The results showed that the spatial reference memory consolidation phase was significantly impaired by SB-334867-A or TCS-OX2-29 (P < 0.05), while the retrieval phase was not affected (P > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the orexinergic system in the NI has a key role in consolidation in rats through both OX1 and OX2 receptors.Keywords: Orexin Receptors, Nucleus Incertus, Morris Water Maze, Memory
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Pages 1217-1226The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly highlighted the successful application of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as an advanced platform for mRNA vaccine delivery. Ionizable lipid is the main component for complexing the mRNA in LNP formulation and in vivo delivery. In the first step of this study, we used the native safflower oilseed to prepare dilinoleyl alcohol. Then the cationic lipid (MC3) was synthesized by mixing the alcohol with dimethylamino butyric acid. Safflower-derived MC3 was applied to formulate an LNP vector with standard composition. The efficiency of the synthetic cationic lipid was evaluated for delivering an mRNA-based vaccine encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. The produced mRNA-LNP vaccine candidate was evaluated in terms of size, morphology, mRNA encapsulation efficiency, apparent pKa, and stability for nucleic acid delivery. Cellular uptake was determined by measuring the percentage of GFP expression, and cytotoxicity was assayed using MTT. The MC3 formation was confirmed by the NMR spectra and used as a cationic lipid in LNP formulation. The obtained LNPs had positively charged and appropriate particle sizes (~80 nm) to confer proper encapsulation efficiency for mRNA delivery and stability. The LNPs were shown to be effective in the transfection of mRNA transcripts into HEK293T cells. A high level (72.34%) of cellular uptake was determined by measuring the percentage of GFP expression. The cytotoxicity assay using MTT showed that both LNP and mRNA-LNP were non-toxic to cells. The data show the potential of the proposed cationic lipid in the formulation of LNP applicable to the mRNA delivery system. The efficiency of mRNA delivery could have been attributed to the safflower-derived cationic lipid.Keywords: Cationic Lipid, Lipid-Based Nanoparticles, Safflower Oil, Mrna Vaccine, SARS-Cov-2
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Pages 1227-1234
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the supplementation ofdifferent levels of synbiotic on growth performance and intestinal physiology of broilerchickens. A total of 360-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 differenttreatments of 4 replicates, with 15 birds per each replicate. Treatments were control (notany supplement), (zinc bacitracin 0.04 g/kg), and the remaining four treatments weresupplemented with four different levels (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/kg) of synbiotic to thebasal diets.At day 10 and throughout the experimental period, body weight and weight gainsignificantly were increased (P< 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly was improved by risinglevel of synbiotic. The control group recorded the poorer FCR than other experimentalgroups (P<0.05). Up to 10 days, feed intake significantly increased in birds on dietssupplemented with 0.25 and 0.75 g/kg synbiotic. However, when assessed over the 35days of the experimental period, feed intake significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in birdsthat received 0.75g/kg of synbiotic compared to the other experimental groups. Therelative weight of internal organs was not affected by dietary treatments. Carcass yieldand breast meat significantly were increased (P < 0.05) by rising levels of dietarysynbiotic. Villi length was significantly affected by treatment, indicating the longer villiin birds on diets supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of synbiotic compared to the control.Significantly the shorter villi were observed in birds that received the highestsupplement (1 g/kg) level of synbiotic. The number of E. coli in the ileum were notaffected by dietary treatments.
Keywords: Broiler, Symbiotic, Growth Performance, Intestinal Histology, Microbial Colony -
Pages 1235-1239Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic infections in the world. It is believed that diabetes mellitus increases the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, but the related data on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the level of blood sugar control (HbA1C) in diabetics are few and contradictory. Therefore, the prese nt study aims to investigate the rooting effect of Helicobacter pylori infection in blood sugar control of diabetic patients was done. In this experimental study, (after-before) 61 type II diabetic patients with or without dyspepsia symptoms in whom Helicobacter pylori infection was proven by anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG serological method; under the treatment of four anti-Helicobacter pylori drug regimen (bismuth + metronidazole) + tetracycline + omeprazole). The amount of HbAlC was measured before starting the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and 2 months after the treatment of the infection, after proving the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection with Urea Breath Test and the average values of HbAlC before and after the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. It was compared using SPSS software and Paired Test-T statistical test. Results indicated that average age of the studied subjects was 52.4 ± 10.4 years, and the number of male patients was 39 (63.9 percent) and the number of female patients was 22 (36.1 percent). The average duration of diabetes at the time of diagnosis in the study subjects was 8.7 ±5.5 years. In this study, Helicobacter pylori infection was eradicated in all the studied patients, which was proved by the urea breath test (UBT). The average HbAlC level before treatment was 8.6 ± 1.2, and this value after treatment was 7.9 ± 1.2, this change is statistically significant (P<0.05). It was Concluded that a positive relationship between the eradication effect of Helicobacter pylori and blood sugar control (reduction of HbAlC) was found; however, more studies in diabetic patients are recommended to obtain more accurate results.Keywords: Diabetes, Glycated Hemoglobin Hbalc, Helicobacter Pylori, Serology Test
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Pages 1241-1248With the global significance of vaccinations, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study delves into unexplored territory by examining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding COVID-19 vaccines. However, after the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, little information is available on the public knowledge, attitudes and practice towards the COVID-19 vaccines in Kurdistan-Iraq. Specifically conducted in Duhok province, Kurdistan-Iraq, the research aims to contribute valuable insights for informed decision-making, tailored public health interventions, and effective vaccination promotion in the region.In Duhok province, Iraq, a retrospective cross-sectional study from October 1st to December 1st, 2022, included 759 participants aged 18 to 75. Face-to-face interviews used a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the COVID-19 vaccine. The participants, with an average age of 32.95 years (SD±12), included 52.3% males. About 55% had a history of COVID-19, and 25.3% were employed, with 18.3% having chronic diseases. Notably, 99.60% were aware of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 68% considered it safe. Additionally, 74.04% strongly agreed on the vaccine's importance. A significant portion (62.58%) believed in the vaccine's protective efficacy. Remarkably, 86.17% were aware of potential side effects, while 96.31% knew about the multi-dose requirement for vaccination. This study reveals widespread COVID-19 vaccine awareness (99.60%), cautioning against risks from unprofessional opinions on social media. Regional variations emphasize the need for tailored communication strategies. Identifying hesitancy factors, especially among healthcare personnel, is crucial for effective vaccination promotion. Notably, social media, while commonly used in , presents risks due to unprofessional opinionsKeywords: SARS-COVID19 Virus, KAP, Duhok Province, Iraq
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Pages 1249-1256Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring alternative therapeutic methods, including stem cell therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (AD-MSCs-CM) on apoptosis induction and migration inhibition of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in vitro. Here, malignant breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) were cultured separately in DMEM F12/FBS15% culture media in standard conditions. Subsequently, the conditioned media derived from AD-MSCs was exposed to the MDA-MB-231 cells. After 24 and 48 hours of exposure, the expression levels of CASP3, KRAS, and MMP9, were assessed using a qRT-PCR assay. Additionally, the proliferation and migration abilities of the cancer cells were evaluated using MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. Also, the protein expression of Caspase-3, K-RAS, and MMP-9 was examined using the western blot assay. Notably, the expression level of MMP9 and KRAS genes significantly decreased following AD-MSCs-CM treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the expression level of CASP3 gene remarkably increased in the treated groups. Besides, the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with AD-MSCs-CM was strongly reduced by MTT and wound healing assays. Furthermore, the AD-MSCs-CM demonstrated an increase in the activation of Caspase-3 and a decrease in the protein expressions of K-RAS and MMP-9. The findings of this study suggest that the AD-MSCs-CM have the potential to influence apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells. Thus, it could be considered a promising therapeutic strategy for suppressing breast cancer. However, further testing and research are required to validate these findings and explore the full potential of this approach.Keywords: Breast Cancer, Stem Cells, Apoptosis, Migration, Gene Expression
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Pages 1257-1262Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic arboviral disease caused by a virus of Bunyaviridae family, genus Orthonairovirus and transmitted by tick bite. The virus causes subclinical infection in animals and severe viral hemorrhagic disease, with a fatality rate of 10-40% in humans.Between January and February 2020, eighteen (18) human cases of CCHF including nine (9) deaths, were recorded in the health district of the Mopti region in Mali. The present study carried out to determine CCHF seroposivity in cattle and sheep and to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of antibodies in cattle and sheep in the Mopti region. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a total of 200 cattle and sheep sampled in the localities of Konna and Mopti urban area. The double antigen sandwich ELISA technique allowed to establish a true overall seropositivity of 43.8% (95% CI: 36.9 - 50.6) including seropositivity of 40% (95 CI: 30.4 - 49.6) in Konna and 45.5% (95% CI: 35.2 - 54.8) in Sevare. According to species, seropositivity was 58.6% (95% CI: 48.3 - 67.7) in cattle and 27% (95% CI: 18.3 - 35.7) in sheep. Biostatistical analysis showed that cattle (OR=3.77; 95% CI: 2.07 - 6.87) were more likely to be seropositive compared than in sheep. This study demonstrates the circulation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in domestic animals and the need to conduct joint actions according to the “One Health” approach involving different sectors (animal, human and environmental) for a better control of this zoonosis in Mali.Keywords: Seroepidemiological Studies, Cattle, Sheep, Mali
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Pages 1263-1270Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), a highly contagious mycoplasmal disease, poses a remarkable threat to goat populations due to its rapid spread. Despite the existence of CCPP cases in Iran, less research has been conducted on this disease. To address this knowledge gap, the present cross-sectional study focused on the report and investigation of CCPP cases along with clinical signs and necropsy findings of this disease in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces. CCPP outbreak was investigated among 4,400 goats in six breeding farms. The study encompassed both male and female goats of imported breeds, such as Alpine (1500), Saanen (1700), and Murcia Granada (1200), across various age groups. Clinical signs of the infected animals were carefully observed and recorded, and detailed necropsy observations were documented. Multiple samples were collected for PCR to confirm CCPP, including nasal swabs (35), pleural fluid (65), and lung tissue (83). A total of 516 goats (11.7%) were diagnosed with CCPP, and among them, 287 goats (6.5%) unfortunately succumbed to the disease. The morbidity rates in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces were 11.7%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively, while the corresponding mortality rates were 6.5%, 7.2%, and 5.7%. The main clinical signs included fever (89%), anorexia (68%), nasal discharge (78%), difficulty in breathing (54%), painful coughing (96%), and grunting (84%). During necropsy examinations, lung consolidation and hepatization (98.3%), the presence of extensive straw-colored serous fluid and fibrinous exudate on the pleural surface (94%), alveolar cellular exudate (90.6%), and adhesion of lungs (46%) were the primary post-mortem signs observed. Clinical and necropsy findings were all confirmatory of CCPP (100%). The disease agent's existence was verified in 183 cases (63.7%) based on PCR results. The scarcity of clinical and well-documented studies on CCPP disease in Iran is apparent. However, the findings of this study contribute uniquely to expanding our knowledge of CCPP and raising awareness about its presence among Iranian goats. The study strongly recommends including vaccination as an essential measure for preventing CCPP.Keywords: Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia, Goat, Mycoplasma Capricolum
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Pages 1271-1280This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan (CHT) film loaded with Arnebia euchroma extract, both in vitro and in vivo. Arnebia euchroma contains shikonin (SHKN), a naphthoquinone with significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. High-quality SHKN extract was standardized and incorporated into CHT films, which were then evaluated for stability, drug release, antibacterial effectiveness, and anti-inflammatory activity.Two concentrations of SHKN were used in CHT film preparations. In vitro studies showed that the optimal CHT film formulation was stable over four weeks at 4°C. A biphasic SHKN release profile from the films was observed, indicative of a sustained drug release mechanism. The films exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) due to the presence of SHKN, but no such effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli). A synergistic antibacterial effect was noted when CHT was combined with A. euchroma extract against S. aureus.In vivo, CHT film with A. euchroma extract showed anti-inflammatory effects in a mice paw swelling test, comparable to betamethasone (mice were divided into 4 groups of 6) the difference was not statistically significant (p value > 0.05). Histological examination confirmed the reduction of immune cell infiltration in the treatment group. The study concluded that CHT films containing A. euchroma extract exhibit promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. They are also suitable for use as wound dressings, having high portability, mechanical strength, and being non-adhesive, making them readily applicable for medical and pharmaceutical use, as well as potential carriers for antimicrobial agents and antioxidants in various industries. In conclusion the use of Chitosan films embedded with Arnebia euchroma extract could offer an accessible and convenient therapeutic application for various wounds and inflammatory conditions.Keywords: Arnebia Euchroma, Chitosan, Shikonin, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial
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Pages 1281-1286Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens of nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that is thought to be a major cause of nosocomial infections because of its plasmid-borne and intrinsic resistance to several drugs. This study looked at the possibility of biofilm formation, the distribution of the pslD, pelF, and algD genes, as well as the expression of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump genes. It also looked at the pattern of antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolates that were taken from various clinical samples. 76 P. aeruginosa strains had been collected for this investigation from various clinical specimens. Using the disk agar diffusion method, the isolates' susceptibility to antibiotics was assessed. Lastly, multi-drug resistance (MDR) is based on the resistance pattern. These isolates were assessed for the presence of three key biofilm genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns against ten standard antibiotic disks. Version 25 of the SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. Examination of the isolates showed that the most antibiotic sensitivity is related to polymyxin, piperacillin, and ciprofloxacin. Also, the prevalence of biofilm-producing genes pslD, pelF, and algD genes was assessed as 68.4%, 80.3%, and 69.7% respectively. The prevalence of MexAB-OprM efflux genes in the examined isolates, mexA, mexB, and oprM genes were 89.5%, 90.8%, and 90.8%, respectively. The majority of the isolates in this investigation had efflux pump genes, according to the findings. Additionally, a strong correlation was discovered between a few efflux genes and biofilm, or the antibiotics tetracycline, meropenem, amikacin, and polymyxin B.Keywords: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Efflux Pump, Biofilm, MDR
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Pages 1287-1296It is widely recognized for its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics. Zataria multiflora, also known as ZTM, is a prominent botanical species. Thus, it serves as a superb alternative to goods containing artificial preservatives. Consequently, it is the optimal choice. The goal of this experiment was to find out how well a new nanoformulation called dendrimer-ZTM works. It is made up of a pegylated anionic linear globular G2 dendrimer. The goal of this experiment was to find out if the nanoformulation could really keep Escherichia coli from getting into the mayonnaise. Once the dendrimer was made, plant extract from Z. multiflora was added to it. Different methods, such as zeta potential analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), were used to accurately describe it in the last step. The results of the experiment showed that the nanoformulation had interesting protective effects. This finding was found when the experiment was over. According to the findings of the investigation, the minimal inhibitory and fatal value was determined to be 1500 μg/mL. Additionally, even at dilutions as low as 0.1 and 0.01 per hour, the nanoformulation was able to drastically reduce the quantities of E. Col that were present in bacterial cultures. The efficiency of the nanoformulation was shown by the fact that it was able to function successfully. While the nanoformulation was being inspected, the identification took place for the first time. As a result of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties that it possesses, dendrimer-ZTM has the potential to be an effective natural dietary supplement, as indicated by our findings. This conclusion was reached as a consequence of an exhaustive analysis of the data that was gathered.Keywords: Zataria Multiflora, Dendrimer, Nano-Formulation, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
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Pages 1297-1304Today, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant health concern among long-term hospitalized patients, particularly those with weakened immune systems such as cancer patients. This is primarily due to MRSA's ability to resist antimicrobial agents and drugs. The objective of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA in cancer patients admitted to hospitals in the southwest region of Iran. The samples collected from these patients were cultured on blood agar and EMB medium. Subsequently, the positive samples containing S. aureus were identified using a phenotypic method. The cefoxitin antibiogram was then applied to isolate MRSA. Additionally, the isolates were tested for simultaneous drug resistance against 12 different antibiotics. In order to detect the presence of the mec gene, the molecular method of PCR technique and electrophoresis of the obtained products were S. aureusS. aureusemployed. Out of the 41 S. aureus samples that were identified, 33 isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Among these 33 MRSA isolates, the mec gene was present and they exhibited simultaneous drug resistance. Cancer patients, who frequently have catheters and receive drugs and blood products, are at an increased risk of being contaminated with this bacteria due to its presence on their skin and the hands of healthcare providers. The indiscriminate use of drugs and the subsequent rise in drug resistance can contribute to prolonged hospitalization and even death among these individuals. Considering that the Ahvaz hospitals, particularly Bagai Hospital, serve as major treatment centers for incurable and cancer patients in southwestern Iran, it is of great value and importance to investigate the resistance pattern in patients undergoing chemotherapy and post-transplantation.Keywords: Staphylococcus Aureus, Methicillin, Linezolid, Antibiotic Resistance, MRSA
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Pages 1305-1310AbstractSeveral species of mosquitoes (Culicidae) are responsible for transmitting pathogens to animals and humans. The study of these species and the fight against these natural enemies are among the current concerns of scientists. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are chemicals that disrupt the growth and development of insects. They are often used in pest control strategies to target specific stages in an insect's life cycle, An inventory of Culicidae in the M'chouneche region (34° 56' 59.99" N, 6° 00' 0.00" E) (Biskra, southeastern Algeria) was conducted in various breeding sites between November 2022 and May 2023.Four species of Culicidae were identified (Culiseta longiareolata, Culex pipiens, Culex theileri and Anopheles multicolor). Under experimental conditions, control tests were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of three insects growth regulators (Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, and Spirotetramat) on the fourth larval stage of Cs. longiareolata. Lufenuron revealed a higher toxic effect with a rate of 57%, ranging from 0 to 100%, compared to Spirotetramat with an average mortality rate of 37.71% with a range of 0 to 80%, and Teflubenzuron showed an average mortality rate of 12.08%, ranging from 0 to 45%. The mortality rates increased from one concentration to another over time, and the correlation coefficient was low 30 % about the two factors (time and concentration) with the mortality rates. Individuals treated after their adult stage showed a significant late in their development. For the concentration of 20 mg/l and 40 mg/l, the delay duration was approximately 2 days ± 12 hours. In contrast, for the third concentration (80 mg/l), the development delay was around 3 days ± 15 hours.Keywords. M'chouneche, Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, Spirotetramat, Culiseta longiareolata.Keywords: M' Chouneche, Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, Spirotetramat, Culiseta Longiareolata
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Pages 1311-1317Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease resulting from the presence of the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a species of tapeworm. CE is generally treated with surgery, especially when the cysts are large and in the heart or brain. Several chemical agents are used during surgery to reduce complications, including hypertonic saline solution, cetrimide-C, and silver nitrate. The plant known as Taraxacum officinale has been utilized for its medicinal properties since the 10th century, demonstrating a longstanding tradition of therapeutic application. This study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, evaluate protoscolicidal activity, and investigate the mechanisms of action of T. officinale ethanolic extract (TOE) against hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PSCs). The metabolites of T. officinalis were extracted using ethanol, and qualitative phytochemical analyses were conducted to detect total steroid glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, sterols, and terpenoids. Various concentrations of TOE (50-800 mg/mL) were prepared for treating PSCs. The eosin exclusion experiment assessed the viability of protoscoleces. PSCs were treated with TOE, and the Caspase 3-like activity assay kit was used to measure the induction of apoptosis. The TOE was most effective at 800 mg/ml concentration, killing all PSCs within 60 minutes. The apoptotic enzyme activity of caspase-3 was 11.4 to 35.7%. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of PSCs treated with TOE for 60 minutes, deformities were evident in the tegument and rostellum. The study provides valuable information about the scolicidal properties of TOE. Based on the study's results, it may be proposed that TOE has a significant lethal effect when applied to the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts.Keywords: Medicinal Plant, Echinococcosis Granulosus, Caspase 3-Like, Protoscoleces
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Pages 1319-1328Investigating the concentrations of Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, and IL-8 in the serum during episodes of clinical and subclinical mastitis holds significant value. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of SAA, IL-6, and IL-8 in the early detection of subclinical mastitis in cows infected by Escherichia coli (E.coli) and staphylococcus infections. This cross-sectional analytical study, conducted in 2023 in Department of Veterinary, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran, evaluated inflammatory markers in 79 dairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The cows divided into three groups: healthy cows, cows with subclinical mastitis, and cows with clinical mastitis. These groups were then evaluated for Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, and IL-8. The diagnostic value of the inflammatory markers was determined by calculating the areas under the curves (AUCs) of the ROC curves. Generally, among the patients with a positive culture test (57%), 19% were found to be infected with E. coli, 22.8% with Streptococcus uberis, and 15.2% (12 cases) with Staphylococcus aureus. A strong correlation was observed between the mean SCC and the values of IL-6 (P<0.005), IL-8 (P<0.005), and SAA (P<0.005). Additionally, SAA showed a strong correlation with IL-8 (P<0.005). The value of IL-6 was moderately correlated with both IL-8 (P<0.005) and SAA (P<0.005). The sensitivity and specificity of SCC (0.98), SAA (0.90), IL-6 (0.95), and IL-8 (0.87) were high for diagnosing mastitis in cows. The present study revealed that mastitis in dairy cows is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as amyloid A, IL-6, and IL-8. The study suggests that variations in these biomarkers could be utilized for disease diagnosis.Keywords: Escherichia Coli, Inflamatory Markers, Mastitis, Staphylococcus
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Pages 1329-1335Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to create biofilm, which helps bacteria attach to various surfaces and poses a challenge for treatment. Biofilm formation relies on the icaABCD operon, with the icaA and icaD genes having the key role in this complex process. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of these genes in the biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates sourced from clinical settings. We collected 100 S. aureus isolates from clinical sources, then extracted DNA and RNA using a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. To transcribe the RNA samples into cDNA, we used a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. We measured the ability to produce phenotypic and molecular biofilm formation using the microtiter plate method and PCR, respectively. We were determining the expression of icaA and icaD genes via RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Ninety-five percent (95%) of the isolates were able to produce biofilm, with 16 (16%) producing weak, 64 (64%) producing medium, and 15 (15%) producing strong biofilms. Additionally, 72 (72%) of the isolates had the icaA gene, while 58 (58%) carried the icaD gene. Out of these isolates, 70 (97.2%) isolates expressed the icaA gene, and 53 (73.6%) isolates expressed the icaD gene. Four isolates (5.5%) that had the icaA gene but lacked the icaD gene did not form biofilm. One strain did not express either of the genes. The presence of either the icaA or icaD gene is crucial for the development of biofilm. However, further investigation is needed to fully understand the formation of biofilm.Keywords: Biofilm, Staphylococcus Aureus, Icaa Gene, Icad Gene, Reverse Transcriptase PCR
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Pages 1337-1344L. monocytogenes is a significant foodborne pathogen that is associated with clinical illnesses ranging from self-limited gastroenteritis to invasive infection leading to hospitalization of immunocompromised people. Thus, in the current study, the incidence of this bacteria was measured in the RTE food of Tehran, Iran.110 samples were collected from ready-to-eat (RTE) foods from different zones of Tehran from April until September 2022. The samples were from Caesar salad, Olivier salad, Burger, Schnitzel, Sushi, and Sausage. Isolates were identified by detecting hlyA and prfA genes applying PCR i.e., polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial resistance profile of isolates was assessed through disc diffusion assay and PCR amplification of resistance genes. Fourteen among 110 samples (12.7%) were known to be Listeria spp. and six samples (5.5%) were L. monocytogenes. using molecular methods. schnitzel and burgers had the highest rate of Listeria spp. with 30% of schnitzel and 25% of burger samples. Among 14 isolates, 6 samples (42%) were characterized as L. monocytogenes Burgers showed the highest rate of L. monocytogenes which was 20% of total burger samples; Caesar Salad, Sausage, and Sushi samples contained no identified L. monocytogenes.The isolated L. monocytogenes show resistance against oxacillin, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, and cefoxitin and are susceptible to chloramphenicol. Isolates were semi-susceptible to fosfomycin and ampicillin. The isolates resistant to erythromycin contain genes involved in resistance to the macrolide class of antibiotics (ermA and ermB). cfxA and mecA genes were only detected in one of the isolates resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin. Overall, there is considerable concern about listeriosis threatening ready-to-eat (RTE) food consumers.Keywords: Listeria Monocytogenes, Ready To Eat, Antimicrobial Resistance, PCR Amplification, Virulence Gene
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Pages 1345-1351Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) has been associated with various tumors, including Oral squamous cell carcinoma, but its role has not been precisely elucidated. This research aimed to investigate the presence of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and its correlation with histopathologic grading. 70 OSCC tissue samples collected between 2016 and 2020 were examined. The samples comprised 60 previously diagnosed cases of OSCC, classified as well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). Two observers assessed TATE using Sirius red stain, with the average eosinophil count evaluated in 10 fields under the ×40 objective lens. Statistical analysis involved the Student t-test, One-way ANOVA, and chi-square test. The study encompassed 70 OSCC samples and corresponding healthy tissue, with OSCC predominantly found in the tongue, representing 61.4% of cases. The total eosinophil count per high-power field (HPF10) was significantly higher in OSCC compared to healthy tissue. Moreover, the mean TATE score was notably elevated in OSCC tissue. One-way ANOVA revealed a lack yet statistically significant association between different OSCC grades and eosinophil counts. However, the chi-square test did not indicate a significant association between eosinophil count and gender or age group. This study underscores that cancerous tissues exhibit a heightened eosinophil count compared to healthy tissues. Nonetheless, the variability in eosinophil counts across distinct OSCC grades remains ambiguous. Further investigation is recommended to delve into the infiltration of eosinophils in solid tumors and their potential role in predicting malignancies, particularly in OSCC.Keywords: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Sirius Red, Eosinophils, Stains, Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia
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Pages 1353-1364
Prevention of spoilage of food products, especially types sensitive to spoilage such as poultry meat, has always been a big challenge in the food industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study imed to investigate the effect of castor bean mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose containing ginger essential oil (GEO) on the characteristics of turkey meat. GEO was prepared and its chemical composition was checked by gas chromatography (GC/MS). samples include; Control (C), Quince seed mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose (film), film containing 1% essential oil (film+1% GEO) and film containing 2% essential oil (film+2% GEO). Then microbial properties (aerobic, psychrotrophic, lactic acid and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria), chemical properties (pH, PV, TVB-N and TBARS) and sensory evaluation were done. Also, the physical properties of the films (tensile strength (TS), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), elongation at break (EAB), humidity, swelling, thickness and transparency) were investigated. According to the results, Zingiberene (15.71%), α-Curcumene (11.39%) and β-Sesquiphellandrene (10.69%) were the main compounds of GEO. Film+2% GEO treatment acted as the most effective treatment in all microbial properties and showed a significant difference with other treatments, especially the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics in the samples with film, especially film+2% GEO compared to the control group. For example, the amount of TVB-N increased from 10.67 mg/100g on day 0 to 21.61 mg/100g on the final day, while this amount for the control treatment on day 0 and 12 was 10.68 mg/100g and 10.0 mg/100g, respectively. It was 39.95%. The sensory evaluation found that the use of film has improved the sensory characteristics of the samples in all parameters except appearance. In general, the results showed that the use of Quince seed mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose, especially when it contains essential oil, can be considered a factor in maintaining and improving the quality of food, especially types of meat.
Keywords: Shelf Life, Food Safety, Essential Oil, Edible Films -
Pages 1365-1374
Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes located at eukaryotic chromosome ends. Broken chromosome ends fuse to each other; therefore, the role of telomeres is to prevent chromosome end fusion. This particular function of telomeres differentiates normal chromosome ends from double stranded breaks in DNA. Telomeres contain tandemly arrayed, short, repeated sequence. Depending on the organism, the repeated sequence is variable between about 20 and 1000 repeat. There is a G-rich strand which is replicated by lagging strand synthesis creating a 3’ overhang, and also a complementary, C-rich strand, which is replicated by leading strand synthesis. In this study, we aim to compare the structure of telomere in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pombe and mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres, Rap1 binds the double-stranded telomeric sequences and also binds Rif1 and Rif2 which regulate telomere length. Cdc13 and the Cdc13-interacting factors Ten1 and Stn1 bind to the single strand overhang. In Saccharomyces Pombe telomeres, Taz1 binds the dsDNA and also Rap1 and Rif1 bind to the ds region via Taz1. Pot1 interacts with Tpz1 and binds to the 3′ overhang. Poz1 connects the dsDNA binding complex Taz1/Rap1 to the ssDNA binding complex Pot1/Tpz1. Ccq1 also interacts with Tpz1, recruits telomerase. Stn1/Ten1 complex binds to single strand telomere. In mammalian telomeres, the shelterin complex bind double stranded-telomeric DNA consists of six subunits: TRF1 and TRF2 which bind directly the double-stranded telomeric DNA. TPP1 and POT1 bind single-stranded DNA.TIN2 connects the dsDNA binding complex TRF1/TRF2 to the ssDNA binding complex POT1/TPP1. Rap1 binds the telomere by interacting with TRF1 and TRF2. Furthermore, in this study the regulation and comparison of Shelterin will be discussed. Also, when double-strand DNA is broken in mammals, DNA damage response pathways has to be activated. Thereby explaining which repair pathways is used. We finally discuss the T-Loop structure as telomeres in several species have been shown to fold back in a structure called t-loop which is believed to mediate telomere protection.
Keywords: Telomere, Shelterin, T-Loop Structure -
Pages 1375-1380
Eirenis is one of the genus of snakes of the Colubridae family in Iran, all of which are small in size and their maximum body length is 90 cm. The snakes of this family are close to the snakes of the genus Dolicophis and Hierophis. This is because the snakes of these two species have large sizes. Therefore, these genera share a common ancestor, so it can be concluded that pygmy snakes evolved from larger snakes.One of the species of this family is Eirenis walteri Rajabizadeh et al., 2014, the specimen was collected by field investigation and after identification, it was included in the snake fauna list of Yazd province for the first time. According to the Specimen and report in this research during June 2019, this species of snake was included in the checklist of snakes in Yazd province.Considering that the distribution of the genus Eirenis in Iran is associated with a great challenge, therefore new reports of the distribution of its species can provide an accurate map of the distribution of the species of this genus.Eirenis walteri is distributed throughout eastern Iran, and in this study, the first distribution record of Eirenis walteri in Bafaq mountain protected area, Qatrum village (Bafaq city), Yazd province, Iran is presented. Therefore, we can prepare a distribution map of Eirenis walteri with data collected by direct observation. Examining Eirenis walteri populations and their distribution range helps us to distinguish between them. Now we are sure of the wide distribution of this taxon in the central and eastern regions of Iran.
Keywords: Colubridae, Ophidia, Eirenis Walteri, Morphology, Iran -
Pages 1381-1386
Enterotoxemia, also known as "Overeating disease" or "Pulpy kidney," is a condition caused by Clostridium perfringens type D, which poses significant economic challenges to the goat industry. The objective of the current report is to document a previously unreported necropsy finding, namely Neck Muscle Hemorrhage, observed in a deceased Alpine kid affected by enterotoxemia. The case involved a three-month-old Alpine kid who displayed clinical signs indicative of acute enterotoxemia. Following the animal's death, a postmortem examination was promptly performed to investigate the underlying cause. Aseptic sampling of the small intestines, specifically the ileum contents, was performed during the postmortem examination. These samples were bacteriologically examined. Additionally, a commercial enterotoxemia ELISA kit was utilized to detect the enterotoxins produced by C. perfringens, including Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon toxins, and to confirm the presence of the bacteria in the obtained samples. During the postmortem examination, no obvious external lesions were observed. However, necropsy findings revealed several remarkable gross lesions, including hemorrhage and hyperemia of the colonic mucosa and small intestine, pulmonary edema, hemothorax, hydro pericardium, and hemorrhage in the neck muscle. The results of the bacteriological investigation and ELISA indicated that the intestinal contents contained alpha and epsilon enterotoxins and confirmed the presence of C. perfringens type D bacteria. These findings provide strong evidence linking the observed lesions to enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens type D infection in the examined Alpine kid. An unusual gross lesion associated with enterotoxemia in goats, which has not been previously reported, is the presence of hemorrhagic necropsy lesions in the neck muscle. The identification of this unique lesion highlights its Importance as one of the atypical manifestations of enterotoxemia in goats. The documentation of this lesion serves as valuable guidance for clinicians during necropsy examinations, aiding them in recognizing and diagnosing cases of enterotoxemia.
Keywords: Enterotoxemia, Alpine, Goat, Neck Muscle Hemorrhage, Clostridium Perfringens