نشریه مطالعات میان رشته ای معماری ایران
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1403)

Principles, rules and patterns of regulation in the Iranian-Islamic city is always one of the concerns of urban planning in Iran. It is one of the Islamic teachings and is also influenced by the worldview and culture of the Iranian society. The resulting identity of this city shows that following the laws and rules of Sharia along with Iranian wisdom can determine life in a city that has provided the way to happiness and peace for its residents. After accepting that the Iranian-Islamic city is the physical manifestation of Iranian wisdom within the framework of Islamic principles, the only ambiguous point is the unclear relationship between Iranshahri thought and the Iranian-Islamic city and the characteristics of these two concepts. The present study seeks to investigate the commonalities and differences between the two by examining the Iranian cities of the two historical periods before and after Islam by descriptive-analytical method and content analysis of texts with a qualitative approach and documentary and library study methods. Identify these two and express the most significant commonalities in order to achieve a framework in this area. The results of this study show that the most important difference between these two approaches is that the idea of Iranshahri is based on the pattern of Shahriari and the kingdom of the Iranian territory, but the foundations of the Islamic city are based on Islamic beliefs, rules and ethics. Iranshahr is also in the geography and regions and cities of Iran in the pre-Islamic and post-Islamic periods and is based on Iranian-Islamic culture. In the Iranian-Islamic city, while being influenced by Islamic culture and mixing it with the local characteristics of different regions, different styles and patterns have been created in different dimensions.

Since ancient times, humans have sought a close connection with nature, and the coexistence of open and enclosed spaces stems from this desire. The utilization of enclosed spaces alongside open and semi-open spaces is a hallmark of Iranian architectural design in housing, consistently drawing the attention of architects. The formation and evolution of these spaces have corresponded with the passage of time. This research aims to find practical solutions for incorporating courtyards in high-rise buildings. The research method employed is qualitative and logical reasoning, with data gathered through document and library studies. The findings indicate that by establishing public courtyards on the first scale, semi-private courtyards to enhance relationships between residential units on the second scale, and integrating private courtyards on the third scale, some of the functions of traditional courtyards can be revived. The results of this study suggest that applying the pattern of open and semi-open spaces in contemporary high-rise buildings has significant psychological effects on the lives of residents and neighbors, as well as corresponding environmental and structural impacts on these buildings and their surrounding spaces.

As a community center, schools play an important and fundamental role in the formation of the personality of the society and social behaviors. Throughout the history of Iran, schools have undergone many changes. One of these historical changes that led to the formation of modern schools happened during the Qajar period, which had different reasons, such as the relations of the Qajar rulers with the West. Therefore, there has been a transitional period in the Qajar school, which takes place in two stages, ancient and contemporary. Human social behavior is formed in environments, one of the most basic of which is school and learning environments. One of the most important spaces in schools that is effective in social communication between students is the school yard. The purpose of this research is to investigate the position of the courtyard in a number of ancient and contemporary schools of Isfahan in the Qajar period in terms of social stability and to investigate the factors that have been influential in the emergence of this social stability. The present study was carried out by descriptive-analytical method and case study and library and field studies. Six schools have been selected as case samples, three samples are related to the ancient period and three samples are related to the contemporary period. According to the investigations carried out in this research, it was found that the yard can be used with features such as: flexibility, use of green spaces and water, creating space for pause and movement, creating lighting in the space, multi-functionality, Increasing the quality of spaces, respecting human standards, creating safety, creating cozy spaces, etc., should be a socially sustainable space in schools, and from old to new schools, the newer the buildings, the less spaces dedicated to social sustainability.

Mathematics in Islamic architecture, particularly algebra, and geometric algebra, has significantly influenced modern mathematics, including the work of Descartes. This study, therefore, seeks to close this gap through a comparison study design and mixed historical-critical research that employs qualitative content analysis, inductive, and an intertwining comparative paradigm that categorizes mathematics fully in architecture. the study analyzes the geometric algebraic approach in architecture. The research question is as follows: What is the attitude in architectural mathematics? This research question is crucial to understanding the algebraic and geometric attitudes in architectural mathematics and the influence it has on Seljuk decorations. Moreover, this study might illustrate how this attitude can be utilized in contemporary architecture. This might create an opportunity to revive some of the pioneering developments through an in-depth examination of the attitude and its long-term effects on Islamic architecture and its modern developments. For this reason, the research aims to explore algebraic and geometric layers and their application in Seljuk decorations, focusing on identifying mathematical complexities in the decorative elements of this period. The achievement of this research has been to illustrate how algebra and geometry are integrated into the designs of three-dimensional and decorations of the Seljuk period. To facilitate individuals with different mathematical knowledge, computational methods, and algebra are employed in the hidden layer, while geometry is utilized in the visible layer. Therefore, it is expected that mathematics in any field encompasses four main areas: optimization methods, design methods and expression, concepts, and the possibility of interaction with architecture.

Tombs are among the magnificent spaces associated with religious architecture that after mosques in many countries, especially the subcontinent and the Central Asian plateau are of great importance to people, because tombs in different parts of the world Each of them is based on spatial syntax and various factors, so dealing with the spatial syntax of this type of building is extremely important. For this reason, the present study examines the spatial structure of the tombs of Iran and India, in order to show the spatial structure of each of the spaces of the studied tombs with a focus on the syntax of the space in such a way that the spatial differences and similarities of each The tomb should be identified. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and with logical reasoning. In order to complete the research, by carefully studying the architecture of the tombs, the plan of each tomb was analyzed separately in space syntax software. Dadkeh, in the open space (courtyard) in all 4 samples studied, the strongest amount of spatial communication in the open space has occurred that the most examples of outdoor communication was seen in the tombs of Shah Nematullah Vali and Homayoun, respectively, and the index The total depth in the spaces of Indian tombs is more than Iranian tombs. In fact, Indian architects have paid special attention to the level of spatial privacy in the construction of the building. Indians have considered the highest degree of interconnectedness in the whole complex, such as Taj Mahal tomb and due to special attention to most important and necessary spaces of the tomb and the spaces in this tomb are located in a way that has a high degree of unity and interconnectedness.

Men have always played a fundamental role in shaping the city and urban spaces, so women's needs, including the need for security, have not been taken into account when creating spaces. Urban spaces, as arenas that are the physical embodiment of peoples' social objectivity, must be able to provide the necessary platforms for strengthening the safe presence of women, because compared to men, women have a different experience of security in urban space. Pages The research method was descriptive-analytical. Library surveys were used to collect data along with a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The sample size was 369 questionnaires obtained using the Cochran formula. Structural equation method with partial least squares was used for data analysis using SmartPls software. The results showed that six social, physical-environmental indicators, accessibility and mobility, land use and utility, environmental well-being and connectivity and integrity were effective in ensuring safety in the creation of urban spaces in Khalil Ab ad informal settlement. in the vicinity. Of the six indicators, the social conditions index with a standard factor load of 0.92 had the greatest impact, while relations and comprehensiveness with a standard factor load of 0.599 had the least impact. Finally, the urban space design variable indirectly explains 72% of the variation in the women's safety variable in the Khalilabad neighborhood of Tabriz city.

for development of countries in terms of infrastructure, it requires a lot of capital, which is beyond the capacity of the public sector alone. One of the best ways to use the capacity of the private sector in this regard is the partnership of the public sector with the private sector. Public-private partnership due to the long-term agreement with very complex legal compositions and multiplicity of stakeholders with varying beliefs and interests have a higher potential for conflict than other types of contracts. The purpose of this study is to find the most important causes of conflicts in public-private partnership projects and also to identify the best way to resolve conflicts. In this regard, by reviewing the literature and the help of experts, a number of conflict factors in the construction industry, especially public-private partnership contracts, as well as conflict resolution solutions were identified. Then, with the help of a questionnaire from experts about the importance of each of the identified factors and also the best solution for resolving conflicts, a survey was conducted. Examining the results, "improper planning, excessive contract changes and lack of transparency of laws" were introduced as the most important factors and also negotiation as the best way to resolve conflicts.

During the Islamic era, one of the significant structures has been the grand mosques of each city. One of the distinctive features of Jame mosques is their minarets adorned with pinnacle finials. Minarets possess specific morphological, formal, and structural characteristics. Given the dominance of central of Iran and the historical significance of these cities, which were often the capitals of Iran, the hot and dry region of Iran has been selected for studying unique minarets. Single minarets were constructed before the construction of twin minarets and pinnacled minarets, thus possessing a longer history. This research aims to understand the morphological and formal characteristics of unique minarets in grand mosques and analyze the construction methods of these valuable structures. Overall, this study seeks to introduce the components of unique minarets, their geometric features in the final form, and their execution details. It utilizes library research, field observation, and interviews with traditional architecture experts. Subsequently, the study examines the construction of these minarets through 3D modeling software. Initially, it introduces the unique minarets constructed in the grand mosques of Iran and their constituent parts, then classifies them, and finally addresses the construction method of unique minarets. The findings indicate that in terms of plan shape, unique minarets are circular or polygonal, and the higher the minaret, the larger its outer wall diameter. Regarding volume, unique minarets are generally cylindrical or truncated cone-shaped, and two types of wooden cladding are used in their construction, with all stages of constructing the outer wall accompanied by constructing the stairs.

A brief look at the history of Islamic architecture shows that Sufism and mysticism have long been one of the most important intellectual and spiritual currents influencing Iranian art and architecture. The purpose of the research is to investigate the way and influence of thought flow such as wisdom on architectural works and buildings and to find the connection between these two categories and in fact Islamic wisdom and mysticism is used as a mediator or a bridge to understand and explain Islamic-Iranian architecture. In this way, it is possible to reach a part of the intellectual principles and foundations of Islamic-Iranian architecture. The general research method this research is qualitative-combined and it included interpretative-historical and descriptive researches. Its data has been obtained mainly through observation and archival studies (documents and libraries). Research guidelines are compiled through the analysis of collected information. The results of the current research, based on Mulla Sadra's opinions, indicate that architecture includes two dimensions of existence and nature. Beyond the nature of responding to material needs and beyond its existence is the truth hidden in the architectural works themselves. According to the originality of Mullah Sadra's existence, it can be acknowledged that in architecture, originality will have a dimension of existence and the principle essential movement leads to excellence from matter to meaning based on spiritual foundations in the form of symbols, which is questionable. Therefore, by using the intellectual foundations of Mulla Sadra, we can achieve principles to achieve excellence in contemporary Iranian architecture.

Ancient structures such as ziggurats and pyramids have been raised all over the world. They have evolved throughout history and are now considered among the most symbolic ancient buildings. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat in Iran and the Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt are both important historical monuments. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat is one of the oldest religious buildings of ancient Iran and the Pyramid of Djoser is considered to be the first pyramidal tomb of ancient Egypt. Despite having different uses, these two buildings have a similar form: stepped pyramid. This paper compares the physical structure of these two ancient buildings using reliable historical sources. This study is qualitative and the required data were collected using the interpretative-historical methodology and the descriptive-analytical approach. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and the Pyramid of Djoser have been compared in the following aspects: proportions, basis of mathematics and calculations, orientation, mountain concept, stepped pyramid concept and mythology of the two civilizations. The comparison showed that, despite their geographical distance (1,665 km), age difference (1,380 years) and different uses (temple vs. tomb) of the two buildings, their physical structures have been designed similarly. Such similarity is rooted in the religious beliefs of the two civilizations. In addition, the findings pointed to the direct influence of Mithraism in the structure of Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and the direct influence of the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians about the afterlife in the structure of the Pyramid of Djoser and the representation of these beliefs in the architecture of the two ancient civilizations.

Ancient structures such as ziggurats and pyramids have been raised all over the world. They have evolved throughout history and are now considered among the most symbolic ancient buildings. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat in Iran and the Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt are both important historical monuments. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat is one of the oldest religious buildings of ancient Iran and the Pyramid of Djoser is considered to be the first pyramidal tomb of ancient Egypt. Despite having different uses, these two buildings have a similar form: stepped pyramid. This paper compares the physical structure of these two ancient buildings using reliable historical sources. This study is qualitative and the required data were collected using the interpretative-historical methodology and the descriptive-analytical approach. Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and the Pyramid of Djoser have been compared in the following aspects: proportions, basis of mathematics and calculations, orientation, mountain concept, stepped pyramid concept and mythology of the two civilizations. The comparison showed that, despite their geographical distance (1,665 km), age difference (1,380 years) and different uses (temple vs. tomb) of the two buildings, their physical structures have been designed similarly. Such similarity is rooted in the religious beliefs of the two civilizations. In addition, the findings pointed to the direct influence of Mithraism in the structure of Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat and the direct influence of the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians about the afterlife in the structure of the Pyramid of Djoser and the representation of these beliefs in the architecture of the two ancient civilizations.

Nowadays, many architectural works have created many problems in environmental, economic and functional dimensions due to the lack of proper design with the transfer of forces and harmony with nature. Therefore, in this research, active bent mesh shell structures are investigated because of their light weight and economic efficiency in terms of materials and easy installation, which is a better answer to the mentioned problems. Also, with the aim of using the bionic architecture approach, the starfish form is one of the types of natural forms with a symmetrical and arc-shaped structure, which can be considered as the optimal form in terms of statics and flexibility for finding the shape of the mesh shell structure. In this research By using computational architecture method, first all kinds of geometric patterns of starfish skeleton in Grasshopper modeling and then with the help of Kangaroo and Karamba simulation software the forces and the location of maximum stresses were checked and compared and finally with the help of Galapagus optimization software, one of the forms Optimum grid shells were obtained. As a result, it was determined that the number of arms of the starfish form, the number of paths and the cross-sectional area of the members were effective in the amount of displacement and maximum stresses, and finally, the form that is light weight, static and has better performance than other forms in terms of structural and architectural characteristics. It was chosen that it can be a suitable answer for creative and innovative design in the construction of active curved grid shells with wide openings by using nature.