Iranian Review for UN Studies
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2024

This article explores the role that the Iranian President of the UNGA, Nasrollah Entezam, played in the process leading up to the resolution Uniting for Peace. To compare the General Assembly’s past and present, it has been placed under the broader context of liberal institutionalism which advocates an independent role for international institutions and focused on the individual r of analysis.To have an independent role, to some extent, institutions must disentangle themselves from the structural forces that had been imposed upon them by great powers. The more they are disentangled, the more they are institutionalized. The UN in its early days was less institutionalized than today. So it must have shown more firmness today, for example in Ukraine than it has been seen in its early days in the Korean War. It has been discussed how Entezam’s personal capacity made that difference and how his background made him a perfect candidate for the job. The examination of this historical case is pertinent in light of the recent rekindled debates about the role of the UN General Assembly vis-a-vis UN Security Council as consequence of the war in Ukraine.

The Nationalisation of the Iranian Oil Industry has been a historic move by Iran around 70 years ago to free itself of the political influence of the United Kingdom. In the modern world in which States can exercise their political influences by companies acting under their control and direction, interventions in the inherently domestic affairs of States have taken new forms. The UK-Iran relation as a result of the 1901 D’Arcy’s concession is the main focus of this article. Even though the International Court of Justice could not go beyond the jurisdictional matters in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Case of 1951, international law and in particular, international jurisprudence have created a well-established series of law that can be applicable over Iran-UK Case. The authors have argued in detail that Iran’s nationalisation movement has satisfied all the required elements. Iran’s nationalisation movement was, indeed, an action to guarantee its sovereign rights and to ensure its political independence from foreign powers, which has its roots in the most fundamental principles of the establishment of the United Nations.

The "Al-Aqsa Storm" operation on October 7, 2023, along with Israel's ongoing military responses over the past year, has resulted in substantial civilian casualties and significant damage to civilian infrastructure. While this conflict can be analyzed from various perspectives, including jus ad bellum and jus in bello, the alarming number of civilian casualties underscores the urgent need to focus on the principle of distinction. Although the International Court of Justice (ICJ) recognizes this principle as a cornerstone of international humanitarian law, the tragedies witnessed over the past year necessitate a thorough scientific re-examination of its application. This article aims to clarify the meaning and significance of the principle of distinction, assessing its observance during the hostilities in Gaza-Israel War. Additionally, it addresses the issue of civilian direct participation in the conflict, arguing that the stringent criteria governing such participation do not justify the loss of protection for civilians.

Political stability is one of the important indicators for the realization of economic development and prosperity in all governments. In the case of Iraq, it is concluded that political stability has a decisive role in forming the government's economic policies, and during the period of political instability, there were negative effects on Iraq's economic policy. This research, with a historical review method, aims to investigate the political effects and successive crises that came to the country of Iraq. One of the results of this research is that by making hasty and temporary decisions, the failure of Iraq's development plans continued and the development that was based on national political principles caused Iraq to enter into successive wars and destroy Iraqi infrastructure and disrupt The production process and the increase in unemployment rate and the spread of poverty in all strata of the society, which made the deterioration of security in Iraq a problem; Therefore, after 2003, Iraq's economy followed a Venezuelan erosion process, which led to the paralysis of economic joints and disturbance in the general life process of different sections of the society. The important point was the weakness of the Iraqi economy, which did not respond to the ambitions of the governments that were elected through economic rationing, and this shows that political instability plays a role in shaking the foundations of macroeconomic policies.

The Draft United Nations convention against cybercrime, recognized as the first comprehensive United Nations document in the field of combating cybercrime, has been finalized with the aim of countering cybercrime and enhancing international cooperation in this regard. It criminalizes a wide range of offenses, including illegal access, illeagal interception, destruction of electronic data, Laundering of proceeds of crime and sexual exploitation of children. However, human rights concerns surrounding this convention, including broad surveillance powers, insufficient safeguards for privacy protection, and the risk of violating fundamental freedoms, are clearly evident. The convention's draft does not fully incorporate human rights principles, particularly in the areas of freedom of expression and privacy, which could lead to misuse of the treaty for surveillance and repression. The article emphasizes that to prevent human rights violations, it is essential to include more precise regulations and stronger protective safeguards in this convention.Keywords: Cybercrime Convention, Human Rights, Privacy Violation, Freedom of Expression, Surveillance Powers, International Cooperation, Safeguards.

The annual conference of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is held to review the implementation of the Convention and other subsequent agreements accepted under it, including the Paris Agreement. It assesses the global climate situation and makes necessary decisions to accelerate progress towards the Convention's goals. The 28th Conference of the Parties was recently took place in Dubai, focusing heavily on the first global stocktake in accordance with the Paris Agreement, which resulted in an agreement between the parties to adopt the decision to transition away from fossil fuels. Given that a significant portion of the world's energy is still supplied by fossil fuels, this decision could have substantial effects in various political, economic, and other domains, particularly on oil-dependent developing countries. This study concludes that the use of the phrases "just, orderly, and equitable transition" in this decision implies different commitments for developed and developing countries in this regard, as interpreted through the provisions of the Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement.

In response to the previous Israeli attack on the Iranian embassy in Damascus, which resulted in the martyrdom of a number of high-ranking military commanders, the Islamic Republic of Iran targeted several military sites in the occupied territories on April 16 in a combined missile-drone attack. Given that international law prohibits the threat or use of military force, the actions taken will only be legal if they are in the form of self-defense. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the applicability of the conditions of self-defense to Iran's retaliatory attack on Israel. The results of the authors' descriptive-analytical studies confirm that Israel's initial attack on the Iranian embassy in Syria was an example of an armed attack that entitled Iran to self-defense, and as a result, Iran exercised this right by observing the other conditions set forth in Article 51 of the Charter.