مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 105 (بهمن 1403)

Creation in general and human creation in particular are among the topics that have been studied by different branches of Sufism. Najm al-Din Razi from the Kabaruyeh sect and Ibn Arabi from the Wahdatiyah sect are among the most famous Sufis who have addressed this issue. The purpose of this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method, is to examine the approach of Sufism, especially Kubrawieh and Vahdatiyeh regarding creation, and to answer the question of differences and similarities in their attitudes.

The research method in this research is a descriptive analysis; Based on this, by using library resources and taking notes from these resources, the desired goals have been achieved.

Ibn Arabi and Najmuddin have searched for the purpose of creation in categories such as "Establishment", "manifestation of true love", "mystical connection", "manifestation of the unity of existence" and "consistency in the world of existence". The above-mentioned Sufis agree on the manifestation of true love as the goal of Adam"s creation; This is despite the fact that issues such as mystical connection (Razi) and the manifestation of the unity of existence and its consistency (Ibn Arabi) are the point of disagreement between the two Sufis.

Ibn Arabi and Najmuddin Dayeh believe that the manifestation of true love is among the most important goals of creation; Sheikh Akbar and Daye have disagreements with each other in other areas, including the mystic connection; Mystical connection is a topic that was raised by Najmuddin Razi as one of the goals of creation, and it is based on the fact that connection to the Holy Prophet is possible only through knowledge called intuitive knowledge. This is while Ibn Arabi considers the above topic not only as the goal of creation or not, but even in the typology of knowledge, he is satisfied with sensory and intellectual knowledge and finally knowledge as a result of submission; Another issue of the difference between the two is the unity of existence.

 Khorasani style and the school of classicism have established a deep understanding of each other"s components despite the great historical distance. On the one hand, the Khorasani style is important as the first poetic style after Islam, and on the other hand, the classicism school is also important as the first school that was formed after the dominance of Christianity and the Middle Ages in Europe. Therefore, it is surprising to find some commonalities between these two in the poetic works of that era due to their emergence after a change in religious attitudes and a period of silence. One of the poets whose classicism elements can be seen in his works is Rudaki (237-319 AH).

 In this article, the researcher has addressed this discussion with the descriptive-analytical method based on data collection through library-documents with the analysis of the data extracted through study, text reading, and data collection.

 In this research, the investigation of classicism in Rudaki"s poetry is investigated and its innovative aspect is in the comparison and adaptation of style in Iranian poetry with scholastic components in European literature, which is classified as comparative literature.

 It is safe to say that the element of reason is discussed and investigated in Rudaki"s poetry exactly in the same sense as its classical component, and other elements are semantic similarities in their own way, depending on the circumstances of the creation of this school and the style of Khorasani. And they have depicted a unique concept. It goes without saying that some elements that were created, fertilized and perfected only with the passage of time, such as the unity of three themes, were not included in Rudaki"s poems. Khorasani styles are well suited in this sense.

Discoursal and textual analysis is a field of study in linguistics which deals with various topics, including the context of information distribution (information structure) (Shehbazi, 1378). Subject Noun phrases may contain old or new information that the textual (context) and situational context and the listener play significant roles in these analyses.

Prince (1981) makes a seven-fold division that forms the theoretical framework or perspective of the current research. In this study, the relationship among some syntactic features and some discoursal features of syntax in connection with discourse topics has been studied and analyzed. Out of the total Khayyam’s 178 quatrains of the examined version, 141 quatrains, i.e. 21.79% of Khayyam"s quatrains, constitute the research data. All the sentences of the studied quatrains have been identified and the subject noun phrases of the sentences have been studied and analyzed based on the level of familiarity for the listener based on the classification of Prince (1981).

The studied quatrains included 776 sentences; so that in 748 sentences, noun phrases were found in the subject position of the sentences. Also, in 28 sentences, the subjects of the sentences were non-nominal phrases such as prepositional phrases, independent clauses or dependent clauses. Finally, 340 subject noun phrases, 45.45% of the total subject noun phrases of the sentences are devoted to the noun phrases referenced or mentioned in the text, which have shown the most frequency or usage in this study.

The results of the analysis indicate that 83.69% of the subject noun phases (SNP) in the sentences convey listener- oriented old information and 16.31% of SNP convey new information. Therefore, in general, it can be concluded that the SNP of the analyzed sentences have a high level of familiarity for the listener, that is, they often convey old information.

 The background of this research is composed of the hymns of the speakers of the period called the khorasani period, and also the purpose of it is to examine the moral-judicial themes (with direct or indirect influence from the verses of Crimea and prophetic narratives) among the poets of the period.
RESEARCH QUESTION: the present study examines these indicators by asking: What are the prominent moral and ruling indicators in the hymns of poets of the Khorasan period and shows how influenced they were by the verses of Crimea or prophetic narratives.

 The research method in this study was descriptive analysis based on library sources.

 What was obtained from the search is that: the poets of this covenant-contrary to the imagination instilled-were not only admirers of the Amir or the minister or descriptors of the Majlis of Aish and Sarwar, but the main topics of their attention were moral, ruling and sometimes mystical themes with the influence (direct or indirect) of the verses of Crimea and prophetic narratives, so that it can be said that the founder of many of these themes in the hymns of later periods was the speakers of this period, among them of course, Ferdowsi and Naser Khosrow have played the top roles.

 Barry, the results of the study show that: the most attention and focus of poets and speakers of the khorasani period was on moral-judicial issues and in this regard-directly or indirectly-also benefited from the teachings of the Qur"an and narrative, so that it can be claimed that these speakers were the founders of various types of moral, judicial and even mystical themes in the poetry of the Post-Self periods. Of course, among the poets and speakers of the period in question, Naser Khosrow and Hakim Ferdowsi Tosi have contributed the most to the promotion of the topics mentioned.

one of the scientific and proven methods of criticizing literary texts is the interdisciplinary study of these works; Analysis of literary texts based on legal and sociological studies is one of the important types of interdisciplinary studies. This method of study causes the microscopic observation of the internal angles of literary texts; Therefore, in order to get to know an author as well as possible, interdisciplinary review and criticism of that text is necessary. In this essay, considering the importance of legal issues in the formation of exciting literary stories and also the role of literature in introducing legal principles, the reflection of the provisions of the Declaration of Human Rights in the fictional works of one of Iran"s modernist writers, Shahriar Mandanipour, is investigated.

The study method in this article is analytical-descriptive and the data collection method is library studies. In this essay, the general atmosphere, history, and concept of human rights are first introduced, and then the theoretical foundations and main materials of human rights are used in the analysis of Shahriar Mandanipour"s works. For this purpose, all fiction works of this author have been studied and reviewed.

Based on the findings of this article, among the most important provisions of human rights that Mandanipour ordered his audience to observe, freedom and equality in terms of dignity and rights; the right to freedom and personal security; prohibition of torture, punishment, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; equality before the law; The right to travel and reside freely in other countries; The right to asylum in another country against torture, persecution and harassment; The right to marry at legal age without any restrictions on race, nationality, or religion; the right to freedom of opinion and expression; The right to a decent life, health and well-being; And the right to education is universal (ten principles).

More than any principle, Mandanipour has addressed the principle of "the right to a decent life, health and well-being". Of course, he has a pessimistic view and position on these issues and actually has no hope for the implementation of human rights in the current world, especially in the third world and especially in the Middle East.

One of the most characteristic features and components of postmodern storytelling is the intermingling of the border between the world of reality and fantasy, which affects all the actions and narrative trajectory of the story. In this article, the main goal is to investigate and analyze the actions in one of the contemporary postmodern novels called "Malakoot" by the contemporary author "Bahram Sadeghi" based on the theory of semiotics of discourse by Lithuanian linguist Algirdas Julien Greimas.

The method of conducting the present research is descriptive-analytical, based on library studies and document analysis, centered on the theory of discourse semiotics of Greimas. The statistical population includes the novel Malakoot by Bahram Sadeghi and the samples were selected purposefully and selectively.

The narrative and action structure of the postmodernist novel Malakoot is actually a contrast between the system of good and evil, in which a doctor named Dr. Hatam, as the main actor and symbol of absolute and demonic evil, seeks to achieve the desired value, which is to kill people. Anonymity and meaninglessness form the main infrastructure in the inner layers of this story for the action of its actors.

Malakoot"s novel is formed with emphasis on the action of the two main actors of the story, Dr. Hatam and Mr. M. L. Based on the action model of Greimas, the active actor has resorted to killing people. The main factor of the narrative, which is formed in the narrative chain of the story, is the battle between good and evil. The author has used the illusory, metareal and surreal atmosphere to play the role of the main and secondary actors (Saghi, Sheko, Mr. Mavaddat, etc.). The secondary actors of the story are all extravagant and lustful people who are sentenced to death at the end of the story.

Before receiving the independent nature in the academic and scientific context, Children’s and Young Adult Literature was a Defeated discourse in front of the literature that faces adult audiences. Adults refuse the possibility and acceptance of literature specific to children as an independent knowledge and they consider adult literature to be dominant over Children’s and Young Adult Literature. the exploration of new angles of this field became prominent with transition of changes and transformations to the independence of knowledg. Children’s and Young Adult Literature with its special audience-study, in Interdisciplinary relationship with comparative literature, makes Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature. The newness of this field in the global arena shows the lack of resources and the necessity of theoretical research. This research deals with the condition of this field and its territory.

The Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature, in various theoretical topics that lead to the formation of the framework and understanding of this knowledge, has a Interdisciplinary and Transtextual relationship with comparative literature, it can be studied in independent researches. An interdisciplinary approach and intertextual and comparative analysis with a descriptive method of content analysis and analysis of theoretical sources is considered.

In this study, the concept of Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature in the academic context of Iran, Interdisciplinary and the formulation of the Territoriy of Researchs of this field are built in the intertextual and comparative shadow of comparative literature and the proposed fields of O’Sullivan, to reduce the theoretical void of Conceptology, Problem-Creating and Territory-Research of this nascent field for future researches.

In another research, the researchers looked at the fixed, variable and semi-variable indexs of this knowledge to help the research in this field in Problem-Analysis and Problem-Creating. Considering the situation of the Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature in the university and its scope of research, it is important that researchers consider the special nature and scope of research in this field compared to the comparative literature of adults.

Manuscripts of written heritage are from the heart of the history and civilization of nations and are of great importance because they introduce us to the culture and thought of the past. Through manuscripts, one can understand the history, thoughts and opinions of people of different ages. Examining the content and structure of manuscripts in any period and field can be an effective help in knowing the style, influential factors, knowing and promoting the scientific, cultural and intellectual achievements of different ages. One of these lasting written legacies is the manuscript of Mirza Mohammad Sil Akhbari"s collection of poems by poets and writers of the 13th century Hijri during the Qajar period. He is a Shiite and has many praise poems in praise of Imam Athar (AS). He is also one of the famous figures in the Qajar sources and has expertise in many sciences and has written numerous books on jurisprudence, theology, and defending the teachings of the Akhbariyya and opposing the teachings of the Usulians, most of which have been published. But his poetry divan has been neglected, therefore the present study introduces the divan of Sil Akhbar poems which includes sonnets, masnavis, quatrains, pieces and other poetic forms, as well as introducing his thoughts and opinions, which are reflected in his poems and up to now. No one has corrected it and deals with the poetic aspects of Sil in the age and period he lived in.

The research method in the preparation of this research is based on the manuscripts of this court that are available in the library of the Islamic Parliament and also other sources of the library, which will be in the form of content analysis.

Examining Sil Akhbari"s poems and understanding his capabilities in using arrays and verbal and literary arts and his times, etc., clearly shows that Sil was very skilled in writing poetry, like other sciences, and in this way He has been a follower of literary traditions, especially eulogies.Along with all the poetic arts that he used, he paid more attention to the allusion art, which he used in an artistic way according to the needs of the present, the audience and the desired.

Seal wrote poetry in both Arabic and Persian languages, he was greatly influenced by the poets before him, including Hafez, and while benefiting from all kinds of arrays and allusions and literary tasks such as balance, respect for example, commitment, literalism, observation and sharing, from industry. He has taken a lot of hints and proved his power as a poet in this field. He has experimented in various poetic formats and has used mystical terms in his poems. The theme of his poems is mostly praise and romance. He did not pay attention to the world and material things and expressed this point in his poems.

The writers of the prominent technical prose texts in their prose masterpieces have been influenced by the discourse of their era, apart from embellishing the preface of their work with various literary techniques, for artistic expression, beauty of speech, and attracting the attention of the audience. So that the preface of their words is linguistically, literary and structurally different from the text of the book and the discourse procedure of the author"s era. Thus, the examination of the prologue of this type of literary prose from different angles of rhetoric and discourse analysis deserves more attention. The epilogue aspect of these prefaces is a problem that has been less than the luck of the researchers of this type of literary texts.

In this essay, we have tried to take a look at the prefaces of prominent historical and fictional prose texts of the 6th and 7th centuries by using the principles of discourse analysis and the descriptive and comparative method. These basics can be recognized and shown in indicators such as words, sentences or phrases, general concepts as well as hidden concepts of prefaces with regard to artistic expression techniques. By quantitative discourse analysis of words, combinations and expressions.

By examining the approach to the discourse of prefaces, we found that the prefaces of each of the researched texts were written by the type of attitude, social position and status of the author with the common discourse of their era. In such a way that historical books have paid more attention to the mission of the preamble than fiction books; But from the perspective of qualitative discourse analysis, in the prefaces of the books Marzbannameh, Golestan and Rahat al-Sudor, more attention has been paid to the explanation of the topics and themes of the text.

By analyzing the style of the discourse governing the prefaces, which have also spread to the themes of the text, we came to the conclusion that two types of literary and political discourse prevail in the prefaces of Kalileh and Demeneh, and the competition between Ravini and Nasrallah Menshi in the prose genre is the dominant discourse that is in the preface of Marzbannameh. It is clearly defined. Saadi"s treatment of ethics has led to the strengthening of the sermon in the preface of Golestan. The type of writing and the use of various literary arts and poems in the preface of Rahat al-Sudor, two discourses of historical validity and literary validity are prominent. In Jarfadghani"s prose, the discourse of historical validity and adherence to the text is more prominent than the discourse of secretarial competition. In the preface of Jahangosh"s history, in addition to the historical and literary discourse, we are faced with a kind of cultural discourse that can be seen in some Iranian historical families.

Intertextuality is one of the results of developments in the field of criticism and studies of literary texts. The main goal of this research is to analyze and investigate the factors of doubt at different levels of the narrative, considering the intertextual nature of the component of uncertainty in the two stories "Boofe kour" by Sadegh Hedayat and "Malakout" by Bahram Sadeghi.

This research is based on library studies and document analysis method, using the descriptive-analytical method and referring to reliable scientific sources and databases. In this research, two books of Bofkor and Malakout have been analyzed and in order to provide statistical samples, 3000 sentences from each of these two intertextual works have been analyzed.

In the two stories of Bufkor and Malkot, the proposition of uncertainty - which is one of the main coordinates of postmodern stories - is clearly evident, and this is the reason that, despite the categorization of these two novels under modern novels, it can be said that the component of uncertainty is Two works have given a postmodernist flavor.

In these two works, both authors have taken measures to express uncertainty, which are manifested in the levels of language, narration, characterisation, point of view, place and time of the story. Sadeghi Bamanand"s guidance mixes the world of fantasy and reality to make the audience suspicious. The novels of Bofkor and Malakout are close to the coordinates of postmodern novels, and the multiple and uncertain characterizations, the plurality of truth and reality, and the simultaneous use of fantasy and reality make the narrative space full of ambiguity and doubt in Bofkor, and Sadeghi in Malakout is also honest with the implicit intertextual approach. From Bufkor has paid attention to the manifestations of uncertainty in this story.

Moral teachings in Persian literature have a wide reflection in Persian poetry and prose texts and they are written with moral, social and scientific teachings for the purpose of education. During the past years and centuries, in Persian literature, many works of educational literature have emerged, both in poetry and prose, each of which carries a sea of ​​knowledge. Kashif Shirazi, one of the writers of the 11th century AH, has taken a step in this direction and has written Siraj Al-Munir with the aim of teaching. Undoubtedly, this book is the most important, prominent and famous work of Kashif Shirazi.The present study intends to discuss and examine the ethical virtues in the above-mentioned book with regard to the division of moral standards in Nasirean Ethics to determine how similar Kashif Shirazi’s classifications in compiling this book is to the classifications of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.

The research method is descriptive-analytical by collecting library information and applying first-hand sources in the field of educational literature as well as existing articles.

Investigating Siraj Al-Munir with an educational approach, in a scientific-experimental way, shows that it has had the greatest impact on the spirit of the society and the rulers of that era, and ideally it invites sultans and princes to follow moral virtues to improve the situation.

Finally, the author tried to write a work in imitation of Gulistan Sa’di in the way of classifying the topics, which is full of wisdom, etiquette and Islamic ethics, and is compatible with the old school system and educational and religious assemblies, to be a textbook for those who seek knowledge and literature at that time.

Since the birth of Islam, Persian literature has always benefited from God’s words and the Hadiths of the innocents (pbuh). In the mean time, the literary heritage of Islamic Sufism has provided rich sources of application of Quranic verses and hadiths. One is Majma Al-Bahrein by Shams al-Din Ibrahim Abarquhi (second half of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century of Hijri). He wrote Majma Al-Bahrein between 711 and 714 AH. In addition to its literary and historical value, this book is rampant of verses from the Holy Quran and various hadiths, especially the words of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The present essay, in the field of stylistics, focuses on the quality and quantity of their applications in Shams Al-din Ibrahim’s book.

We have obtained the required data of the following research from investigating the library sources and have scrutinized the data using descriptive-analysis method. The research path is that after the necessary introductions, first with a quantitative approach, some frequency measurements resulting from the complete investigation of the book have been carried out. It shows the standing of the verses and hadiths in this book. Then, we have examined the methods of using them in the book.

Majma Al-Bahrein exploits a lot of verses and hadiths used in borrowing (referenced and non-referenced) and hints methods. Abarqhuhi prefers referenced borrowing over non-referenced ones and hints. He has used borrowing more than a hint. In most cases, only a part of a verse or hadith that provided the author"s opinion appeared in the text. However, sometimes, as needed, he included several verses or hadiths in full and consecutively in his words. He usually mentions verses and hadiths in Arabic. However, sometimes, he uses their Farsi translation. In Majma Al-Bahrein, the dominant method of verbal communication is linking with "that". However, direct links, links with the help of compound simile structures, and quotations are also available in the book. In terms of propositional effectiveness, the most dominant purposes of his use of verses and hadiths are to complete the meaning, emphasize and confirm, bless and trust, explaining and describing, reasoning and justification, simile and allegorical explanation, warning and avoidance and inspiration, exemplification, and citation.

As a work in the field of mysticism and Sufism, Majmam al-Bahrein has a prominent link with the divine word and the words of the Prophet (PBUH). With the help of the literary devices of referenced or non-reference borrowing and implication, author has provided a successful management to create an effective text in which, based on a useful form and appropriate verbal connection, he has fulfilled his different purposes from mentioning the verses and hadiths.

In this article, the Divan of Mohammad Hashem Dhahabi Shirazi is introduced and his style is examined in four phonetic, linguistic, literary and intellectual levels.

This article, in a descriptive-analytical way, has discussed the manuscript of Hashem Dhahabi Shirazi"s divan, while introducing the poet and the stylistic features of his poems.

At the beginning of the second half of the twelfth century, when the vulgarity and weakness of poetry had reached its highest level, some poets of this period, for the first time, consciously decided to return to the Khorasan and Iraqi styles and pursue the way of their preceding prominent poets. Meanwhile, despite being unknown, some of these poets had a unique style compared to other poets of this period, which distinguished them from others. Mohammad Hashem Shirazi, a twelfth-century mystic and the thirty-third pole of the Dhahabiyyah dynasty (death 1199 AH), spent his youth writing and supporting the Khans of Zandiye. He once distanced this world and turned to the afterlife and reached the highest levels in the Dhahabiyyah manner. However, in the first period of return, he is among the non-prominent and unknown poets of this period. His divan is available in manuscript form, includes introduction, sonnets, odes, masnavi, tarkibband, tarjiband, and stanza, in which his sonnets are more in number than his other poetic forms. His sonnets are divided into three groups: romantic, mystical, and Qalandaraneh. The use of literary techniques in his poetry is artistic. The language of his poetry, except in some cases where he used hadiths and Quranic verses as evidence for his descriptions, is a simple and pleasant language with folk interpretations.

The content of most of Hashem"s poems includes mystical thought, such as belief in unity and pluralism, moral issues, praise of imams, and the prevalence of Shiia thought, and his distinguishing feature compared to the poets of this period is his excessive attention to mysticism and praise, especially the praise of the Imam Ali (PBUH) is sonnets. In general, he is an admirable poet who has put poetry at the service of human and moral values.

Nahj al-Balagha of Amir al-Mominin Ali (AS) is a book full of concepts and foundations of practical wisdom and mysticism, which has always been favored and used by seekers of knowledge and sages of the path of truth. Numerous works, especially the book "Granghadr Awarif al-Ararif", have explained a significant part of the concepts and terms used in the field of practical mysticism. In this research, a part of common mystical terms and concepts in Nahj al-Balagha and Awarif al-Maarif have been compared and analyzed.

This article has been compared and analyzed in the form of a comparative-analytical method, a part of common mystical terms and concepts in Nahj al-Balagheh and Awarif al-Maarif.

The data of Nahj al-Balagheh and Awarif al-Maarif shows that the authors of both books, while enumerating the attributes and evils of the soul, advised to fight against it. Some moral words and terms such as knowledge, in both books, although they have the same meaning, but in the nomenclature They are different. Some of the contents of Awarif al-Arif have a completely Sufi color.

The similarities of the researches show that common and significant approaches can be seen in the field of analysis and explanation of mystical concepts and terms in these two books. These results can indicate that Sheikh Shahabuddin Suhravardi had a lot of affinity with Nahj al-Balagha and great concepts. This noble book, directly or indirectly, has left a great impact on his mystical thoughts. Some topics can be seen in Nahj al-Balagha, which are not discussed in Awarif al-Ma"arif, but on the other hand, some mystical topics can be seen in Awarif of Ma"arif, but Nahj al-Balagha has not discussed it. The reason for this commonality and difference of concepts is that practical mysticism approaches practical ethics to a great extent in the presentation of its favorite issues.

Layered stylistics as a branch of modern stylistics in which the structural and content role and value of the works in five phonetic, lexical, syntactic and semantic layers are used to show the ideology governing the text and using this method, the text is free from confusion and There is a semantic interference. In this article, the eighth journey of Sinbad is a play by Bahram Bayzaei as a creative writer, based on the layered stylistic component, and we determined how he was able to bring out the aesthetic effects of this work of art with various stylistic techniques and literary techniques, and also how By analyzing the stylistic basics in different layers, one can understand the intellectual messages governing the text of the work.

The descriptive-analytical method and based on the library sources of Sinbad"s 8th voyage is investigated using layered stylistic components and intratextual evidence.

The main character of the story reaches the level of knowledge and self-awareness by going through hard experiences from the stage of ignorance and unconsciousness. That is, in a way, it is the process of self-knowledge and recognition of phonetic rhythms and musical repetition of syllables and words with high frequency to produce rhythmic and poetic prose in this play.

By combining old and new language, narrative expression, rhetorical effects, objective and subjective images, types of norm avoidance, defamiliarization, etc., Baidaei created a new style as an individual style with the title of poetic plays and fine artistic prose, and also not only this work His drama, but all his drama works are the best example to explain the components of layered style.