نشریه مطالعات سیاسی - اجتماعی تاریخ و فرهنگ ایران
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1403)

The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between public policy in the domain of public economic law policy. The primary policymakers in the field of public economics, in light of ethical schools of thought, aim to distinguish between the current state and desired goals. They strive to bridge the gap between what is and what should be by utilizing various tools. On the other hand, the successful implementation of these processes depends on the continuous evaluation of all components of these two main and significant factors, which is typically carried out based on various elements such as the governing principles of public law and economic policy. Muslim jurists generally extract these principles by referring to numerous Quranic verses and Hadiths or by utilizing different jurisprudential approaches. In addition to these legal discussions, various economic schools have also structured their systems of policy evaluation using their own targeted and diverse criteria regarding moral valuation. The findings indicate that choosing any of the approaches—deontology, virtue ethics, or ethical economics—has specific implications for evaluating the policies of different legal and economic schools. Muslim economists, as well, have proposed other methods, aside from normative ethical theories, to derive the governing principles of Islamic economic policies. They have adopted frameworks of Islamic economic value systems based on referencing Quranic verses, Hadiths, or employing jurisprudential approaches to extract these principles.

The aim of the present research was to examine the ethics-oriented and anti-ethical political conduct of rulers in the political society of Iran based on Karen Horney's theory, with a review of historical books. Due to the nature of the research, we have employed a descriptive-analytical method based on documents and evidence. Ethics, by fostering a sublime and valuable spirit in the political sphere, prevents the emergence of social challenges, conflicts, and disputes, and by disseminating human values among the members of society, increases social cohesion and solidarity. In this regard, whether we consider politics as a profession or as a field that affects and is affected by all people according to their responsibilities and multiple roles in life, it is necessary to introduce specific ethical codes for this field. Regarding political ethics, no code or indicator has been introduced so far by scientific or political institutions. The book Kalila and Dimna, as a historical work, is a multi-layered and hybrid piece in which glimpses of three civilizations—India, Iran, and Islam (even a faint touch of Greek civilization)—can be observed. Centuries after the writing and translation of this book in the West, Machiavelli's The Prince was written with the same theme. The main question is: What perspectives do Kalila and Dimna and The Prince, as two historical-literary works, have on political ethics in society, and what are the similarities and differences between the two books? The method used to analyze and explain the subject is Karen Horney's psychological approach, which dissects four personality types: compliant, aggressive, detached, and idealized self. The conclusion drawn from this study is that in both books, political ethics is the central issue. However, in Kalila and Dimna, anti-ethical behavior is despicable and condemned, and anti-ethical figures like "Dimna" meet a bitter end, while in The Prince, the anti-ethical ruler faces no punishment for his conduct.

The ideas of the clergy and intellectuals, as well as the nature of their confrontation and cooperation during the Constitutional Revolution, have been examined. Given that numerous articles have been written on the Constitutional Revolution and its various aspects, the present article seeks to analyze the confrontation and cooperation between the clergy and the constitutional intellectuals from a different perspective. By presenting the views of some Shiite authorities and leading scholars of that period, alongside the perspectives of European-educated intellectuals, this descriptive-analytical study aims to answer the question: why was there initial cooperation between the clergy and intellectuals in the struggle against despotism at the beginning of the Constitutional movement, but after a while, especially after the victory of the constitutionalists, did cooperation give way to confrontation and conflict between them, ultimately leading to its failure? The hypothesis is that both groups, the clergy and the intellectuals, set aside many of their ideological differences during the physical and field struggle against despotism, due to their shared goal of rejecting the status quo. This shared goal was the primary reason for their initial success. However, various factors, such as the silent interference of foreign powers acting in their own interests, and the incompatibility and conflict among the factions leading the Constitutional Revolution—each of which pursued its own specific objectives after the victory—led to the movement's disintegration and ultimately to the rise of another authoritarian figure, Reza Khan.

At present, given that Iran is in a transitional period from a traditional society to a modern one, the issues arising from a lack of cohesion and the limited participation of various social groups in social and political arenas are becoming increasingly evident across different fields. Governance, by either disrupting or fostering social relations and interactions between individuals and society, can either promote or diminish civil life. The aim of the present study is a sociological analysis of the role of good governance in social cohesion. The research method of this dissertation is quantitative, utilizing a survey. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Garmsar city. Using a cluster sampling method followed by quota sampling, 384 individuals were selected as the statistical sample. The data were analyzed based on descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS22 software and structural equation modeling software Lisrel. The data analysis indicates that there is a significant relationship between good governance and commitment, belonging, order, and belief. Additionally, using structural equation modeling, the factors of the right to voice (0.30), political stability (0.20), effectiveness (0.16), regulatory quality (0.20), rule of law (0.31), and control of corruption (0.31) altogether explain the relationship between good governance and social cohesion (0.65).

This study aims to explain and analyze the function of religious rites and rituals in the lives of Shia Iranians during the Qajar period. The research is considered a historical study and has been written using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. The information related to the study was collected through note-taking. In this research, the religious customs and rituals of the people during the Qajar period are discussed in various aspects, including birth, marriage, divorce, death, clothing, and the religious holidays of Nowruz, Ghadir, Qorban, Ramadan, and Muharram. The results of the study indicate that, similar to the Safavid era, religious rites and rituals were practiced during the Qajar period, and Qajar kings were also committed to performing customs at both the popular and aristocratic levels. During this period, with the beginning of Iran's contact with the West and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s first trip to Europe, Western culture and modernity entered the country significantly, and the methods of celebrating religious ceremonies and mourning during the months of Muharram and Ramadan underwent changes. Some religious customs, such as Chavosh Khani and Taziyeh, reached their peak during this period, while others, such as Bast Neshini, were temporarily discontinued and then limited to specific locations after the death of Amir Kabir.

This article examines the analysis of identification methods and the impacts of virtual space on individual identity and political authority. The present article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are qualitative, and note-taking has been used for data collection. In today's world, virtual space plays a significant role in political interactions and communications, and its impact on individual identity and political authority is observable. Virtual space provides individuals with access to more information and political resources, which can influence their general awareness and political knowledge. Additionally, the ability to express individual opinions and perspectives on political issues in virtual space contributes to the strengthening of political identity and the enhancement of individual political authority. Individuals can participate in online communities and connect with people who share similar views, which can also affect the strengthening of their political identity and increase their political authority. Moreover, virtual space allows individuals to influence public opinion on political issues, which can further enhance their political authority and impact political decision-making. Therefore, virtual space can be used as a powerful tool to strengthen individual identity and increase political authority. However, it is essential to consider the responsible use of this space and the adherence to its rules and principles.

One of the most significant theoretical discussions overshadowing macro sociological perspectives today is the issue of globalization. Globalization encompasses economic, political, social, cultural, and structural dimensions, all of which play a fundamental and essential role in the discourse on globalization. Among these, the study of art, as one of the most powerful and influential tools and a key component in shaping cultural globalization, has garnered attention. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the capabilities and structural and visual components of Islamic arts in the process of globalization. This research is descriptive-comparative in nature and method, and while examining the concept of globalization, it attempts to analyze the position of Islamic arts in the flow of globalization based on structural and visual components in the contemporary world. The results of the study indicate that globalization, from the perspective of theorists and based on globalization components, is possible due to interactions and communications in light of various global cultural and artistic events, as well as the platforms for the emergence of works in virtual spaces. However, it may also involve risks. Globalization requires progress and interaction with the world, which in turn will introduce and recognize Iranian Islamic art. Islamic art, contemporary and aligned with Iranian identity, can influence the proper course of this movement. The use of Iranian structural and visual components with a contemporary perspective is one of the important aspects of globalizing Iranian art.

The tourism industry, in its modern form, emerged in Iran for the first time during the Pahlavi era. Initially, in 1935, an office titled "Office for Foreign Travelers and Publicity" was established, and its activities were limited to publishing tourism brochures and guidebooks. The growth and development of this industry were realized through the establishment of the "Tourism Attraction Organization" in 1966 and the formation of the "Ministry of Information and Tourism" in 1974. One of the destinations that has always been attractive and of interest to tourists is the southern ports and islands of Iran. These places, with their various historical, environmental, and cultural attractions, have always drawn tourists to them. Among these regions, Kish Island, with features such as favorable weather, beautiful nature, historical sites, and rare plant and animal species, became one of the islands receiving special attention for tourism development in southern Iran during the Second Pahlavi period. In the present research, based on sources such as memoirs of Pahlavi officials and available documents, and using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to answer the question of how the tourism industry grew and developed in the Iranian ports and islands of the Persian Gulf during the Second Pahlavi era, particularly Kish Island, which became an international tourist island during this period.

This study aims to measure and analyze multidimensional poverty in Iran using the Alkire-Foster (AF) index across five dimensions: education, employment, living standards, health, and housing. The study period covers the years 2017 to 2019. The results indicate that approximately 28% of individuals in rural areas and 25% in urban areas are poor. Additionally, about 51% of the poor live in rural areas, while 49% reside in urban areas. The highest deprivation in both regions pertains to employment, accounting for around 40%. In other dimensions, deprivation rates are 16% in education, 4% in living standards, 24.5% in health, and 15.5% in housing. The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) is calculated to be 10% for urban areas and 11.5% for rural areas. The findings show that women, particularly in the education dimension, experience higher levels of deprivation in both urban and rural areas. This study demonstrates that poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and effective policies for poverty reduction must address all its dimensions. Based on the results, improving employment conditions and enhancing living standards are primary priorities for reducing poverty. Additionally, special attention to improving health and education services, especially for women, is essential. The research indicates that targeted and precise policies can significantly reduce poverty and social inequalities.

In the final third of the Qajar period, the Pusht-e Kuh government faced various vulnerabilities, threats, and security incidents. Border disputes with the Ottoman Empire, internal uprisings, regional wars, dissatisfaction and lack of trust among subjects, mismanagement by some officials, and the involuntary migration of inhabitants led to severe security disruptions. Gholam Hossein Khan Shahab al-Mulk, a key figure within the ruling elite, was tasked with restoring order and took actions aimed at reproducing, improving, and enhancing security in the region. This study seeks to answer the question: What role did Gholam Hossein Khan Shahab al-Mulk play in the security of the Pusht-e Kuh government during the late Qajar period? It also tests the hypothesis that Shahab al-Mulk, through effective agency, strengthened the financial capacity, guided and reassured the subjects, improved intelligence, and implemented military and security measures, thereby improving security in Pusht-e Kuh during the late Qajar period. The present research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, and a significant portion of the documents and materials reviewed in this study are being published for the first time. Additionally, the elite theory has been used as the theoretical framework of the research. The findings of the study indicate that Shahab al-Mulk was able to contribute to the maintenance and preservation of security in the Pusht-e Kuh government by improving financial resources, building trust and hope among the subjects, and implementing military and security measures.

Architecture and music are two artistic fields that are created and understood by humans. All forms of art, in their ultimate expression, open a path toward abstraction and experience. Based on this definition, many similarities can be found between these two arts. In the creation of architecture, the artistic imagination and mental forms of the artist, through the element of ambiguity resulting from the use of symbols from tangible forms in the construction of buildings, lead the work to the boundaries of abstraction, a realm in which music holds a prominent position. The aim of this article is to examine the historical and transformative trajectory of the conceptual relationship between the two arts of architecture and music throughout different historical periods, where this relationship and influence can be discovered and interpreted in the architectural buildings of each historical period, reflecting the distinct characteristics of that era. The issue addressed in this article is one of the most significant aspects of the connection between these two arts, which facilitates deep communication between them—namely, the practical and aesthetic considerations of these two arts. It seems as though something in the atmosphere and quality of the musical and architectural spaces of the past has changed in the present. Considering the nature of the research subject, the methodology employed in this thesis is a quantitative-qualitative descriptive-analytical approach. Utilizing qualitative content analysis under an interpretive-historical perspective and comparative analysis, the study identifies the fundamental variables present in the theories concerning music, architecture, and their conceptual connections. This research, with a formal and content-based approach throughout the Qajar historical period, examines three characteristics—rhythm and tempo, pitch, and texture—in architecture. Through the analysis of five case studies of prominent buildings from the Qajar period, particularly in architectural facades, it can be stated that the works in both architecture and music possess a rich language and rhythmic, melodic expression. When the outstanding examples of the Qajar period were examined, it was discovered that common concepts such as harmony, proportions, rhythm, and structure are effectively utilized in both disciplines, influencing the designers.

This study examines the impact of security arrangements in West Asian countries on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspective of the Copenhagen School. Given Iran's geographical and geopolitical position, as well as the existing tensions and challenges in the region, Iran's national security is influenced by military, economic, environmental, and social threats. The Copenhagen School, with its comprehensive approach to security, divides this concept into five dimensions: military, political, economic, social, and environmental, and emphasizes the importance of regional security in achieving national security. In this research, the military threats posed by terrorist groups such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda and their impacts on Iran's national security are addressed. Additionally, the environmental threats resulting from these groups' activities and their effects on Iran's water and air resources are examined. Moreover, the economic and social impacts of regional instability and the efforts of extra-regional powers to influence and intervene in the domestic affairs of West Asian countries and Iran are analyzed. The research method of this study is based on descriptive analyses and the use of library resources. The findings of this study indicate that Iran's national security is heavily influenced by regional security developments and that achieving sustainable security requires interaction and cooperation with regional countries and international organizations. In this regard, Iran's foreign policy should be based on active diplomacy and multilateralism, aiming to create sustainable security arrangements and strengthen regional cooperation. This study provides strategies to enhance Iran's national security, emphasizing Iran's significant role in regional and international developments, and offers recommendations for improving regional relations and reducing tensions.

Nasser Gholi Ardalan was one of the representatives of Sanandaj in the National Consultative Assembly during its fourteenth to sixteenth terms. His economic performance in the Assembly experienced ups and downs. Some of his economic actions were marked by moderate policies and leniency, while in other instances, his economic and financial actions left diverse impacts on the Assembly, leading to various transformations. The issue addressed in this study is the examination and evaluation of Nasser Gholi Ardalan's economic plans and programs, which has been conducted descriptively and analytically based on the minutes of the National Consultative Assembly, archival sources, and historical data. According to the findings of this study, Nasser Gholi Ardalan was one of the most active representatives in economic discussions, both at the national and regional levels, during the fourteenth to the end of the sixteenth terms of the National Consultative Assembly. His involvement spanned areas such as the annual and current government budgets, currency issuance, taxation, and more. He was attentive to economic issues and the people's problems and did not hesitate to criticize and caution the government when necessary.

The aim of this study is to examine and investigate the socio-cultural factors influencing women's political participation in Mazandaran. The theoretical framework is based on the perspectives of Robert Putnam, Habermas, Lerner, Milbrath, and Lipset. The research method is a survey, and the unit of analysis is women over 18 years of age. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster sampling, and the sample size, according to Cochran's formula, is 384 individuals. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis methods include Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software. Face validity was used to assess validity, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the dependent variable of political participation was 0.885, indicating the reliability of the variables. The findings showed that the average political participation in both the objective and subjective dimensions of political participation was moderate. About 8.9% reported very low levels of political participation. Approximately 17.7% indicated low participation, about 33.8% reported moderate participation, about 21.4% reported high participation, and about 14.6% reported very high political participation. There is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of social capital, political socialization, the extent of media use, cultural capital, religiosity, and the level of social security with the level of political participation in both objective and subjective dimensions. Regression analysis shows that 41.2% of the variance in women's political participation is related to the independent variables. The highest explanation of variance and changes in women's political participation belong to the variables of political socialization and social capital, respectively. In conclusion, strengthening and enhancing social and cultural capital, the feeling of security, socialization, political socialization, and religious beliefs can play a significant role in shaping women's attitudes towards political participation in both the subjective and objective dimensions of political participation, encouraging women residing in the cities of Mazandaran province to increase their political participation in various social arenas.

The aim of this study is to validate the family economic efficiency model with a cultural approach, emphasizing the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle. This research is applied, and its approach is quantitative. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative section consisted of 135 individuals, from which a sample size of 100 people was selected using the Morgan table. The data collection tool in this section was a researcher-made questionnaire, which included the components identified in the conceptual model of Fakhari et al. (2023). To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, its face validity was confirmed by the supervisor and a number of members of the statistical community, including university professors. Its content validity was also confirmed by the supervisor. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.8. To validate the model derived from the identified information, a structural equation modeling approach based on variance was used. The results showed that the identified factors were categorized into five main concepts: causal conditions, intervening factors, contextual factors, outcomes, and strategies (with different sub-concepts).

The architecture of a land such as Iran, with its distinctive shapes, forms, and designs, has manifested with both similarities and differences in various periods and regions. This phenomenon is most evident in the embodiment of the most important religious building after Islam, the mosque, which reflects the art and architecture of the people. Therefore, examining and analyzing Iranian mosques from the perspective of architectural structure (form and function) can reveal the features and distinctions among them, thus contributing to the development and enhancement of this type of architecture and, more broadly, to the architecture of contemporary religious buildings. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial and structural characteristics of these buildings and to classify the typology of mosques, particularly in the cities of Sanandaj and Isfahan, in line with the research objectives. This research employs a descriptive-historical-analytical typology and identifies the criteria for mosque construction to explain the types, categorize them, and examine case studies. Field investigations and library studies have also been utilized in this process. Ultimately, the findings indicate that the iwan-courtyard and domed types represent the most frequent examples in these regions. Additionally, the columned iwan, domed chamber, courtyard, and surrounding corridors are key elements in the architectural structure of mosques in these areas. Indeed, by focusing on these architectural elements and promoting their development and expansion in national architecture, the position of mosque architecture can be significantly enhanced at both national and international levels. Moreover, these elements can be innovatively incorporated into the architectural structure of other contemporary buildings.

Addressing women's issues and providing innovative solutions has always been part of modernization in the contemporary world and Iran. In his authoritarian modernization, Reza Shah, with a quasi-modernist approach to the issue of women, adopted the policy of banning and unveiling the hijab. This policy, while maintaining its foundations, continued during the reign of the second Pahlavi with changes in method. This policy provoked widespread social reaction and resistance from segments of society and religious leaders. Among them, Imam Khomeini, in his speeches, repeatedly referred to this government action, criticizing these policies and condemning the Pahlavi regime's approach to the issue of women and the hijab. The present study, aiming to explain Imam Khomeini's stance toward these actions, adopts a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, seeking to answer the question: What was Imam Khomeini's position on Pahlavi's modernist policies regarding women, particularly on the issue of the hijab? The research findings indicate that on one hand, he defended women's hijab and explicitly opposed the unveiling policy of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. On the other hand, while raising awareness and warning the public about Pahlavi's negative propaganda against the hijab, he praised the fighters and leaders who stood against the unveiling policy. The influence of Imam's approach in society led to political challenges and increasing divergence between the people and the government, which also played a role in the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution.

Early marriage or child marriage has become one of the complex and significant issues in contemporary societies, with widespread effects on individuals and communities. The present study aims to investigate the lived experiences of women in child marriages in the cities of Kuhdasht and Aligudarz in Lorestan. This research is qualitative in nature, utilizing the phenomenological technique. Through purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 women who were child brides in the cities of Kuhdasht and Aligudarz. The analysis of the interviews revealed that respondents defined child marriage based on legal definitions of minimum age, life skills, and sexual and cognitive maturity. Most child brides did not have a choice in selecting this form of marriage, and factors such as economic poverty, cultural pressure, social acceptance, personality traits, and family character were identified as the main causes of child marriage. In their mental meaning systems, child brides perceive this type of marriage as having an exhausting, undesirable, and relative (both positive and negative depending on its effects and causes) nature. Examining the phenomenon of child marriage and early marriage requires a comprehensive focus on a set of underlying factors, consequences, and effects to obtain a more complete picture of this phenomenon and to minimize its harm.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who gradually emerged as an authoritarian ruler following the 1953 coup, also paid attention to economic transformations. Utilizing technocratic elites was one of his tools for changing Iran's economy. Ali Naghi Alikhani, a technocrat educated in economics, held the position of Minister of Economy for seven years. He successfully took significant steps in transforming the traditional economy toward modernity with the participation of both the public and private sectors. The primary aim of this research is to examine Alikhani's tenure as Minister of Economy, the factors and consequences of his dismissal, and the legacy he left behind. The study is based on the central question: What role did Ali Naghi Alikhani play in the economic transformations of the 1960s? The research findings reveal that Alikhani, through measures such as activating the private sector, not only ended the previous economic stagnation but also achieved unparalleled economic growth with low inflation for a decade. This study is considered a theoretical historical research. The information has been collected from books, articles, and websites and has been written descriptively and analytically.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the ways to attract and retain financial sponsors and benefactors of sportsmen in the field of women's sports. Information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The factor analysis test was used to identify effective solutions and obstacles in attracting and retaining financial sponsors and ANOVA test, independent t-test was used to answer the research hypotheses and SPSS and Imus software packages were used to perform calculations and data processing. 8 factors were identified as solutions and obstacles for attracting and maintaining sports supporters and benefactors in women's sports. Based on the factor load, these factors were named as support solutions, economic, social and management solutions, and barriers were named as economic, legal, social and cultural barriers. After prioritizing these components, support solutions were named as priority. First, the economic solution is the second priority, the management solution is the third priority, and the social solution is considered as the last priority as the solutions to attract supporters and benefactors. Also, legal obstacles are the first priority, economic obstacles are the second priority, social obstacles are the third priority, and cultural obstacles are considered as the last priority obstacles for attracting sponsors. The test showed that there is no significant difference between the opinions of high-level managers and operational managers regarding the strategies for attracting and retaining sports supporters and benefactors, as well as between the barriers to attracting and retaining supporters and benefactors in the opinion of these two groups.