نشریه معماری و شهرسازی پایدار
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1403)

Many studies have emphasized the use of daylight in the interior, due to its benefits and positive effects; one of the most significant of which is the users' various experiences of daylight-dependent factors. The present study aims to identify reliable methods, criteria, and tools to assess the users’ spatial experience (dependent variable) of daylight-dependent factors (independent variables). To this end, the qualitative method of structured review is applied to describe, analyze, and combine the existing authentic research published from 2012 to July, 2023. The findings reveal that the human experience of daylight can be divided into six physiological, neurophysiological, emotional, behavioral-motivational, cognitive, and visual groups, and researchers assess them through surveys, experiments, observations, case study or a combination of them. Self-assessment questionnaires are the most widely used tools in the survey method. However, assessing physiological and neurophysiological objective experiences has provided the opportunity to apply tools and sensors making it possible to integrate architecture with various fields of biomedical sciences, particularly neuroscience. In this method, the data obtained from the assessment of brain activities, heart status, skin, eye and head movements using sensors such as EEG, ECG, GSR, PPG, and eye and head tracking devices, are attributed to the person’s emotions and his acquisition of architectural experience. In the reviewed articles, researchers mostly tend to use technologies related to virtual reality and 360-degree rendering of images to show the stimuli to the subjects. Also, it seems that the use of machine learning and its algorithms to analyze the collected data, in order to create prediction models of human behaviors and spatial experiences in daylight studies, is expanding. Reviewing and analyzing today’s achievements and the existing platforms for future research, as the results of the present study, can ground extensive studies in this field.

Although city land use planning, particularly through mixed land use has turned into a significant planning program in the world, its relationship with place and spatial variables affecting the place of social activity has not yet received due attention. This research, while measuring the amount of mixed land use in Kerman historical Fabric, investigates its relationship with the formation of suitable place for social activities, because one of the conditions for creating cohesion in urban spaces is the space ability to support social activities and maintain them in itself. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify susceptible areas for social activity in Kerman historical fabric. Research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and causal in terms of method. The data was collected by library and field methods (completing a questionnaire and field observations). SAW and AHP methods are used to analyze the questionnaires, and then with the urban network analysis model, places with high mix land uses are identified from the point of view of space users and experts. To investigate the spatial correlation between land uses from a spatial point of view, the local Moran index is also measured according to the access index and the weight of land use. Finally, according to the results obtained from the Moran index and urban network analysis, suitable places for social activities are identified. Based on the findings, the most mixed land uses place is Bazaar and then the streets in line with the east-west Bazaar of Kerman, which is very similar to the spatial correlation results obtained from local Moran's index. The best places for social activities according to the mixed land use and access (pedestrian, bicycle, proximity to the public transport station) and the area of land use are east-west Bazaar of Kerman, Arg and Ganjalikhan squares and the neighborhood center of Tah-bagh Laleh. The results showed that the Kerman Bazaar is still a central element in the urban structure that can support social activities. The element of new urban development, i.e. the street, can be a suitable area for social activities if it has a mixed and compatible land use and suitable facilities and services due to the needs of space users.

Two decades after the emergence of biophilic design in architecture, various opinions with distinct patterns have been put forward. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze the similarities and differences between the existing thoughts. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through library and documentary research. The keywords and main concepts were first extracted from the content analysis of the available literature and then compared to report the results with the help of inductive reasoning. Different opinions on the patterns of biophilic design were extracted through a systematic review of 47 records. The opinions were compiled into four clusters, from which the dominant cluster was selected. The cluster included three general categories: direct experience of nature, indirect experience of nature, and experience of space and place, and 27 patterns encompassing greenery, natural light, water, natural shapes and forms, natural materials, and prospect and refuge. Patterns with a higher frequency than the average frequency of their original category were identified as important patterns, for each of which a set of design strategies was proposed. Some of the widespread design strategies were integrating vegetation into interior spaces through the use of indoor green walls, large atriums with park-like environments, and interior planting beds; embedding plants into building designs through the implementation of green roofs; the installation of green walls and facades; and the inclusion of green pockets; expansion of water spaces in built environments and landscapes by incorporating decorative fountains, various water features, engineered wetlands, small ponds, cascading water walls, and aquarium displays; incorporating fractal geometry into design practices; the application of natural materials such as wood, bamboo, stone, and clay across a wide range of products, furniture, and various interior and exterior designs; and geographical, historical, ecological, and cultural connections to place.

Today, the central fabric of many old cities is looking for a strategic choice, combating instability and upgrading the city through an integrated program, despite severe wear and tear, and it seems that sustainable regeneration is the only way to save the worn-out fabric of the city from decay. The pathology of the feasibility of sustainable urban regeneration has been studied in three stages (pre-editing, editing and post-editing).

In this research, the text-based data method was used by using the methods of library and field study (interview), which in the first step, the basic concepts of explanation and related elements and components have been determined, and in the next step, through interviews with city managers who are familiar with The program and platform of project implementation, scientific propositions were analyzed and coded with an emphasis on the dilapidated context of Rasht city.

Selective codes in the pre-coding stage with 35 open codes including causal conditions (2 central codes), contextual (1 central code), interventionist (1 central code) and strategic (4 central codes), in the compilation stage with 32 open codes including causal conditions ( 2 central codes), contextual (1 central code), interventionist (1 central code) and strategic (2 central codes), post-coding stage with 53 open codes including the set of causal conditions (2 central codes), contextual (1 central code), interventionist (3 core codes) and strategic (3 core codes) and the result of all these steps (5 core codes and 29 open codes) which finally extracted the conceptual model of pathology.

The dilapidated fabric of Rasht city is faced with a duality of assets, limitations, as well as a multitude of stakeholders, the most effective way to face them is the interaction between the two categories of urban regeneration and sustainable development as the main condition of realization, and in this regard, the interviewees also considered the two components of presence People and evaluation were listed as factors with higher priority in all three stages. But currently, the country of Iran, especially the city of Rasht, does not have the full maturity to apply the guidelines of sustainable urban regeneration, and more than anything, traces of physical reconstruction can be seen.

Today, although urban societies have become more introverted and private with the expansion of communication technologies, and subsequently, urban spaces, as the most important centers of vitality and collective life, have been threatened, but still ,there is a need to provide facilities in order to more vitality the mentioned spaces as much as possible. "Vitality" is a concept with a "qualitative", "abstract" and "mental" nature, which can be considered as including all the spatial qualities in an urban space or place. Despite the importance and position of this concept in improving the quality of urban life, it has not been conceptualized accurately so far. In the domestic field, most of the previous researches have studied urban vitality based on quantitative approaches and have not contributed to the conceptualization of urban vitality from this point of view. with the aim of limiting the mentioned knowledge gap, this research tries to investigate urban vitality through a theoretical-fundamental and qualitative study and take an effective step towards conceptualizing it as a "whole". Based on this, in the first level of research, based on the world theoretical literature, the two concepts of "vitality" and "urban vitality" are explained. Then, in the second level, with the help of text content analysis, the dimensions, criteria and indicators of urban vitality are explained and used in compiling the "dynamic model of vitality at the scale of urban spaces".

After selecting 25 relevant sources, data related to the vitality of urban spaces were collected and classified through a three-step process. In the first step, phrases and words reflecting indicators of urban vitality were selected and labeled with a theme (open coding). In the second step, through constant comparison, similar and related themes were placed in a conceptual class and formed 15 categories (axial coding). In the third step, themes and categories were classified and related in the form of three dimensions (selective coding). Finally, the dynamic conceptual model of vitality at the scale of urban space was developed in the form of a schematic diagram.

The proposed conceptual model is presented in the form of a schematic diagram, including 3 dimensions, 15 criteria and 55 indicators, which conceptualize urban vitality on the scale of urban space and it can be used to measure or evaluate the vitality of urban spaces. This model has the ability to be developed (especially at the level of indicators) in future researches. In addition to the proposed indices, in relation to each index, an index called "contextual index" has been predicted, which may be able to take into account the specific conditions (social, cultural, political, etc.) of the city. This model, considering the two factors of "time" and "contextual indicators" is considered a dynamic and acceptable model that can be used in various fields and cultures.

Among the most important findings of the upcoming research, the following can be mentioned:Unlike most of the previous researches (both domestic and foreign) that have presented urban vitality as one-dimensional and generally derived from diversity (activity and social), the current research considers urban vitality as "One whole" includes a set of multiple and interrelated factors to improve the quality of the environment and the quality of life.Seven interrelated key factors play a role in explaining urban vitality: 1) movement and dynamism, 2) events, 3) context for emergence, 4) accessibility, 5) urban diversity, 6) city energy, 7 ) active street life.The process of creating urban vitality can be conceptualized in the form of a three-component model, which is based on attention to the dialectic and the relationship between the three elements of "human", "space" and "activity". These elements are respectively related to 3 dimensions "cognitive-semantic", "physical-environmental" and "functional-management".

Nowadays, the energy crisis has drawn the attention of architects and planners regarding the importance of building adjacency within the urban context. However, contemporary residential buildings constructed on the coastal edge within the historical context often overlook the climate and surrounding environment. This research focuses on studying the effect of contemporary buildings located on the coastal edge of the historical context on cooling energy consumption. Specifically, it investigates the integration of shading elements on the western façade of buildings in Bushehr's warm and humid climate. The research method is combined, and the data of selected buildings were collected using field surveys and categorized using the cluster method. The criteria for selecting the sample buildings were validated through the Delphi method. The annual energy consumption of the buildings was calculated in Design Builder. After that, the selected buildings were examined in terms of form, shape, geometry, and details. Hence, the optimal form for each model was extracted. Then by combining the selected optimal models, the target buildings were redesigned, and energy consumption reduction was calculated. The impact of the proximity of the selected buildings on cooling energy consumption was then analyzed. The results indicate the need to integrate form and external shading in contemporary residential buildings on the coastal edge of the historical context to reduce cooling energy consumption and minimize Western natural light. The narrow alleys on the coastal edge of the historical context and the four existing neighborhood models in the study area demonstrate that the placement of buildings within the site plays a significant influence on cooling energy consumption and daylighting. Ultimately, a 20.92% reduction in cooling energy consumption can be observed in the neighborhood model without narrow alleys.

the main purpose of this research is to improve the process of natural ventilation in classrooms, so that a steady and favorable airflow is established in the classroom. The current research is an applied and interdisciplinary research and its method is a mixed and innovative method In the first place, by means of the experimental strategies and periodic tests, after identifying the independent variables (openings and outdoor shading blades), the dependent variable (the speed and direction of the indoor airflow) was measured and recorded by the speedometer and with the help of the smoke testing, then the data were analyzed by simulation method. All simulations of this research accomplished by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, using Gambit and Fluent software. After matching the experimental tests with the simulations, the validity and reliability of the research was proved, and then the data analysis was done. The obtained results showed that proper natural ventilation can be provided to the user, by using the outdoor shading blades properly and controlling the openings. The use of T-shaped shading blades and round columns in the facade of the building and appropriate exterior windows, in addition to balancing the outdoor wind flow, provides effective natural ventilation in the classroom during most hours of the day.

Nowadays in cities, we are witnessing the development of the indiscriminate construction of low-income houses simply as a shelter and without paying attention to the psychological needs of the residents and the degradation of the quality of these houses. So, one of the main dimensions of housing quality is the sense of security of children in residential complexes. By the growth of urbanization and the migration of villagers to cities, urban spaces have become inaccessible for children and are less responsive to their needs. Therefore, it is important to apply the child-friendly city approach as a practical strategy to increase children's sense of security and measure the quality of people's settlements. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to investigate and explain the basic design strategies in order to increase the safety of children in the design of open spaces of low-income residential complexes based on the components of the child-friendly city approach. In this research, Mehr Vahdat housing in Shiraz city is considered as a study example. This research has a practical nature from the point of view of descriptive-analytical and survey methodology and from the point of view of the goal. Based on the results, among the basic solutions that can be presented in order to increase the sense of security of children in the open space of Mehr residential complexes based on the child-friendly city approach, it is possible to increase the readability of the environment for children in the open space of the complex through the design of fun collaborative spaces in order to communicate as much as possible. Most of the children, as well as the design of children's passageways to the mentioned spaces by using playful flooring, stimulating bodies. Also, considering the importance of the foot area in order to increase the sense of security of children, it is necessary to eliminate or minimize defenseless spaces.

The selection of architecture suitable for each climate is a case always considered by individuals, especially architects. Earth-sheltered architecture is also a design approach that has existed since the ancient era in different civilizations to cope with bad weather conditions, such as hot climates, storms, etc. like Dezful city where the residential spaces called Shavadoon were used in hot months of the year to overcome the extreme climate conditions. Now, many nonrenewable energies are wasted in the residential sector, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to introduce the earth-sheltered architecture idea and examine its effects on the residents' comfort and energy consumption over all seasons in the considered climate. In this study with the empirical method, the written references are reviewed through DesignBuilder Software based on simulation technique, and thermal and illumination performance is compared in two buildings: one designed with an earth-sheltered technique and another as the control design on the ground surface. This study examines some cases, such as ventilation and light that are less used naturally in earth-sheltered architecture that requires high energy consumption to improve conditions. Moreover, this study measures the rate of cooling and heating energy consumption and air temperature inside the building considering how much it is close to the optimum temperature conditions. Some solutions have been proposed to correct and improve these conditions: north-facing and south-facing building orientation, placing south-facing doors and windows, and use of natural daylight, garden pit, skylight, double-glazed window, awning, and heat and humidity insulation. These solutions have changed the earth-sheltered building compared with baseline mode leading to less energy consumption rather than the building designed on the surface. This case also results in better ventilation, and air conditioning and less illuminance energy rather than the base mode of earth-sheltered building. It is finally concluded that there is 28.3%, 15.16%, 6.56%, 42.85%, and 46.16% more optimum conditions in ventilation, illuminance or lighting energy consumption, indoor air temperature, cooling energy consumption, and heating energy consumption, respectively in the earth-sheltered building compared to the land surface case

One of the principles of sustainable urban development is to achieve justice in the right sense and needed by every society. Basically, this is achieved when the spatial distribution of urban services is done in accordance with the natural principles and morphology of each area. The general purpose of this research is to compare the effective criteria on the issues of urban morphology that lead to the achievement of spatial justice in the studied areas.

The nature of the research is applied and among the quantitative researches. The necessary information has been obtained using library documents, documentary information, articles and GIS layers. According to the identified criteria, the information has been obtained through the GIS PRO software using the layer of statistical blocks of 2015 of Mashhad city and the layer of Arena and Ayan. The scope is analyzed.

By examining the social, economic and environmental conditions of three regions, it is clear that region 4 is generally in a worse condition than the other two regions. Region 9, as a developed urban center, has a significant advantage over the other two regions in most of the investigated parameters. This superiority may be due to more facilities, major investments and the presence of more suitable infrastructure.

Regions 4 and 2 are low-income regions, which requires city managers to prevent concentration in the central areas of the city. The existence of justice in the way of distribution and distribution of facilities, taking into account geographical, morphological and economic issues, as well as the special view of locality and context, can lead to the emergence of urban sustainability. Also, attention to local identity and context can have a positive effect on urban sustainability and balanced growth of different urban communities.

The study of environmental quality is important due to its impact on residents' comfort and building energy consumption. Additionally, given the recent expansion of apartment living, the necessity of studies focusing on identifying the components that influence residents' comfort and health in residential buildings has increased. However, most research has predominantly focused on the four environmental elements of thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, visual comfort, and air quality, with less emphasis on the architectural aspects of buildings.

The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the architectural factors that affect the indoor environment quality in residential apartments to propose a weighted model of these criteria.

In the first stage, criteria identification was conducted by reviewing 127 research sources, resulting in the extraction of 11 categories of criteria and 50 sub-criteria. In the second stage, a Delphi expert panel was convened to evaluate the research criteria. Through two rounds of evaluation, 10 categories of criteria and 40 sub-criteria were approved for final assessment by specialists. In the third stage, criteria weighting was performed using the Fuzzy Best Worst Method (FBWM).

The research findings present a weighted model of the impact coefficients of six categories and 23 architectural sub-criteria—such as openings, spatial geometry and proportions, control features, layout and spatial segregation, building type, and interior decoration and furniture—on the perception of indoor environment quality. The results indicate that architectural features significantly influence indoor environment quality, with architectural features having a weight similar to environmental features. This suggests that improving indoor environment quality is significantly influenced by building design and form, rather than solely by advanced building technologies or environmental control systems. Additionally, it was identified that the characteristics of openings have the most significant architectural impact on environmental quality. The research results also demonstrate that control features related to temperature regulation, openings, illumination, and views are key factors in ensuring environmental quality, as individuals desire control over their conditions even when environmental conditions are adequate. Regarding building type, the findings indicate that by ensuring appropriate levels of environmental and architectural features, negative effects of living in apartment buildings on individuals' environmental perception can be mitigated. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the height of the unit above ground level significantly influences the perceived quality of the environment.

of the city center, the need to make urban routes pedestrian-oriented in these areas of the cities is felt; at the same time, many pedestrian development projects face new challenges in urban development after implementation. One of these issues is paying attention to the "concept of place" in the creation of pedestrian-oriented routes in the course of their place-making. Therefore, the current research aims to forecast the location indicators before the implementation of the sidewalk in urban routes. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative with a structural-interpretive approach. In the first stage, the presentation of location indicators from among the location models was discussed in combination with finding the location indicators of sidewalks in previous studies using the VOS viewer method. Then, using the Delphi method and Micmac structural analysis, it was shown that the indicators of links, spatial connectivity and readability are the most influential direct variables and event variables, the diversity of strata and the presence of tourists are the most influential components in the future of street pavement construction. Takhti, Shariati, Shohada and Baba-Taher are in Hamedan city. The findings show the relationship between spatial and physical structure factors and their impact on social factors. Also, the results indicate that in the analysis of the spatial structure by means of Space Syntax, Shariati Street has a higher number of readability that comes from the relationship between the values of integrity and connection; It has better conditions to be pedestrian-oriented from the "concept of place" dimension than the other three streets.