مجله پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among students, which is influenced by many situational factors or personality traits. This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of academic procrastination based on self-handicapping and perfectionism with the mediating role of sense of competence. The correlational research method and the statistical population included all female students of the second secondary level of Iran, in the academic year of 2022-2023. A number of 350 students were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, and completed the academic procrastination scale; academic self-handicapping scale; perfectionism scale and  Sense of Competence scale. The data was analyzed using the structural equation modeling method in AMOS software version 24. Based on the obtained results, academic self-handicapping and academic perfectionism have a direct and negative effect on the sense of competence, and also, through the mediation of the sense of competence, on academic procrastination. The sense of competence has a direct negative effect on academic procrastination. According to the results, it is suggested that teachers prepare learning environments to reduce students' procrastination, which supports their sense of competence in academic matters by considering perfectionism and self-handicapping behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to develop a moral intelligence questionnaire for adolescents in Isfahan province. The study was done using the survey research method. The statistical population included 12 to 19 years old adolescents in Isfahan province during 1401-1402. Based on the two-stage cluster sampling method, 400 students were selected in the first stage and 900 students in the second stage. The data were analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis method through the analysis of the main components on the data and the rotation of the factors using orthogonal method using SPSS 25 and Amoss 24. The results of the study showed that the Moral Intelligence Scale (adolescents form) has good form and content validity. The results of exploratory factor analysis led to the extraction of 7 factors (respect, responsibility, conscience, kindness, restraint, honesty and forgiveness) which explain 46.64% of the total variance of the scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that factor loadings in components were higher than 0.4 and consequently significant (p<0.0001). The fit indices showed that the first-order seven-factor measurement model fit the data. The scale reliability the was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 and the coefficient of halving was 0.93 Considering the suitable validity and reliability of the moral intelligence adolescent scale, this instrument can be used as a valid and useful tool to check and measure the moral intelligence of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years.

According to research findings, self-harm occurs more in adolescence than in other developmental periods. In addition to affecting social and academic functions, this disorder can lead to serious life risks. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between insecure attachment styles and self-harm with the mediation of resilience and mentalization. The method of this study was correlation. The statistical population included all first and second-high school students of one education district of Zahedan in the academic year of 2022-2023. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, 305 students who scored five or higher on the Self-harm questionnaire were selected. To collect data, the Revised Adult Attachment Scale, the Resilience Questionnaire, and the Mentalization Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using structural equations modeling using AMOS  and SPSS software. The evaluation of the model showed an acceptable fit with the obtained data. Insecure attachment styles had significant effects on self-harm in adolescents with the mediation of resilience and mentalization (P < 0.05). Moreover, resilience and mentalization had direct effects on self-harm (P < 0.05). The research results indicated that insecure attachment styles could be a strong predictor of self-harm in adolescence due to resilience and mentalization. Considering the significant relationship between the research variables and this disorder, it is suggested that officials prevent the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment style and self-harm by holding educational workshops for parents.

Depression, as one of the most common mental disorders, is rooted in many biological and psychological factors, and cognitive biases are one of the main roots of its formation and persistence. Cognitive biases, as systematic patterns of deviation from the norm or rationality in judgment, are manifested in depressed people in the form of self-defeating biases and focusing on the negative aspects of life. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) includes teaching new information processing methods to change processing biases such as selective attention and interpretation biases. The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) towards sad faces on indicators of depression, hope, and life orientation in depressed students. The research method was semi-experimental and the pretest-posttest control group design was used in this study. The population included Persian Gulf University students in the academic year 2021-2022, and the sample size in this study included 40 male and female students with moderate depression who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Multivariate analysis of covariance test was used for statistical analysis of data and data were analyzed with SPSS 21 software. According to the results, Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) towards sad faces caused a significant decrease in depression, improved the hope index, and increased the positive orientation of students' lives. Training on Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) methods aimed at enhancing information processing processes can play an effective role in preventing psychological disorders and improving mental health indicators by correcting cognitive biases and reducing negative emotions.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with transcranial direct current stimulation in attention bias and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The current study is Quasi-experimental research using a pre-test-post-test design and a three-month follow-up with a control group. The study's statistical population comprised male and female individuals aged 14 to 18 who were diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and seeking treatment at counseling and psychological centers in Ahwaz City, Iran. Thirty individuals who met the inclusion criteria for the study were selected using an available sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Those who met the exclusion criteria were excluded from the study. Before commencing the  intervention, the participants underwent an evaluation using the appropriate tools, namely the Emotional Stroop Test and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. After the evaluation, the participants in the experimental group underwent cognitive rehabilitation therapy for 12 sessions. Each session lasted 45 minutes, during which 20 minutes of transcranial direct current stimulation was performed concurrently with cognitive rehabilitation tasks. The participants in the control group did not receive any intervention. After completing the interventions, the participants were re-evaluated three months later. MANCOVA and ANCOVA were utilized to analyze the data and answer the research question. The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation with transcranial direct current stimulation could improve attention bias and reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p < 0.05). Based on the results, cognitive rehabilitation with transcranial direct current stimulation can be used as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This article is derived from research in the field of therapists' emotional experiences in the treatment session, with a mixed-methods and sequential exploratory approach (qualitative-quantitative), that is related to the quantitative phase of this study. This article reports the construction and validation of a relevant questionnaire. The primary purpose of this article was to create and validate a questionnaire on the emotional experiences of therapists, based on the five main factors identified in the qualitative phase (emotional abilities, emotions related to job burnout, emotions related to job challenges, emotions caused by the type of communication with clients, and the type of emotions experienced). The statistical population was all psychotherapists working in Isfahan City in 2022-2023. The sample size consisted of 235 psychotherapists. Data collection was done using the quota sampling method. Data analysis was carried out by the two methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach. The software used for data analysis was R 4.3.0, SPSS Statistics 26, and SmartPLS. The initially designed questionnaire consisted of 54 items. After performing preliminary data analysis, preliminary data verification, and exploratory factor analysis on the final data, the items reduced from 54 to 35. Based on univariate, bivariate, and multivariate outlier data analysis, six people were excluded from the samples. The final factorial structure included six factors of emotions related to job burnout (8 items), emotions related to job challenges (7 items), emotional abilities (5 items), type of emotions experienced (5 items), emotions caused by the type of communication with clients (7 items), and emotions caused by doubt and uncertainty (3 items). The analysis results of the variance-based structural equation modeling confirmed the hierarchical nature of the obtained factor structure. The distribution of scores for all factors was almost normal. The convergent validity, based on the correlation of scores from the therapists' emotional experiences, was 0.739 (P<0.001). Additionally, the reliability coefficients using the test-retest method were calculated for 32 therapists across two sessions with a two-week interval. These coefficients were above 0.70 for all subscales. Clinics and psychotherapy centers can use the validated questionnaire to diagnose the emotional experiences of therapists and their possible injuries.

The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional intelligence (EI) in the relationship between theory of mind (ToM) and executive functions, specifically working memory and problem-solving. A correlational research design with structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed. The study population comprised female students aged 14 to 18 years in Khomeini Shahr (2021), from which 300 participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. The assessment instruments included an emotional intelligence questionnaire and software-based tests for the Tower of London task, working memory, and a mind-reading test using eye-image stimuli. The findings indicated that ToM exerted a positive, significant direct effect on EI (β = 0.233), working memory (β = 0.318), and problem-solving (β = 0.299) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, EI had a significant direct effect on working memory (β = 0.219) and problem-solving (β = 0.319) (p < 0.01). The indirect effect of T0M on working memory and problem-solving, mediated by EI, was β = 0.036 and β = 0.062, respectively. These results confirm the mediating role of EI in the association between T0M and executive functions. The findings underscore the pivotal role of ToM and EI in enhancing cognitive functions, suggesting that interventions aimed at strengthening these abilities could improve students' executive functioning.

The prevalence of the corona virus and the deaths caused by it and the lack of a comprehensive mourning reaction have various psychological effects on the survivors. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment of Barlow and acceptance and commitment therapy on Rumination and intolerance of uncertainty in corona victims' wives. The semi-test research method was with the pre-test-post-test and 2-month follow-up. The statistical population included the corona victims' wives, referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2022, using convenience sampling methods, 51 people, and were randomly placed in three groups of 17. Due to the subject drop in the acceptance and commitment therapy group, one person was randomly removed from the other two groups. Therefore, in each group, 16 data were analyzed. The first experimental groups received acceptance and commitment therapy and the second experimental group transdiagnostic treatment in 9 sessions 90 minute once a week. The research tools were the rumination questionnaire and the uncertainty intolerance questionnaire. Data were analyzed using repeated measurement ANOVA. The results showed that both interventions were effective on the rumination and intolerance and the treatment effect was stable in the follow-up phase (P<0.001) and there is no difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions on rumination and intolerance of uncertainty. Considering the effectiveness of both interventions on rumination and uncertainty intolerance in corona victims' wives, it is suggested that psychotherapists use these treatment approaches in the treatment of psychological problems caused by bereavement.