مجله طب نظامی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 5 (پیاپی 129، آذر و دی 1403)

Despite the essential role of water in biological environments, this nutrient is often overlooked. The hydration status of the body is determined by water balance (the difference between water intake and output). Water deficiency or negative balance is influenced by various internal and external factors. This review article aims to evaluate the existing evidence regarding the effects of medications on hydration status and discusses their implications for overall health.

A comprehensive search using selected keywords based on the MeSH model, including water, drugs, pharmaceutical additives, hydration, and dehydration, was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published in English. These studies focused on the effects of medications on hydration, encompassing both primary and secondary research.

Current findings regarding the interaction between hydration status and medication use, as well as other related additives, are limited. Medications may induce dehydration by increasing water loss through diarrhea, elevating urine output, or promoting sweating. Common mechanisms of action include reduced thirst sensation, decreased appetite, and altered central temperature regulation. Conversely, many medications can affect hydration status by altering gastric residence time and modifying gastrointestinal permeability and absorption.

Monitoring the hydration status of patients, particularly those at high risk, plays a crucial role in protecting against many unintended side effects arising from medication and dietary regimens. Improving hydration status not only aids in the overall functioning of body systems but can also reduce the risk of complications such as renal dysfunction, hypotension, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, prioritizing hydration as a vital factor in patient care, especially in specific medical conditions, is essential for enhancing treatment outcomes and improving patients' quality of life.

With the development of gene editing technology based on CRISPR-Cas, biohacking and body hacking have attracted the attention of biotechnology researchers. Today, the DIY-Biology (Do-it-yourself biology) movement has been formed with the aim of conducting biological experiments with minimal facilities in non-laboratory settings. The simple use of CRISPR in gene editing has made this technology an ideal bioterrorism weapon for biohackers. The relationship between gene editing and biohacking is like the Yin/Yang relationship, whereby by gaining knowledge, you can influence organisms out of the darkness (Yin) and into the light (Yang). Determining the opportunities facing biohackers can provide solutions to deal with them. In this regard, checking antiCRISPRs may be useful. Today, biohackers have become a bio-threat. Therefore, it is necessary to know the solutions to deal with it. While getting to know the available tools to neutralize the threats of hackers, one should also use the opportunity to develop the practical use of these technologies. The present study was conducted by reviewing and interpreting the information obtained from scientific articles and books published since 2000, by checking keywords such as Biohacking, Bodyhacking, Biothreat, and CRISPR on NCBI, Google, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed websites.

Nowadays, genetic science is extensively utilized in the recruitment processes of advanced organizations to employ individuals with higher efficiency. However, genetic assessments are highly expensive, and the most appropriate genes for evaluation must be identified before their application. This study aims to identify the most suitable genes for evaluating attention performance to improve the recruitment process in military forces.

The search process was conducted without restrictions on sample size, country, language, or study design, focusing on the exposure factor and outcome. A systematic search, without time limits until March 1, 2024, was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Using the PEOS framework, the population was defined as individuals with attention disorders and healthy individuals, exposure as specific alleles in the COMT, SLC6A3, and DRD4 genes, outcome as attention-related disorders, and study design as case-control studies.

After a systematic search, 295 studies on the COMT gene, 181 studies on the SLC6A3 gene, and 349 studies on the DRD4 gene were obtained. After removing duplicate studies, 691 studies remained. Ultimately, after reviewing the existing studies, 19 studies on COMT, 25 studies on SLC6A3, and 24 studies on DRD4 were considered for discussion in this study.

Examining the SLC6A3 gene as part of the pre-recruitment assessment process in military organizations can be an effective approach to improving this process and facilitating the recruitment of more efficient individuals.

Stress is a pervasive life experience, especially observed in military environments. Stress-induced analgesia is the reduction of the pain response after exposure to stress, achieved through descending pain inhibitory circuits. The prefrontal cortex is one of the brain regions that are important not only in executive functions but also in pain processing. Adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex are involved in pain processing. Considering the effects of adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex on processing pain under stress, the present study aimed to investigate the inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex on pain behaviors and brain oxidative capacity caused by forced swimming stress in male rats.

Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control (without receiving stress and drugs), sham (surgery but without receiving stress and drugs), stress (forced swimming stress), forced swimming stress group + propranolol (received 4 μg/μL of propranolol before forced swimming stress), and propranolol group (receiving 4 μg/μl propranolol without stress). In the present study, tonic pain responses (tail-flick test) and cold allodynia were investigated. Also, the levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde and catalase enzymes were investigated using biochemical kits.

The findings of the present study showed that forced swimming stress reduced the occurrence of tonic pain and cold allodynia. Also, the results showed that forced swimming stress did not significantly change the concentration of glutathione in the brain compared to the control group, but it decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde and catalase (p<0.05). Furthermore, injection of propranolol in the prefrontal cortex (stress group + propranolol) increased tonic pain and cold allodynia compared to the stress group. Moreover, injection of propranolol in the prefrontal cortex before forced swimming stress increased the concentration of malondialdehyde and catalase in the brain compared to the stress group.

The results of the present study showed that beta-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex play a mediating role in stress-induced analgesia.

The impact of arthropod-borne diseases on military forces is well known. Treating uniforms with insecticides is a suitable method to protect soldiers against insect bites. Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in permissible doses for impregnating uniforms due to its effectiveness. Washing significantly affects the contact toxicity of uniforms treated with normal permethrin formulations, so another durable, long-lasting formulation must be used for long-term purposes. The polymer-coating method is a way to increase the wash resistance of insecticide-treated fabrics.

In this study, a normal permethrin formulation and its polymeric formulation were prepared using polymeric compounds. Subsequently, military uniforms were impregnated with these two formulations at permissible doses using the dipping method. After multiple washings, bioassays against Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were conducted based on various indicators to compare the insecticidal ability of uniforms treated with these two formulations.

The results showed that washing significantly reduced the contact toxicity of uniforms treated with normal permethrin formulation. After five washes, re-treatment was necessary for effective use. However, washing uniforms treated with polymeric permethrin had little impact on their contact toxicity, and the presence of polymeric compounds maintained the insecticidal ability of the uniforms against washing.

Polymeric permethrin formulations are recommended for long-term use in military uniforms to provide better protection against insect and arthropod bites.

Emergency preparedness for radiation accidents is essential, and the need to design and facilitate various progressive exercises to increase preparedness in these accidents has been emphasized. Using the demonstration method with simulation is an effective teaching method in this field. To train military nursing master's students in caring for radiation victims, a plan was made to visit a specialized clinic for radiation victim care. The students received necessary training through simulation.

This article presents the findings of a case study conducted through field operations, data organization, and description of data collected during the natural course of an event by researchers. Observation and description were the primary elements of this study, and observation and interview techniques were utilized to gather the necessary knowledge and insights about the information.

Radiation casualty care training was presented to the students using a simulation method with combined casualties (trauma and radiation contamination) by an expert from the radiation care clinic. After triage and complete decontamination, the hypothetical victim was transferred to the inpatient ward to monitor clinical symptoms and receive the necessary medical and nursing care. The design of specialized centers for the care and treatment of nuclear and radiation victims is somewhat different from other hospitals and medical centers. These centers have a special section for installing decontamination devices and a separate sewage system for storing polluted water. Also, the staff involved in providing medical care to radiation victims should be equipped with the required scientific ability and practical skills and be prepared to face radiation accidents.

Considering the importance and necessity of field training and presence in real arenas facing critical conditions and war, and in order to improve the level of education and skills of military nursing master's students, it is recommended that necessary planning and coordination be made for the presence and participation of students in medical centers, related institutions, and similar missions in the future.

Medical science education with the highest specialized quality and responding to the needs of society are the missions of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. Evidence shows that society and the Iranian health system need spiritual health services. Providing spiritual health services as a clinical specialty requires theory. This study was conducted with the aim of designing, validating, and implementing the longitudinal training of "Principles of Spiritual Medicine" and "Spiritual Health" based on the Sound Heart Theory for general medical doctorate students at Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences.
This action research study was conducted from 2019 to 2024 based on Kern and colleagues' method of curriculum development. The steps of the study included: Identification of the general problem and needs assessment, Needs assessment of target learners, Determination of educational goals and outcomes, Determination of educational strategies and methods, Implementation of a longitudinal training program, Program evaluation and results feedback for program modification. The content validity of the materials and teaching methods was confirmed in six specialized panels by 30 members of the Curriculum Planning and Teaching Development Committees of Baqiyatullah Medical School.
The clinical practice of doctors in providing spiritual health services is formed based on scientific theory through formal education with a hidden curriculum. Spiritual health education needs expert and decent professors in the position of spiritual guide (mentor). Future research about spiritual health services in Iran showed challenges in the theorizing, teaching, and applying spiritual health knowledge. The social determinants of students' spiritual health showed the medical students' needs to receive spiritual health education. The design and psychometrics of the Spiritual Health Service Competency Assessment Questionnaire determined the goals and educational outcomes. Competency-based education strategy provides the possibility of community-oriented education. The content of "longitudinal training" of spiritual medical principles is applicable in the form of a 40% modification of the medical etiquette course 1 to 4 in 4 semesters of basic sciences along with a 20% change in "clinical semiology" units. Bedside teaching in the form of "learning by doing" enables skill training. Spiritual health education standards specify program evaluation criteria.
The formal education of principles of spiritual medicine and spiritual health, along with the hidden curriculum, can enable medical students to provide spiritual health services in healthcare centers throughout the life of clients, at different levels of prevention, in the spectrum of health and disease, especially in conditions of spiritual crises.