نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و ششم شماره 7 (پیاپی 146، مهر 1403)

 Antibiotics, due to their low biodegradability, high solubility, and toxicity, threaten human health and the environment. The study aims to create the green magnetic nanocomposite MnFe2O4/BiOI and use it to clean up water solutions through a photocatalytic process when ultraviolet light is present.

 In this study, carried out in 2022-2023, a green magnetic nanocomposite, MnFe₂O₄/BiOI, was synthesized using an extract from the Calendula officinalis plant. It was then tested to assess its efficiency in removing tetracycline under ultraviolet light. The characteristics of this nanocomposite were determined through XRD, VSM, TEM, FESEM, and DRS analyses.

 Nanocomposite MnFe2O4/BiOI has dimensions ranging from 14–45 nanometers, a band gap of 1.7 eV, and a magnetic saturation level of 19.92 emu/g. The photocatalytic process eliminated all tetracycline when the conditions were right: pH = 9, 20 mg/L of tetracycline, 0.5 g/L of MnFe2O4/BiOI nanocomposite, and 200 minutes of reaction time.

The results of this study demonstrate that the photocatalytic process using MnFe2O4/BiOI/UV can effectively treat water contaminated with tetracycline-containing antibiotics.

Serology studies have identified 66 types of human Enteroviruses using their antibodies. Enterovirus infections are often asymptomatic, but may lead to a variety of clinical diseases such as mild fever, severe skin, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases. In addition to the polio monitoring system, a number of countries have developed comprehensive monitoring programs for non-polio Enteroviruses. The main goal of this study is to investigate the Enteroviruses in tap consumed water and well water in selected parks in Tehran city.

 In this analytical study to sample, random sampling is used. 22 samples are taken from tap consumed water and water well (6 samples) in selected parks in different areas in Tehran city, from September 6 to November 20, 2019. The samples are collected in sterile bottle according to procedure detailed in national standard methods. In this study, Enteroviruses are measured using polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.

This study shows that the mean of Enteroviruses in tap consumed water and well water selected in Tehran by RT-PCR method were 0.18±0.85 and 0.1±1.63, respectively. The mean of plate heterotrophic bacteria of tap consumed water and well water of selected parks in Tehran city are obtained by R2A agar culture method of 6.05±3.05 and 85.97±2.26, respectively. Increased temperature and turbidity lead to an increase in Heterotrophic plate bacteria and Enteroviruses.

 Reduction of residual chlorine in water in some places leads to an increase in Heterotrophic plate bacteria and enteroviruses. Infection control and preventive strategies planning in order to reducing the exposure risk to Enteroviruses due to producing a safe water supply is purposed to public health authorities.

This study has been carried out to identify the crop type and spatial pattern of agricultural lands in the Segzi Hydrological Unit in Isfahan Province, Iran.

 Considering the vegetative calendar and phonological cycles of the major crops in the study area including wheat, alfalfa, fruit trees and vegetables, as well as agricultural land size, it was used for the study 3 Landsat satellite images (OLI) of the year 2015. After corrections and preliminary preprocesses were used from the NDVI and multi-resolution segmentation algorithm, taking into account three criteria of color, scale and shape, to determine the agricultural land area. Then, with the development of a decision tree based on the NDVI index, major crops were identified, mapped and evaluated for their accuracy. Then, using landscape metrics including number of patch (NP), mean patch size (MPS), Mean Shape Index (MSI), Perimeter-area ratio (PARA) and Mean Nearest Neighbor (MNN) to study the structure and agricultural arrangement.

The results of this study showed that a large area of agricultural land (about 46%) in the region is dedicated to wheat cultivation and less than 8% to vegetable cultivation. The results also showed that all lands in the region have a regular geometric shape with a minimum amount of area per area.

 The output of this study shows the movement of agricultural land in the region towards a monoculture. Also, the lack of water resources in recent years has formed a picture of a fragmented land.

Today, air pollution is one of the main problems of countries. Air pollution caused by various industries has become one of the major problems of the global environment. Harmful forms of this pollution affect human health in short and long term. According to the type and method of activity, each of the industries can have a different contribution and role in air pollution. The activities of the wood industry factories have a significant role in increasing the amount of air pollution due to their increasing growth in the last century. Meanwhile, the activity of chipboard factories, as one of the important industries of wood products, has a significant impact on the production of suspended particles, carbonaceous oxides, nitrogenous oxides, ammonia, etc. Therefore, according to health and economic considerations, it was necessary to conduct a study to measure the exhaust gases of Neoban industries and to investigate the impact of these industries on air pollution in a case-by-case basis at Neoyan Gonbad Company in Golestan province.

In this study, to measure the amount of pollutants coming out of the factory, first 5 main stations were determined and then the parameters of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, ammonia, formaldehyde, temperature of exhaust gases, ambient temperature and the parameters of EER, LOSS and Excess efficiency evaluation were determined. Air was investigated.

The results indicate that the concentration of carbon monoxide gas as the main pollutant and the amount of suspended particles produced by shredders, humic cyclone for coarse particles, cyclone for humic particles and storage silage are higher than the permissible limit. Also, the investigation of suspended particles in the open air shows the highest concentration in the east, west and center of the factory.

In general, the consumption of fossil fuels, the improper efficiency of cyclones, the lack of proper channeling for the entry and exit of gas and the unpleasant smell of the halls are all reasons for the increase in the amount of air pollutants in the factory environment and the atmosphere around the factory. What is certain is that the information obtained from this study can provide solutions to many problems caused by air pollution to the owners of wood industries, especially chipboard industries. Simple actions such as planting and increasing the amount of green space in these industries will have a significant impact on reducing air pollutants. Therefore, conducting this research, especially in the northern region of the country with high population density and special environmental sensitivities that have always been there, is more necessary and valuable.

A large proportion of human-related air pollution is produced by fossil-fuel-based oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. Hence, conducting knowledge-based studies can provide effective solutions to complex environmental problems, such as air pollution in industrial areas.

 The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were calculated according to the petroleum ministry’s guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions for Zagros petrochemical complex seasonal data, from 2011 to 2017, and Data Envelopment Analysis Program (DEAP) software was used to estimate efficiencies by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), during the same period. Environmental efficiency was estimated based on the materials balance principle (MBP), using the carbon emissions data from fuel combustion.

The results indicate, in the first year of study, the mean seasonal scores of the technical, environmental, and environmental allocative efficiencies are about 0.98, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively, while the inefficiencies are about 2%, 10%, and 8%, respectively. In the last year of study, these scores are around 0.99, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively; besides, the inefficiencies have been estimated at about 1%, 6%, and 6%, respectively.

 The mean ratio of outputs to inputs (mean technical efficiency) is 98% in 2011, which specifies that the petrochemical plant could produce its current output with 2% less input. The mean environmental efficiency and the mean environmental allocative efficiency manifest the petrochemical plant’s possible capability in reducing its pollutants by around 10% while producing the same and also the cleaner and allocative amount of output by 8%. In 2017, the reduction of 6% in carbon emissions to produce the cleaner and allocative amount of output by 6% was expected if the petrochemical unit could produce its current output with 1% less input.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different treatments of fertilizer, biochar and Trichoderma fungi on the yield, yield components and quality indices of the maize mother lines (hybrid KSC 704) as a factorial split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the sample farm of the University of Jiroft in the cultivation period of 2015.

Four levels of fertilizer (NPK) (control, 30%, 70%, and 100%) were used as the main factor and two levels of use and non-use of biochar and three levels of Trichoderma fungi including (control, Trichoderma atroviride and Trichodema harzianum) were considered as subfactors. The seeds were isolated and dried under normal conditions after the removal of one square meter of each unit, and traits such as the number of row per ear, number of grain per row, number of grain per ear, 1000 Grain weight, and yield were recorded. Standard seed germination test was carried out in order to evaluate the quality of seeds produced by native plants and to calculate germination rate, normal seedling percentage, seedling length, and seedling dry weight.

The results showed that use of biochar, Trichoderma species and different levels of fertilizer significantly improved normal seedling percentage, germination rate, seedling length, and seedling dry weight in standard germination tests, and also had a significant effect on performance and yield components. In some ways, 100% fertilizer recommendation interaction in Trichoderma harzianum compared to control-control interaction caused 55% increase in grain yield and biochar interaction in Trichodema harzianum and biochar interaction and 100% fertilizer recommendation compared to control treatments, respectively. Caused 36 and 41% increase in germination rate.

According to the results, it can be concluded that the use of biochar, different fertilizer levels and type of fungi Trichodema harzianum increased the quantity and quality of the seeds produced on the mother plant compared with the control conditions. Although used treatments (biochar and Trichoderma fungi) did not affect the quantity of the used fertilizer, they enhanced the capacity of the agricultural soil and reduced the environmental pollution through increasing the efficiency of the used fertilizer (under the conditions of using sufficient fertilizer).

The soil around the cement plant is exposed to severe environmental pollution due to the activities resulting from the transfer of raw materials and the process of cement production. It deprives human beings of a healthy environment. The purpose of this study is to first measure the concentration of heavy metals in the soil around the Tehran Cement Plant and then reduce pollution by phytoremediation.

The study area in this research is the soil around Tehran Cement Factory in Rey city and along Bibi Shahrbanoo mountains. First, soil was sampled from 200, 300, 400, 500 meters of the eastern side of Tehran Cement Factory and the control point, which is located 6 km west of the factory, then soil samples were sent to the laboratory and the concentrations of heavy metals lead, zinc, Copper in the soil of all points was evaluated by ICP-MASS, After that the phytoremediation process was performed on these samples and the metal concentrations of the plants planted in the soil of the pots specific to the sampling points and the soil after phytoremediation were measured in the laboratory.

The soil of the sampling points around the plant is contaminated with heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil of all sampling points is higher than the control point and the concentration of these metals decreases with increasing distance from the factory. According to the standard of the World Health Organization, the concentration of lead metal in all sampling points in the east of the factory is contaminated, the concentration of zinc metal in the range between low and medium pollution (between 120 to 290 mg/kg) and copper metal It is above the low pollution range (more than 35 mg/kg). According to this standard, plants planted in the soil have all the places of severe contamination with lead metal, the concentration of zinc in plants planted in the first point (200 meters) is more than 60 mg/kg and contaminated, copper metal contamination is not seen in plants. Concentrations of heavy metals in the soil after phytoremediation show a reasonable reduction to the allowable range of some standards, also according to the standard of the World Health Organization, the concentration of zinc in the third and fourth stations to the lower range of low pollution (less than 120 mg/kg).

Diffusion of dust and suspended particles by cement factories and then its accumulation in the surrounding soils can increase the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, which is observed in this study. Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soil after phytoremediation indicate that the plant has good extraction potential and phytoremediation technology can be effective in reducing the concentration of heavy metals in the soil to the allowable range of some standards.

One of the important factors in the success of plans and projects is the role of machinery and equipment and the proper way to use and manage them properly. Knowing the types of drilling machines and equipment in dam construction projects and how to properly select and use them can play an effective role in the success of these projects; Due to the fact that the study in the field of machinery related to drilling operations and mainly construction machinery has a wide scope, in this research, traditional machines and machinery in this field have been evaluated and monitored.

 In this research, using the implementation method of PMBOK standard, sixth edition, and access to information on the construction site of the dam in question, as well as library studies, Internet search, existing documents, as well as field studies and visits to the dam site during construction to identify features. Drilling operations in dam construction projects have been performed with emphasis on the safety requirements of drilling machines and devices in the implementation stages, as well as the study of the project location and structural features of Haraz Dam.

The research findings indicate that the probability of occurrence in excavator (making noise in drilling and drilling activities) with a risk number of 56 and the severity of the effect due to the risks of falling rocks and materials and overturning during loading activity in the loader with Risk number 45 from the loading activity at the top of the category of unacceptable risks was determined that the risk of overturning the loader due to excessive fall during loading, excessive noise and vibration and vibration caused by it, as well as fire during operations In the excavator, the overturning of the dump truck during unloading due to the unevenness of the unloading site and the disturbance of its center of gravity is one of the most important risky activities, followed by the creation of unacceptable risks.

The results of this study indicate that the frequency of risks in dump trucks is higher than other devices, the probability of accidents in loaders and the severity of the effects of risks identified in excavators are higher than other devices in this field. According to the results of risk assessment, it can be concluded that most of the possible consequences are due to staff negligence and lack of continuous monitoring.

Climate indicates the interaction of some elements such as radiation, temperature and humidity, wind and rainfall on the architecture of the buildings. The result of these effects is a change in the form, organization of spaces and the proportions that govern the overall interior spaces of buildings and constructs. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the importance and impact of four climatic parameters of radiation, precipitation, temperature and humidity on the construction of four buildings: Silo Building, triangular faculty, preparatory Teacher-training School and former Shapoor High School, which was built during the Pahlavi period in Ahvaz.

In terms of purpose, this research is applied and it is descriptive in terms of methodology. Research data was collected based on a questionnaire and Cronbach's method was used to evaluate its reliability. Sampling was based on snowball method and 31 experts were selected as samples. This research was conducted in 2020 and data analysis was performed using SPSS software, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, sign test and CODAS technique.

After preparing the polymer layer, the morphology and diameter of the nanofibers were determined by scanning electron microscopy and the average diameter of the nanofibers prepared under optimal conditions was 80 nm. Examination of the antimicrobial activity of this coating showed that this structure shows a significant antimicrobial effect on bacteria, so that the highest antimicrobial effect was observed on the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes with a growth inhibition zone diameter of 14 mm.

The creativity of using climatic parameters in the architecture of historic buildings and taking into account the environmental conditions and design features and the characteristics of the materials used in these buildings are important factors in recognizing the traditional Iranian architecture as a complete manifestation of harmonious architecture or climate. On the other hand, today, climate changes are the result of the interaction of complex and less known factors that affect the sustainability of architecture. In the regards, no building can be constructed without considering the principles and foundations of statics and the resistance of buildings and climate in the sustainable architecture physically. The transformation of these factors has led to numerous environmental problems, all of which have resulted from the neglectance of changing space, time, and energy as influential resources; it has ultimately led to instability in the architecture of buildings.

Industrial and technological advances have caused man to disconnect from nature and natural systems. The alienation from ecosystems and natural processes has had consequences such as numerous environmental problems, a lifeless urban space, and the presence of housing that has nothing to do with human psychological needs. Architecture can play a very important role in returning humans to nature. One of the ways to return to nature is to use the new biophilic architecture, which due to its connection with nature, Can meet the spiritual and psychological needs of human beings Since the most perspective of relationship with nature is found in traditional Iranian houses, so the purpose of this study is to study the principles of biophilic architecture in traditional houses in Kermanshah and its role in improving the quality of housing. This research has been done qualitatively and data analysis has been used for the final evaluation. Therefore, this study first redefines the concepts of biophilic and housing quality In the continuation of the research, by choosing the houses of the Qajar period in Kermanshah as a source, in the field and presence in these houses, it has studied the biophilic architecture Thus, the research examines the extracted concepts and examines the improvement of housing quality. In this way, documentary and library studies and map analysis have been used. The results indicate that the principles of biophilic architecture can be seen in the architecture and decorations of traditional houses in Kermanshah. Also, biophilic principles in case of localization with qualitative components of housing (physical-spatial, structural, functional, environmental, related to human needs) can be applied in today's housing and can improve the quality of housing and more favorable conditions. To provide for its residents .