پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 112 (پاییز 1403)

Various  political interventions have cast a shadow on the Iran’s foreign trade, and not considering them for analyzing the target markets, will make the results unrealistic and biased. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of exports through the modification of the gravity model by considering policy variables. Two methods of modified stochastic boundary gravity model with fuzzy logic (A) and normal gravity model (B) have been used. The research data was collected from 33 major importing countries of Iran's pistachio and saffron during the period of years 2001 to 2020. The results showed that in the medium term (2016-2020), the export efficiency were about 39% and 29% for saffron and pistachio respectively. The greatest potential in pattern A is related to the UAE, Spain, Hong Kong, China and Afghanistan. While by removing political variables in most countries such as China, the potential is lower and in some countries such as Japan, the export potential is estimated to be higher. The average potential of pistachios in the recent period was 56.4 million dollars in pattern A and 53.5 million dollars in pattern B. The comparison between the results of model A and B showed that in most of the period, the effect of political interventions has reduced the export potential in countries that do not have friendly political relations with Iran, such as USA and Japan.

Foreign companies are trying to internationalize and unite with Iranian companies to expand the existing capacities to achieve their goals. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the risks of strategic alliances that foreign companies face at the international level  with Iranian companies in the dried fruit industry. This research was carried out in the paradigm of symbolic interpretation with a qualitative approach in an inductive way and using the  thematic analysis strategy and purposeful judgmental sampling and coding analysis method. The risks of international strategic alliance in this research were discovered and presented through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 10 experts in the dried fruit industry of foreign companies. A total of 10 interviews were conducted and 165 expressions were extracted, which were classified into 59 indicators. From this, 38 indicators were obtained, which were classified into 7 concepts. This  research shows how these risks are related to each other. According to the results, the components related to the cultural and political issues, risk infrastructures, sanctions and customs laws, are the biggest concerns of the industry activists, which have higher priority compared to the risks caused by alliances with foreign partners.

Nowadays, online businesses have experienced exponential growth, impacting all industries, including the tourism sector. Despite the numerous websites offering online tourism services, statistics indicate that there are still customers who, for various reasons, resist online purchases and prefer to buy in person from travel agencies. Customer resistance is a practical topic in the field of consumer behavior, which is examined in this study concerning online purchases of tourism products. The aim of this research is to develop a model that includes the antecedents and consequences of customer resistance to online purchases of tourism products through a systematic review approach, utilizing both meta-analysis and meta-synthesis methods. The research sample comprised 42 previous studies on customer resistance in the tourism industry from the related databases, including 12 quantitative and 10 qualitative articles. The quantitative studies were analyzed using the meta-analysis method through the CMA2 software by calculating the effect size. The qualitative studies were analyzed using the meta-synthesis method through a three-stage coding analysis, including open, axial, and selective coding. Ultimately, from the combination of both methods, the antecedents and consequences of customer resistance were extracted from the previous literature. According to the results, factors such as functional barriers, psychological barriers, customer characteristics, and website features are the antecedents of the customer resistance model. Additionally, purchase intention and social influence are considered consequences of customer resistance, and managing these factors can help in handling resistant customers and reducing their resistance to online purchase.

This research examines the impact of key monetary and non-monetary variables on industrial investment in Iran's housing sector using the fuzzy Delphi method. The primary goal of this study is to identify and prioritize factors that significantly influence the attraction of industrial investment in the housing sector. To achieve this, a questionnaire containing 15 indicators affecting the investment was prepared, and expert opinions were collected through three rounds of Delphi analysis. The results showed that among the monetary factors, inflation rate, exchange rate fluctuations, land price growth, and the growth rate of construction material prices have the greatest impact on costs and profitability of investment in the housing sector. Additionally, among the non-monetary factors, housing demand and supply, population growth, regulatory policies, and economic sanctions were identified as the main factors influencing investment decisions. The analysis suggests that policymakers should focus on strengthening monetary policies, improving access to financial resources, and reducing exchange rate fluctuations. Moreover, facilitating administrative regulations and enhancing regulatory policies are essential for attracting more industrial investments in the housing sector. This research emphasizes that a combination of monetary and non-monetary policies can create the necessary conditions for the development of the housing sector and contribute to the improvement of Iran's economic growth. The proposed recommendations, based on a thorough analysis of key factors, provide useful a tool for economic decision-makers to enhance the investment climate in the housing sector.

Each person shows different behaviors and roles in different situations in confrontation with the surrounding environment. It can be said that conscience is a subset of this behavior which plays an essential role in the quality of the output of our behavior and the effects left by our footprints in nature. Therefore, the current research aimed at studying the ecological conscience of the consumer and the green behaviors of environmental supporters and identifying effective programs on stimulating the consumer's ecological conscience. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection method, it is survey and exploratory, and it has a comparative and inductive research philosophy. The statistical population of the research consists of managers, consumers who support environmental behaviors and university professors, whose sample members were selected using the purposeful sampling method, based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool is interview in the qualitative part, and questionnaire in the quantitative part is . The validity and reliability of the tools were analysed using content validity and intra-coder inter-coder reliability for the interview and content validity and retest reliability for the questionnaire, respectively. In this research, the content analysis and coding method was used in the qualitative part and the fuzzy cognitive map method was applied in the quantitative part for data analysis. The findings of the qualitative part include the identification of effective programs on stimulating the ecological conscience of consumers, and the findings of the quantitative part are related to the prioritization of these factors. According to the results, the most effective program to stimulate the ecological conscience of consumers is to use symbols that indicate compatibility with the environment, to change marketing strategies to digital platforms to reduce the negative environmental footprint, and to promote responsible waste disposal programs to increase sustainable participation.

Minimalism, by challenging the culture of extreme consumerism that has spread rapidly today and has left undesirable consequences in society, helps people to focus on reducing excessive consumption and improving the quality of life without indulging in consumerism. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the reasons and consequences of consumer minimalism behavior. The present study is applied in terms of its purpose, and is classified as exploratory research in terms of collecting data. Furthermore, this is a mixed qualitative and quantitative research based on the inductive deductive philosophy. The statistical population of the study consists of experts who were selected using purposive sampling and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. The data collection tool in the qualitative part is interview, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed using relative content validity and the method of intra-coder and inter-coder reliability. Also, the data collection tool in the quantitative part is a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed using content validity and test-retest reliability. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and quantitative data using fuzzy cognitive map. The results of the study indicate that adherence to a culture of simplicity, condemnation of epicurean and hedonistic thoughts, and a culture of thrift and avoidance of extravagance are the most important reasons for consumer minimalism behavior. Also, de-cluttering and emotional and mental integration, escaping the cycle of consumerism, and avoiding the phenomenon of affluenza and social comparison were identified as the most important consequences of consumer minimalism behavior.