نشریه مطالعات سیاسی بین النهرین
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار 1403)

Participatory diplomacy appeared in China's diplomacy after the Cold War and has become the main tool of this country's foreign policy to improve its position in the international arena and a symbolic indicator of bilateral and non-lateral relations with governments and international and regional organizations. It is after the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA and the tightening of Western sanctions against Tehran, China adopted a new chapter in "Partnership Diplomacy" and defined its relations with Iran at all levels, bilateral and multilateral. With the signing of the famous memorandum of understanding and the comprehensive cooperation program between the two countries, which continues for 25 years, the scope of economic cooperation between the two countries expanded in the regional and international arenas. The question raised in the current research is: What effect does the 25-year agreement between Iran and China have on the JCPOA nuclear agreement? In order to answer this question in the framework of partnership diplomacy and with a descriptive-analytical method, this hypothesis is evaluated that: the expansion of cooperation between Iran and China will increase China's activism in the implementation of the JCPOA and its efforts to return America to the JCPOA and the adherence of other parties. Will agree to this, and with this action, the ground will be provided to secure the economic-political interests of these two effective regional and international actors. The method of data collection is through library and internet sources.

Geopolitical code is a useful concept for taking into account geopolitical actions in that it is an operational code consisting of a set of political geography assumptions that underlie a state’s foreign policy. The measurement and monitoring of places outside the territorial territory of the country is based on the priorities, operational preference and objectified national interests of the countries, which is called the geopolitical code. In this regard, each country, influenced by strategic assumptions, forms its national security, which is The security view is in complete connection with a set of cultural, national, territorial factors and affected by scales and identity and geographic branding.Following the Al-Aqsa storm operation by the Palestinian militants, the Israeli regime's response to this action and the IRIR drone attacks against this regime and the threat to the territorial existence of this regime in the last half century, a geographical crisis has befallen this regime, which has forced Israel in ways The new geographical policy has forced. It can be said that Israel's peripheral strategy has shaped Israel's main geopolitical discourse in recent decades, but with the Iraq-Syria crisis and the rise of radical Salafi fundamentalism, Israel has defined a new new geopolitical code / vision.Geopolitical code is a useful concept for taking into account geopolitical actions in that it is an operational code consisting of a set of political geography assumptions that underlie a state’s foreign policy. This research is descriptive-analytical in order to investigate, why and how the emergence of Israeli geopolitical codes in the Middle East with regard to the activity of new geopolitical structures and agents.

In recent years, Turkey's foreign policy approach has been focused on increasing exports and supporting economic development, which is related to globalization. Turkey's foreign policy is affected by the effectiveness of internal institutions such as the structure of the bureaucracy, concentration and relations between the government and society, which in turn guarantees the country's success in global value chains and economic development. In this model of foreign policy, the economy is increasingly important. The United Arab Emirates has also based of its foreign policy on its strong presence in international transactions, non-interference in the internal of affairs of other countries, and also prioritizing the economy-oriented view over security, these countries of have tried to expand their economic relations in recent years. Now, according to the mentioned cases, the main question of this article is, what are the tools and objectives of Turkey's economic diplomacy in the United Arab Emirates? The research method in this article is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. Also, the tools for collecting information of are books, articles, reports and websites. At the end of this study, it has been of concluded that Turkey and the United Arab Emirates have tried to improve their economic and trade relations in recent years, so that the political tensions that existed between the two countries have been increasingly reduced by strategic and economic factors. It has been found and caused Turkey of to seek its own benefit and national security in the United Arab Emirates with the approach of economic diplomacy.

The establishment of no-fly zones in recent decades has been one of the significant political and geopolitical issues in various global events, as it has triggered a series of changes and other developments. Among the important events in the Middle East that have brought about transformations in the region was the creation of a no-fly zone in Iraqi Kurdistan. This event served as a prelude to the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government, paving the way for the Kurds' first experience of governance with international recognition and de jure status. In this article, by reviewing the various experiences of no-fly zones in different countries worldwide —such as in the former Yugoslavia and Libya— and the normative reasons cited for the establishment of such zones from a legal perspective, an effort is made to shed light on the ontological and fundamental dimensions of the issue from the perspective of energy security and Israel’s security. The authors, by examining historical developments in this regard, with an emphasis on factors such as power accumulation, geographical proximity, offensive capabilities, and aggressive intentions, explore this issue in depth. Thus, this article poses the following question: What were the reasons and motivations behind the agreement of the permanent members of the Security Council to establish a no-fly zone? In response to this question, using a descriptive-analytical method and the theory of balance of threat, the hypothesis is formulated that Iraq's threats to Western energy security— manifested in its invasion of Kuwait, which allowed it to control 25% of the world's oil— and the country's threats against Israel in the years 1973 and 1991 were among the factors leading to consensus and agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council for the establishment of a no-fly zone in Iraqi Kurdistan.

The desired model of governance based on Islamic values ​​has been one of the ideals of Muslim thinkers to expand justice based on authentic Islam. The Islamic Revolution can be considered a manifestation of this model in today's era, which articulated Islamic values ​​in the form of a government. Therefore, the necessity of this research is to examine justice, security, and sustainability while meeting the basic needs of society and to internalize the position of the people and justice in it more than ever before. The goal is to present a model based on the desired model of Islamic governance that can be realized in the Islamic Republic. The question is to what extent has the desired model of governance based on Islamic values ​​been implemented in expanding justice and the position of the people after the Islamic Revolution? The findings indicate that although the Islamic Revolution emerged with the slogan of justice and finding the place of the people in the Islamic society, it seems that in its process, it has become sick of justice-oriented monologues that critics and protesters who are from the people should be allowed to express their opinions on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects. The research method is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. Undoubtedly, human society always needs a government structure to meet needs that are not possible except through the establishment of a government. However, in the process of forming power, or after the establishment of a government, people in the government institution, due to their excessive and superior nature, may place power on a path that leads to the domination of "Taghut". Whatever Islam has presented as a "religion" has been as a guide for man towards God, and in this path, the model presented by religion regarding government falls within this framework.

Establishing sustainable international peace and security has been and will be one of the long-standing aspirations of mankind. Israel's relations with the Arab world have undergone dramatic changes over the past decades, from hostility and enmity to peace and reconciliation. This transformation has been the result of strengthening the regional and international position of the Zionist regime on the one hand, and weakening the Arab world and the retreat of Arab countries inward in the face of the social and economic problems they face on the other. The main question of the present study is whether the United Nations, considering its main mission, which has been to maintain sustainable international peace and security in the international system, has this mission entered the implementation phase in the Middle East region? It seems that, considering the presence of Israel in the Middle East region and the struggle for power by two different ideologies by the Zionist regime and the axis of resistance, the United Nations has not been able to even plan and implement the preliminaries of sustainable international peace and security. The present study is of an applied type and has been developed with a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze the ability of the United Nations to establish sustainable peace and security in the unstable Middle East region. The research findings confirm that as long as two opposing ideologies in the Middle East seek to gain power and superiority over the opposing group using different methods, the methods and strategies of the United Nations will not be implemented in this region.