پژوهشنامه تاریخ، سیاست و رسانه
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1403)

The constitutionalist movement in Iran is one of the most influential movements in the political scene of contemporary Iranian history. This movement put an end to absolute governments in Iran, where the kings were the only decision-makers in the country. In this movement, we witnessed the role of two colonial powers, Russia and England, in Iran, where Russia favored the monarchists and England favored the constitutionalists, and each pursued their own interests in this movement. The main question of the current research is, what benefits or losses did the two countries of Russia and England have in opposing and agreeing with the constitutionalist movement? The hypothesis of the research indicates that the constitutionalism movement was created by the British government and the purpose of this action was to remove the absolute power from the hands of the Qajar kings. In this research, analytical-descriptive method was used using library resources. The results of the research showed that in order to preserve India as its largest colony, England placed Iran as a buffer zone that prevents the domination of Russia, which is a colonial power that is in the neighborhood of Iran. After the Qajar kings turned towards Russia, England felt the danger that due to Russia's influence on Iran, India would be at risk of Russian aggression. For this reason, by using the opportunity obtained in the protests of the Iranian people to form the Justice House, he expresses the plan of constitutionalism to the protestors and besiegers in his embassy, thus diverting the demands towards constitutionalism. After the inauguration of Mohammad Ali Shah, who was fully supported by Russia, the National Council was closed and some of the constitutionalist leaders were executed or imprisoned. England, by supporting the constitutionalists, provided the means for their victory over Muhammad Ali Shah, thus turning the Qajar king into a powerless person.

One of today's suspicions is the general rumor that Imam Khomeini, may God's mercy be upon him, invented the theory of the absolute authority of the jurist, which is promoted and propagated by figures of a certain political trend. Due to its originality, this idea provoked many reactions. And several articles were published in newspapers and scientific articles in response to this opinion. But it seems that despite the similarities, the other materials did not have a basic and detailed focus on the historical history of the theory of religious authority. This article tries to examine different opinions about the invention of the absolute authority of the jurist by Imam Khomeini, may God bless him and grant him peace, to test this idea in a scientific and historical test and find out whether it is correct or incorrect. Therefore, after presenting the opinions of the designers and propagandists of this idea, it examines the historical theoretical and practical background in the field of religious authority in the thought of Shiite jurists in the last two centuries. Then, by examining the available evidence and data, he evaluates the validity of this claim.

After the death of Shah Abbas Safavi, England took advantage of the turbulent situation in the Persian Gulf and appeared in this region under the pretext of establishing security and succeeded in bringing them under control by signing agreements with the Arab sheikhs of the Persian Gulf, including the Sheikh of Bahrain. and turn this area into a base to achieve its goals. Throughout history, Bahrain has been important due to its strategic and economic position, and it has been occupied by Iran since the Achaemenid period. However, England officially separated the said region from Iran with the consent of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the support of the United Nations in 1971. However, according to the documents of the British Foreign Office, which have been declassified, it has been determined that the separation of Bahrain from Iran, which had a legal appearance, was nothing more than a conspiracy.The main question of this research is why the Shah suddenly gave up on Iran's sovereignty over Bahrain? By studying this historical-political event, we can understand the facts behind it. The result of this research is to better recognize the methods of colonialism in today's world so that we can act more vigilantly. Considering the nature of the subject, this article aims to analyze the separation process of Bahrain from Iran in a descriptive-analytical way, relying on documents and also using first-hand and research sources that are mainly library and documents.

This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive correlational in terms of its method. The statistical population of the present study includes high school students, a total of 3852 people, of whom 350 are selected using a multi-stage cluster method based on the Morgan table. The data collection method is carried out using two methods library and field. The library method is used to collect theoretical information and the field method is used to collect practical information. The measurement tools included media literacy questionnaires, socio-cultural identity, and religious identity questionnaires. In order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical software was used in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics. In the descriptive section, mean and standard deviation were used, and in the inferential statistics section, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression tests were used. The results showed that media literacy has an effect on students' cultural, religious, and social identity.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the concept of political participation in the Holy Quran, and in this regard, it focuses on the election mechanism with a descriptive-analytical method. Theoretical understandings and practical issues created due to the multiplicity of paths of political participation of believers are diverse, however, research findings derived from religious and Quranic foundations show that realizing religious democracy is a faith necessity, and elections are one of the modern methods for implementing it; in the meantime, issues arise that make the ways of realizing political participation ambiguous. In the following article, the concept of political participation is analyzed by considering the principles and foundations of the Quran, and in this process, with an emphasis on the conventional and common method of elections, its compatibility and adaptation in the context of the faith community for the desired realization of political participation has also been examined.

The US policies against the Islamic Republic of Iran during the presidency of Donald Trump were influenced by the "maximum pressure" approach. Maximum pressure was based on extensive economic sanctions, reduced diplomatic interactions and strengthening anti-Iranian coalitions at the international level. This article analyzes and predicts the possible approach of the second Trump administration (May 2024). The main question of this realization is that, given the previous policies of the Trump administration and domestic and international developments, what approaches can the second Trump administration now pursue against the Islamic Republic of Iran? The main hypothesis of this article is that the second Trump administration will likely continue policies similar to the first administration against Iran especially in the areas of sanctions, maximum pressure and limiting diplomatic agreements but given the new regional and global conditions, strategic and tactical changes in these policies are also likely. This research aims to predict the future approaches of the US administration against Iran by comprehensively examining the factors affecting policymaking in this area. In this regard, the previous policies of the US government, the opinions and analyses of think tanks influencing the country's foreign policy, relevant regional and international developments as well as domestic variables in Iran and the US are analyzed. Here the research method is qualitative (analytical) and various library sources, articles, websites, etc are used.