مجله چغندر قند
سال سی و نهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Root rot is a serious threat for sugar beet production and consequently sugar industry. The most important way to deal with it is to use resistant cultivars. In order to identify and grouping new O-type lines resistant the fungus that causes rhizoctonia and crown rot root in sugar beet, 83 O-type lines along with three resistant control (Novodro and line SB-709) and a susceptible (bulk 191) lines were evaluated in microplot in Hamedan in 2023. Artificial inoculation was performed by propagating the Rh133 isolate with AG2-2 anastomosing group on corn seeds and placing next to two months sugar beet seedlings. At the end of the growing season, roots were harvested and evaluated using 1-9 scale, and the disease and harvest indices were calculated accordingly. In the present study, the average number of roots, disease index, and harvest index for the evaluated genetic mass were 17.16, 4.05 and 17.18, respectively. O-types 5 (OT 010245), 32 (OT 010277) and 80 (OT HSF-010041) obtained the highest number of roots and harvest index and lower disease index compared with other genotypes. Based on the SIIG index, it was found that O-types 36 (OT 010282), 32 (OT 010277), 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), 28 (OT 010273), and 1 (OT 010240) were adjacent to the ideal O-types in terms of the number of roots, disease index, and harvest index. Results of the cluster analysis classified the evaluated O-types into four groups. O-types 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), 32 (OT 010277) and 36 (OT 010282) were placed in a cluster that had significantly lower disease index and higher harvest index as well as SIIG index closer to 1 compared with other three groups. Also, the biplot analysis based on the first two components showed that O-types 80 (OT HSF-010041), 1 (OT 010240), 28 (OT 010273), 5 (OT 010245), 32 (OT 010277) and 36 (OT 010282) were placed in a suitable position of the biplot in terms of resistance indicators. Finally, O-types 5 (OT 010245), 80 (OT HSF-010041), and 32 (OT 010277) were identified as resistant maternal lines for future breeding programs.

Preservation of the characteristics of the parent lines forming the hybrid variety through tissue culture leads to the stability and uniformity of the hybrid variety. In this research, in the first year, flowering stem parts were cultivated in in vitro conditions and produced shoots or clones. Then the propagated clones were transferred to larger pots in the greenhouse and also in the steckling field and vernalized in winter in Karaj. In the spring of the second year, the vernalized clones were transferred to the isolated field in Ardabil and planted in separate lines along with the pollinator parent roots of the hybrid that had already been prepared and vernalized and the hybrid seeds were harvested from the plants of tissue culture clones and cleaned. In autumn of the second year, the hybrid seeds obtained from two types of maternal parent clones along with the control cultivars were planted in the fields of three regions of Dezful, Darab and Gachsaran in an experimental design and required care and recordings were done. In June of the third year, the roots were harvested and quantitative and qualitative analysis was done at SBSI and the data were analyzed by variance. In the autumn of the third year, again the hybrid seeds obtained from two types of maternal parent clones along with the control cultivars were planted in the fields of two regions of Dezful and Gachsaran in an experimental design and required care and recordings were done. In June of the fourth year, the roots were harvested and quantitative and qualitative analysis was done at SBSI and the data were analyzed by variance. The statistical results during the two years of the yield trials showed that the tissue culture clone hybrid No. SBSI-51-1 with an average root yield of 99.10 tons per hectare, white sugar yield of 12.82 tons per hectare, and 1.44 % bolting compared to other experimental varieties has a significant advantage. In this research, for the first time, the seed of a commercial hybrid was developed from the cross between its pollinator parent and maternal male sterile parent (tissue culture clone), which had good yield and uniformity in the field.

Cultivation of fodder beet in autumn causes a significant reduction in water consumption for fodder production which is a very important issue. For this purpose, to evaluate the effect of planting date on the yield of different autumn fodder beet cultivars , an experiment was performed in split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Kordkuy region of Golestan province. Factors included the planting date as main plot in three levels of the last of September, the first half of October, and November and three cultivars including the Iranian cultivar called SBSI 051 and two foreign cultivars named Kyros and Griour as sub-plot. The highest root yield and shoot weight were obtained from the planting date of the last of September which was statistically at the same level as the planting date of the first half of October. Among cultivars, Kyros and domestic genotype had the highest and lowest root yield of 97.1 and 62.29 t ha-1, respectively. In total and in the study of mutual effects, the Kyros was the most suitable treatment in the planting date of the last of September with root yield of 104.46 t ha-1. The comparison of the two-year results also indicated the superiority of the Kyros with root yield of 97.1 and 15.69 t ha-1 of fresh and dry matter, respectively

In this study, changes in biochemical traits and yield of different autumn-sown sugar beet cultivars treated with gamma ray irradiation under salinity stress condition were evaluated in Jafariyeh region located in Qom province in two crop seasons of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot includes irrigation at two levels (normal water and saline water with electrical conductivity of 7000 to 10000 µmos cm-1) and sub-plots were combination of sugar beet cultivars (Sharif, Antek, and Eudoro) and gamma radiation (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 Gy). Results showed that the activity of rubisco enzyme decreased in all three cultivars under salinity stress, however the highest level of rubisco activity under both normal and salinity stress conditions observed in Eudoro cultivar at 50 and 100 Gy levels. The concentration of malondialdehyde in Eudoro and Antek cultivars decreased by gamma radiation while increased in Sharif cultivar. In all three cultivars, the highest amount of chlorophyll content at 100 and 200 Gy gamma ray radiation levels was associated with an increase of 15-16% compared with control. Under salinity condition at 100 and 200 Gy levels, the highest average root yield was observed. Salinity stress caused a decrease in sugar yield in Eudoro, Antek and Sharif by 26.7%, 17.5% and 31.5%, respectively. Antek cultivar had a lower sugar yield than the other two cultivars. In general, Antek cultivar showed a higher yield and tolerance to salinity compared with other cultivars, and gamma ray irradiation had a positive effect on this tolerance

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects of sugar beet production systems in Razavi Khorasan province at different levels of nitrogen consumption (<200, 260-290, and >290 kg of urea per ha) using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during 2017 to 2022. To determine the number of growers, Cochran formula was used and consumption inputs were collected using using a questionnaire (50 fields). Life Cycle Assessment was calculated and determined in four steps: definition of goals and field of action, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact and integration, conclusion and interpretation of results. The impact groups included acidification, eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and global warming. The functional unit was considered equal to one ton of root. In the final step, the ecological index (EcoX) was calculated. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. A second-degree polynomial function was used to evaluate yield response to urea levels. Results showed that with the increase of nitrogen consumption from less than 200 to 260-290 kg of urea per ha,  the root yield increased by 34% , so that the highest root yield with 92.59 t per ha was observed at 290-260kg urea level. The highest global warming potential for fertilizer level less than 200 kg of urea per ha was calculated as equal to 46.199 kg of CO2 equivalent to one ton of root. The highest amount of acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, aquatic eutrophication, and global warming groups for consumption of less than 200 kg of urea per ha was found to be equal to 59.0 kg SO2 per ton of root, 99.0 kg N2O equivalent per ton of root, 34.0 kg PO4 equivalent per ton of root, and 46.199 kg CO2 equivalent per ton of root, respectively. The main reason for N2O and NH3 emission was attributed to direct nitrogen fertilizer consumption. The highest normalization and eco-toxicity index belonged to the aquatic eutrophication impact category, calculated as 0.089 and 0.097 EcoX per ton of root, respectively

Sugar beet is one of the country's strategic products, which was produced to more than 6 million tons in 2022 that ranked Iran as twelfth among other countries. Today, the increase in the consumption of inputs, especially fossil fuels, in order to ensure food security, has caused an increase in the emission of greenhouse gas. This study was conducted in order to determine and optimize energy indices and greenhouse gas emission in sugar beet production in Qazvin province. The required information was collected through interviews with 20 sugar beet growers in Qazvin province in the form of questionnaire. Total energy consumption and energy productivity were 54749.39 MJ/ha and 0.61 kg/MJ, respectively. The highest share of energy consumption was related to diesel fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, water and electricity with 26, 23, 20 and 12% respectively. The average greenhouse gas emission was 1613.2 Kg CO2eq.ha-1, and the share of diesel fuel, electricity, nitrogen fertilizer and machinery was 52, 21, 13 and 11% respectively. Results showed that among 20 studied fields, 9 agricultural units were efficient in terms of energy consumption and 11 other units were inefficient. Also, it is possible to save energy consumption equal to 15.58%, through reducing the consumption of inputs, without reducing the performance of inefficient units and turning them into efficient units. This amount of saving can reduce 13.71% of greenhouse gas emission and improve energy efficiency to 0.7 kg ha-1 in sugar beet production in the region

Identifying the potential of the lands of each region is the basis for the implementation of cultivation pattern and the optimal use of environmental conditions. The main goal of this study was to identify the potential of agricultural lands in Lorestan province for spring sugar beet cultivation. In this research, the combination of network analysis process (ANP), fuzzy logic and geographic information system (GIS) was used. In total, 15 factors including six climatic factors, three topographical factors and six soil factors, were used to identify suitable potential sites for sugar beet cultivation. Thus, after transferring the criteria information to the GIS environment, their raster layer was prepared and then they were fuzzy based on the ecological needs of sugar beet with the help of fuzzy logic. In order to determine the weight value of each criterion, the ANP approach was used. Subsequently, the final layers were produced by combining weighted layers and were divided into four classes: very suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and unsuitable. It was identified that 17.04% of the total studied area for sugar beet cultivation was located in very suitable area and 76.75% in moderately suitable area, and marginally suitable and unsuitable areas occupied 4.18% and 0.03% of the areas, respectively. From climatic factors: maximum temperature (27.02%) and effective rainfall (15.55%), topography: aspect (50.19%) and slope (18.55%) and soil: total nitrogen (99.99%), material Organic (100%) and available phosphorus (29.39%) created the greatest limitation (marginally suitable and unsuitable zone) for spring sugar beet cultivation in the studied lands

In recent years, variation in the pattern of sugar beet cultivation from seed planting to the seedling planting, with the aim of saving irrigation consumption, has been remarkably considered. In this study, the population density of armyworm "Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)" and long-stemmed weevil "Lixus incanescens Boh." was evaluated in both seed and seedling planting methods in sugar beet fields in three cities of Hamdan, West Azarbaijan and Kermanshah. Sampling was performed from the 6-leaf stage in seed planting and one week after transplanting the seedlings to the field for seedling planting. From this purpose, 10 points were randomly selected from each type of planting methods by quadrat and the presence of the above pests was recorded weekly (for eight weeks). Comparing the data with the non-parametric method (Kruskal-Wallis) showed that the mean population density of armyworm in Hamadan province for seed and seedling were 4.50 and 1.29 larvae/m2, respectively for the first year, and 6.98 and 8.81, larvae/m2, respectively for the second year with significant difference (X2(3)=11.515 and P=0.009). In West Azarbaijan province, the means of larvae/m2 were 1.20 and 1.84 for seed and seedling planting in the first year and 0.59 and 1.67 for seed and seedling planting for the second year, respectively (X2(3)=10.491 and P=0.015), but no difference for the Kermanshah data (X2(3)=6.326 and P=0.097). While the mean population density of the sugar beet weevil in Hamedan provincewere1.80 and 1.79 adults/m2 for seed and seedling planting in the first year, and 7.88 and 6.91 adult/m2 for seed and seedling planting in the second year, respectively (X2(3)=15.610 and P=0.0014). However, no significant difference was observed for sugar beet weevil for the other two provinces (for West Azerbaijan X2(3)=3.203 and P=0.361 and for Kermanshah X2(3)=2.597 and P=0.458). In general, it can be said that the density of these two pests in the fields during the two years of evaluation was not affected by the planting method, however other indicators including environmental conditions are more effective on their density

International trade plays a vital role in the global economy, and the import of goods is one of its main pillars. Through the import of goods and services, countries can gain access to goods and services that are not produced domestically or that have high production cost. Sugar is considered as one of the country's strategic goods, and due to its high demand and consumption in recent years, the country has witnessed the import of this product. Dependence on the import of sugar and the inadequacy of its domestic production will cause any policy change in the import of this product to affect the welfare of many producers and consumers. Considering the close relationship between sugar import and food security of households, knowing the factors affecting the demand for sugar import becomes especially important for proper policy making in this sector. In this research, the factors affecting the demand for sugar import including the amount of sugar beet production, the amount of annual rainfall in the country, the world price of sugar and the gross domestic product, have been evaluated in the form of vector error correction model (VECM) in the period of 2011-2014. According to the obtained results, the amount of sugar beet production, the amount of annual rainfall in the country, and the global price of sugar have a significant and negative effect on the amount of sugar import demand. Sugar beet production is 1.89 units and has a negative and significant relationship with sugar import demand, which makes it important to increase productivity and support domestic production. The amount of annual rainfall of 3.24 units has a negative effect on the demand for sugar imports, which is the production theory in the economy. In other words, with the increase in the amount of inputs used in the production, the amount of production increase. Also, the world price of sugar is 0.91 units inversely related to the amount of sugar import demand, which is obvious and can be justified based on the law of demand. Finally, the GDP variable has a positive effect of 0.82 units on the amount of sugar imports, which indicates that during the period of economic growth and prosperity, the desire to import increases in the country and the per capita consumption of goods increases

Despite the previous reports on increased resistance of some crops to field dodder due to the application of silicon, this issue has not been studied on sugar beet. The current research was conducted in a factorial completely randomized design with five replicates in the late spring of 2023 in the Research Greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, on sugar beet cultivar Shokofa. The first factor included silicon concentration at five levels: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM in sodium silicate. The second factor included the method of silicon application in three levels: seed pre-treatment, irrigation, and foliar application at 1, 3, and 5-leaf stages. Results revealed an interaction between the factors on the root and shoot dry weight of sugar beet and the dry weight and haustoria of field dodder. Each field dodder plant reduced each sugar beet plant's root and shoot weight by 48.6 and 40.1%, respectively. The traits measured in sugar beet and field dodder were not affected by seed pre-treatment with silicon. A negative relationship was observed between sugar beet dry weight and field dodder dry weight. Applying 1 mM silicon via all three application methods did not affect the traits measured in sugar beet and field dodder. By increasing the concentration of silicon irrigated and sprayed, the root and shoot dry weight of sugar beet increased, but the dry weight and haustoria of field dodder decreased. The lowest haustorium was observed by irrigating and spraying 5 mM silicon, resulting in a 50% reduction in the haustoria of field dodder. The irrigation application method had a relative superiority to the foliar application method. Therefore, by conducting additional experiments and confirming the results of this study under field conditions, the application of silica, especially through irrigation, can be a useful method to reduce the damage of dodder in the field.