نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال سی و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

Salinity stress is considered one of the most important stresses in arid regions and affects 20% of arable land around the world and is continuously increasing due to climate change and human activities. Frequent and continuous droughts in Iran and drought stress and subsequent water and soil salinity make the production of more crops in arid and semi-arid regions face increasing restrictions and this causes a decrease in quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in these areas have been. To investigate the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits of different wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Sabzevar. In this experiment, 15 wheat cultivars were compared at three levels of salinity (0, 5 and 10 dSm). Root and stem dry weight, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, b and total, soluble sugars and amino proline content were measured in different cultivars. The results showed that salinity increased the dry weight of root and stem and decreased the chlorophyll concentration. In salt stress condition, the lowest amount of leaf relative water belonged to Gasgozien cultivar with 15.61% and the highest amount was Bam with 62.34%The Mihan and Bam cultivars had the highest levels of chlorophyll a and b. The highest content of relative water content, proline amino acid and soluble sugars was observed in Pishtaz, Bam and Mihan cultivars.

Nepeta Binaludensis Jamzad is a perennial and herbaceous species of the Laminasea family. Limited distribution, indiscriminate harvesting and destruction of natural habitats have put this plant in danger of extinction. In this research, the effect of different species of mycorrhiza fungi including: Glomus hoi, Glomus interaradis and Glomus mossea on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of N. binaludensis were investigated.

In this experiment, 1Kg pots containing garden soil were considered as experimental units. Mycorrhiza species were added to three cm above the soil. The plants were grown for 20 weeks at 25° C and with a photoperiod of 16 / 8 hours of light/darkness.

The results showed that fungal species, especially G. intraradices, had considerably effect on most morphological characteristics. The highest content of total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were recorded in plants inoculated with G. intraradices. Also, the accumulation of nutrients such as calcium, potassium, iron, magnesium and phosphorus in mycorrhizal plants was significantly higher than the control plants. The results of this study were confirmed that the use of mycorrhizal fungi as biological and environmentally friendly fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers.

Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a medicinal, evergreen and drought-resistant plant that can grow in hot and dry areas in the south of Kerman province with high biomass production, so it plays an important role in preserving the soil and environment. It can be a potential source for secondary metabolites.

In this research, the soil ecological factors of plant distribution areas, plant morphology and some antioxidant compounds in different plant organs were investigated.

The soil analysis of the distribution areas of the plant showed that sandy, non-saline to moderately saline soil with neutral to slightly alkaline acidity and containing sufficient amounts of necessary mineral elements is suitable for the growth of this plant. The presence of relatively thick perianth with a lot of trichomes is one of the adaptive features of the plant against environmental stress conditions. The remarkable features of the reproductive system of the plant, including the Gynostegium and Pollinarium system and their role in pollination, show the evolutionary and advanced features of the plant. The highest content of total phenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin was observed in flower, seed and shoot, respectively. The variety and amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds detected in different parts of the plant were different, the main phenolic compound in the shoot, fruit and seed was gallic acid and in the flower, hesperidin. Considering that different organs of this plant species are rich in phenolic compounds; therefore, this species is recommended for use in the pharmaceutical industry.

A significant number of soil bacteria are capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and auxin production. Such bacteria can play an effective role in improving plant growth. The purpose of this research was to isolate, identify and investigate the performance of such bacteria on the growth rate of lentil.

Thirty bacterial samples were isolated from phyllosphere and rhizosphere of wheat. Nitrogen-free culture medium was used to identify nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and NBRIP culture medium was used to evaluate the ability of solubilization of phosphate. The ability of the isolates to produce auxin was investigated by the Salkowski method. Also, the effect of two superior isolates on the longitudinal growth of stem and root of lentil were investigated.

Out of 14 phyllospheric and 16 rhizospheric isolates, 2 isolates A and B, which were isolated from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of wheat, respectively, and had the highest ability for the desired parameters, were identified based on sequencing a portion of 16S rDNA gene. Isolate A with nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization ability was 98% similar to Bacillus cereus and isolate B with auxin production ability was 99% similar to Arthrobacter globiformis. isolate A by 8% and isolate B by 50% were able to increase the longitudinal growth of lentil stem. Discussion and

The wheat rhizosphere have bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and auxin production. Applying such strains can play an effective role in improving plant growth and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers.

The Roodbast Wetland in Mazandaran Province serves as a vital agricultural water source and a winter refuge for certain migratory bird species. The analysis of floristic composition and plant diversity within wetland ecosystems stands as a pivotal indicator for monitoring environmental shifts.

This study encompassed field data collection, followed by laboratory analysis to identify and ascertain the floristic composition, life forms, and chrotype of the plant species within the Roodbast Wetland.

A total of 153 species of vascular plants, distributed across 123 genera and 47 families, have been identified within the Roodbast Wetland. Among these, Poaceae stands out with 16 species (10.46%), followed by Asteraceae with 15 species (9.8%), making them the most prominent plant families. The prevailing life form is Therophyte, while the dominant chorotype consists of pluriregional elements. In terms of habitat distribution, the majority consists of hygrophyte species (43.8 percent), followed closely by marginal species (38.6 percent).

The genus Viola is the largest genus of the Violaceae and includes 525-600 species, of which 19 species are native to Iran.

For the first time, micromorphological studies of leaf characters such as shape, dimensions, and density of stomata and trichomes in 6 species of Violets were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify useful characters for the identification of species. The characteristics of the leaf such as the dimensions and density of stomata and trichome were measured by image J V.1.52 software. The information was obtained from leaf micromorphological properties were analyzed using SPSS V. 26. Cluster analysis was used by WARD method to determine the species affinity.

The results of the microscopic analysis of the species in terms of micromorphological properties, classified 7 types of trichomes and stomata into 4 groups. The results of the microscopic analysis showed that the trichomes in the studied species are conical, triangular, and uncinate in shape, and there are 3 states: lying, raised, and semi-raised. The longest trichome in V. hirta observed. In all species, stomata were seen as oval in shape. The largest stomatal size was related to V. occulta species and the highest stomatal density was also related to V. hirta species. The results showed that micromorphological characters of six species of viola species, especially V. hirta species identification and separation.

Ricin is a glycoprotein poison found in the castor plant, which consists of two chains A (RTA) and B (RTB). There are two protein vaccine candidates based on chain A including RiVax and RVEc, against poisoning caused by this toxin. Although various studies have been conducted on the immunogenicity of RiVax alone and with the help of adjuvant, modern controlled release systems such as nanoparticles have not been used to improve the immunogenicity of this protein. The aim of this study is to manufacture polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles containing RiVax with a slow release rate and to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and immunogenic potential of system compared to protein alone. First, after purifying RiVax, the water-oil-water emulsion method was used to load RiVax into poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles. After investigating the physicochemical properties of NPs containing RiVax, they were administered to different groups of mice. The results showed that due to the use of PLGA polymer with a higher ratio of polylactic acid than polyglycolic acid, the protein release pattern from the nanoparticle was slow (12% protein in 40 days) and the immunization results showed a difference in response. Safety of nanoparticles containing RiVax compared to RiVax alone was not demonstrated. it was determined that despite the various researches and positive results related to the nature of immunogenicity enhancement by PLGA nanoparticles, one of the important factors in the enhancement of immunogenicity of these nanoparticles is the ratio of lactic acid to glycolic acid