نشریه توسعه پایدار شهری
پیاپی 17 (زمستان 1403)

Today, tourism has grown into one of the broadest and most vibrant industrial systems at a pace unprecedented in history, embarking on a far-reaching, strategic path towards instigating remarkable social, economic, and environmental changes. Iran, given its geographical, historical, and cultural position, could transform into one of the world’s tourism hubs. However, at present, this land's share of tourism benefits is negligible, and it is imperative to establish a firm foothold in this industry through extensively insightful strategizing and judiciously devised measures. Owing to geographic characteristics and a diversity that encompasses mountainous to hot, arid, and desert regions, this province boasts significant tourism potential. The current research probes into Kermanshah Province with its abundant natural-sport tourism capabilities, aiming to eagerly lay the groundwork for economic growth and job opportunities for the community. Tourism can shine as a cultural and social consolidator, luring tourists and investment to the province through a blend of culture, excitement, and sporting activities. While considering the economic boom and community job prospects, this research identifies the capabilities and limitations of developing natural-sport tourism in Kermanshah Province. It aims to present the strategies for developing this sector and recognizing the most effective ones for achieving the intended goal. Indeed, the research introduces a new perspective on harnessing the province's natural endowments, using a mixed-method approach, development-application objective, survey-explorative nature, and cross-sectional timing for data collection techniques from library and survey methods. For data analysis, SWOT and QSPM methods were used, while snowball sampling addressed the sample populous, consisting of 15 individuals knowledgeable in tourism and the province, including five university professors, seven tourism experts, and three tourism group officials. The findings indicate that the position of natural-sport tourism in Kermanshah Province is within the defensive or review strategy sector (WT), giving priority to "Coordinating between various government bodies and sport event organizers to enhance the quality of public services in sport tourism locations, especially air sports centers," followed by "Government reassessment in planning and supporting the private sector... " and "Government backing of reciprocal tourism and sport development through educational courses... " and "Training and utilizing experts within institutions and administrations associated with tourism... " as subsequent priorities. In essence, the development of natural-sport tourism in Kermanshah Province could breathe new life into the local economy, ultimately leading to improved quality of life, environmental conservation, and sustainable development, provided that policies and implementation actions are carried out correctly and with precision. Expanding the developmental planning of natural-sport tourism and facilities in Kermanshah Province will lead to enhanced tourism capabilities, culminating in income generation for local people and responsible institutions, and creating a demand for increased tourism capacity in the province. This, in turn, results in the development of natural-sport tourism and related facilities, forming a developmental cycle in this sector. In comparison with other research on Kermanshah Province, the natural-sport tourism planning in this province, relative to rural tourism, exhibits a more defensive state and is more susceptible to weaknesses and threats. Finally, within the prioritized defensive strategies, practical solutions such as forming a task force of influential government representatives and the private sector of the province to examine the quality of services in natural-sport tourism locations, identifying suitable sports locations in nature, appointing specialized individuals to manage each location, organizing coordination meetings between influential entities and specialist task forces, allocating training budgets to personnel involved in tourism development in influential administrations, and other measures can be pivotal for Kermanshah Province.

A significant and determining factor in how a city's population or neighborhood residents feel is the sense of place. The dynamics of activities in the local context, the viability of inhabitants in the neighborhood, and boosting people's commitment to and sense of place boundary can all greatly benefit from paying attention to the indications and things associated with this emotion. This study used a developmental-applied nature, a quantitative approach, and a descriptive analytic method. The hypothesis of the research is that the construct of the sense of place in the Bazaar neighborhood due to its historical background is affected by the meaning. In order to measure the constructs of sense of place in the Bazaar neighborhood, which is located in the historical core and center of Kermanshah, the sample size was estimated to be 362 people using Cochran's formula and accounting for the error of 0.05. The structural equation model has been utilized to measure the research's dependent variables. The physical, meaning, and activity-dependent variables have been calculated in the model as the fundamental components of the sense of place in the Bazaar neighborhood in the historic core of Kermanshah. Amos Graphics (AG) software was also used to assess the research model in order to ascertain how each variable affected the development of a sense of place in the Bazaar neighborhood. The findings show that a sense of place in the Bazaar neighborhood is influenced by three factors the physical, activity, and meaning. This indicates that all of the signs were highly significant. It can be stated that the meaning component, which has a factor load of 0.997, has the most influence on establishing a sense of place in light of the structural equation model that was developed and its fit. A sense of place is least influenced by the activity component, with a factor loading of 0.967, and the physical component, with a factor loading of 0.915, in the Kermanshah Bazaar neighborhood.

The issue of meaning is one of the discussed components in phenomenology in architecture. Understanding the meaning of the architectural work in the contemporary period compared to the past is something that can be studied. There is a gap in research studies related to the understanding of meaning in the architecture of historical and contemporary buildings in Semnan city. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the effect of architecture on users. This is possible through understanding how architecture and the users communicate and understand architecture and the issue of identity. The purpose of this research is to study six historical and contemporary buildings in Semnan city, focusing on the component of meaning in architecture. The study of meaning using the definition of related components and the case study of the architecture of Semnan city has been developed in line with this goal. Based on the four components of identity, acclimation, memory and utility, which were taken from the opinions of Schultz and other phenomenologists in the theoretical foundations of the research, three historical buildings and three contemporary buildings were analyzed. Archival and field methods were used to collect data, and the opinions of phenomenological philosophers, especially Christian Norberg-Schultz, and related literature were examined. After determining the concepts, components and buildings, the Delphi method was used, and experts' opinions have been collected through interviews and questionnaires. After validity assessment, information was collected through a questionnaire, and finally, the results were compared and analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, and the findings were presented in the form of graphs and tables. In the statistics obtained from the citizens of historical buildings, more than three contemporary buildings have three components of acclimation, memory, and identity, only the amount of utility component in historical and contemporary buildings is more or less the same. According to the experts, contemporary buildings have a lesser amount in the three components of acclimation, memory and identity, and more in the utility component than historical buildings.

The co-occurrence technique of words is used to illustrate the structure of knowledge in new scientific fields. In the current study, which is development in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method; It is taken from the co-occurrence analysis of words for further analysis and understanding of the field of urban data mining. Therefore, in this study, the trend of scientific productions and leading authors in this field has been examined. And then the most important components of the structures of this new field of scientific articles are presented. For this purpose, 392 articles in the field of urban data mining were found after searching the reference database of Web of Science, and statistical methods and VOSviewer software were used to analyze the information of these articles. The results show that the most influential and leading country in this field is China, whose researchers have published 28 articles in the science citation database. Also, the analysis of the time course of the articles shows that this topic has been around for a decade and the more we move to the present, the growth of scientific productions in this field will increase. But the most important finding of the current research, which was obtained based on clustering analysis and knowledge map analysis, shows that the field of urban data mining has five subfields or main structural components: 1-Analysis of urban systems and smart cities, 2- Modeling and data analysis framework, 3- identifying patterns and predicting them along with visualization techniques, 4- big data and social media, 5- urban big data and traffic network; Of these, urban big data analysis is more recent than other sub-structures, and research in this field is mostly related to the years 2022 and 2023.

The formation of housing has been influenced by cultural, social, economic and political patterns that has evolved in relation to its environment. With the arrival of modernity in Iran from the end of the Qajar period, residential buildings underwent changes in the form, space and body of architecture. The historical context of Tehran has valuable elements that, considering the importance of open and semi-open spaces in the traditional residential architecture of Iran, the analysis of physical developments of open and semi-open spaces in the residential buildings of old Tehran late Qajar and early Pahlavi can be used to achieve the components and Common physical elements in the architecture of traditional buildings in Tehran should be a way forward. By physically documenting the elements of the entrance spaces, it is possible to further examine the field of research and analysis of the dimensions hidden in it. The purpose of this research is to analyze and investigate the physical evolution of the semi-open space in traditional houses in Tehran. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method, taking into account the spatial background and time position of the research and using the method of field studies in order to identify the physical elements under analysis to divide and identify the houses into 16 cases of houses in the late Qajar and Pahlavi periods. In the continuation of the discussion, SPSS22 software is used to investigate open and semi-open spaces. The findings of the research indicate that in the Qajar period, the use of open and semi-open space in the form of a central courtyard and porch in the architectural spatial structure of traditional houses in Tehran is seen more than the early Pahlavi period. Also, the proportion of open to semi-open spaces and the homogeneity of these spaces in late Qajar houses, despite the influence of modernism, can be seen more than in the early Pahlavi period, which due to the expansion of extroverted forms in the first Pahlavi, the presence of a central courtyard and a semi-open space such as a porch is less noticeable.

Every historical account is influenced by the historian's perspective and attitude. The assumptions that a historian has are the most significant factors that determine the history he/she writes. The same goes for the history of Islamic architecture. The historian of architecture deals with his/her subject depending on his/her understanding of history and architecture. For example, if a historian has an evolutionary and progressive view of history, he/she gets a special narrative of architectural history. In the same way, whether the historian considers architecture as an objective or subjective phenomenon, what methods he/she considers knowing it, how evaluates it and with what criteria, and even how he presents the knowledge he/she has obtained, all guide the historical account. The study of Islamic art and architecture was shaped by Orientalism. Subsequently, scholars from other disciplines such as archaeology and art history also began studying Islamic art and architecture. Still, many of their studies continued to be based on the same assumptions, concepts, and terms developed by the Orientalists. This research aims to identify the philosophy of the history of Islamic architecture from the Orientalist view and to address the question of how it has influenced the field. Oriental historiography of Islamic architecture indicates what assumptions of the philosophy of history? This research is qualitative, and its method is descriptive and analytical. Since this research belongs to the field of philosophy of science and seeks to know the assumptions of the history of Islamic architecture as a field of knowledge, it has benefited from logical reasoning.According to the study, the four main components of the Philosophy of History are historical reality, historical objectivity, value in history, and historical explanation. Thus, the sub-questions of the research are: In the oriental historiography of Islamic architecture, what is the reality of Islamic architecture? How can it be recognized? What are the selections and evaluations of orientalists about Islamic architecture? And how do they explain Islamic architecture? The answers to these questions clarify the philosophy of history in Orientalism. Based on the study, it can be said that in Orientalism Islamic architecture is defined as the "Other" of Western architecture and it lacks history; such a view has led to the formation of an attitude that portrays Islamic architecture as a stagnant subject belonging to the past and as a result identify it in opposition to modern architecture. In addition, Orientalism identifies Islamic architecture as a unified essence that has no relationship with its time and context. Therefore, any diversity, multiplicity, and temporality are ignored in this field. In terms of historical objectivity, it can be said that Orientalism looks at Islamic art and architecture with a positivist and materialistic approach. So Islamic architecture is like an independent object that exists in the outside world and with positivist approaches and modern rationality, a complete understanding of it can be obtained. The selections and evaluations of orientalists from the history of Islamic architecture are also based on the Eurocentric discourse that considers Islamic art and architecture as romantic, decorative, and exotic phenomena; these features, in contrast to rationality and historicity, are introduced as the weakness of Islamic art and architecture.