فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 63، تابستان 1403)

Nowadays, the new concept of GDP of common regions, the purpose of this study is to reveal the concept of urban competitiveness and identify approaches and factors and effective criteria of urban competitiveness in Iran using meta-analysis method. In recent years, the concept of competitiveness has become a common term in urban, regional and national economic analyzes and policies. Globalization and economy based on information knowledge, by removing the border between countries, has gradually reduced the geographical position of territorial competitions from national to regional scale.

Descriptive-analytical research, in terms of purpose; It is functional and. In this study, a 7-stage model of Sandlowski and Barros meta-analysis was used and the approach of the present study was content analysis. By collecting the required information and reviewing the titles, content, method and results, 18 articles were selected and the basic criteria of these articles were extracted. Meta-analysis is a type of qualitative study that examines the information and findings extracted from other qualitative studies with a related and similar topic. As a result, the target sample for meta-analysis consists of selected qualitative studies based on their relationship with the research question. Meta-analysis, integrated review of qualitative literature is not the target.

The results show that in all competitiveness, the economic factor has the greatest impact and cities, regions and the whole world should strengthen this factor in order to increase competitiveness, which in this regard can be strengthened economic ties inside and outside cities and Regions, promotion and use of inter-regional and urban advantages, improving the quality of the labor market, etc. or in line with social factors in the region, we can mention the promotion of spatial exchange, improving the level of human capital.

Based on the results categorized above, the economic factor has been the most discussed factor in all urban competitiveness respectively. The effective factors and criteria of urban competitiveness include economic, social, environmental, tourism, infrastructural, political institutional and quality of life factors. According to the reviewed articles, the economic factor had the greatest impact on urban competitiveness, and after the economic factor, as it was said before, the social factor It has a significant effect on urban competitiveness and the quality of life is the least influencing factor on urban competitiveness.

Spatial justice is one of the fundamental concepts in political theory and philosophy. Extensive studies have been conducted to identify and determine the objectives of the concept of justice, of which spatial justice in geography can be considered as one of the important objective examples in this field. Given the importance of spatial justice, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to spatial examples and approaches to justice in the theories of Marxism, utilitarianism, and John Rawls's theories. results has showed that Marx saw the concept of individual justice as opposed to the ultimate goal of the proletarian class and believed that individual justice was an obstacle to revolution. The goals and foundations of capitalism are incompatible with social spatial justice, and elements such as deprivation and exploitation are essential to the market and essentially eliminate the possibility of the realization of spatial justice. Rationalism, relying on the concepts of sense and spatial belonging, has brought the concept of justice closer to spatial approaches. Emphasizing that people who live in a place and have historically and culturally established a natural connection with their place of residence, neo-utilitarianism recognize space as a strategic concept for examples of justice. Also, John Rawls, by linking the concept of justice to justice, a kind of spatial approach to justice. John Rawls's book "Justice as Fairness" aims to provide a practical philosophical and ethical basis for acceptable causal and managerial matters. This view suggests that, in Rawls' view, the ultimate goal of justice is to provide the appropriate ground for democratic institutions in the administration of space-political units (states) in a democratic manner.

So far, studies related to the field of crime prevention have paid attention to human and environmental components. However, the executive solutions in this field have been more general and impractical. Accordingly, this study tried to examine the impact practical solutions by conducting field and real experiments as well as emphasizing the environmental context.

This study was conducted by survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The required data were collected from a sample of 50 experts and observations of the behavior of 30 citizens in the causal and field sections, respectively. These data were analyzed using broken window theory, daily activity and positioning.

The results showed that many human behaviors occur under the influence of the unconscious element. This element imposes certain behaviors and actions on the person, using external evidence, especially the environmental situation (in which the person is), without being realized. For this reason, the samples investigated in this study, showed completely different behaviors according to environmental conditions in three situations of temptation to withdraw cash, traffic violations and attention to environmental protection without knowing it. According to the findings of this study, it can be said that when suburban areas, etc. are introduced as crime centers in newspapers and news, in fact, they give the address of the crime scene to the perpetrators, not really the criminological environments. According to the findings of this study, marginalization in itself is not effective in committing crime. What causes crime is the environmental and social conditions in these areas. In fact, the mentioned conditions create the illusion in criminals that control and care is low. For this reason, it shows the cost of committing a crime lower than usual.

The proposed framework in this paper suggests that unusual human behavior particular unsustainable behavior and effects have their roots in mental heuristics shaped by natural selection to handle social exchange. The writer has tried to show how moral accounting and the balancing heuristic, apparently present in social exchange processes, can explain how people and decision makers think and act in response to environmental conditions and the reactions of others. Specifically, a reason why people sometimes harm the environment although they try to do good, is that the balancing heuristic makes them believe “environmentally friendly” behavior can compensate for unsustainable behavior. The strategies proposed can hopefully help toward reducing the negative effects of this inherited cognitive handicap.  As a result, if the environmental conditions are organized in such a way as to subconsciously persuade people to the fact that there is a certain law and order, it will force them to behave normally and responsibly.

Green spaces and parks have been considered not only because of their recreational importance but also because of their important role in maintaining and balancing the urban environment and air pollution control (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2017: 62). Therefore; In most countries, open and green spaces are an integral part of land use planning decisions. In the past, due to the limited size and type of function of the city, as well as the ease of access of residents to natural areas, this use was more important for certain social groups such as the wealthy class in terms of hunting and spending leisure time, building facades, creating landscapes, and the like; But today, its development has become an unavoidable biological and social necessity due to reasons such as population increase, rapid physical growth, development of industrial and production activities, increase in motor vehicles, and of course, the growth of various types of environmental pollution, and the occurrence of mental-psychological diseases. (Mohammadzadeh, 2011: 66).
As the capital of Iran, Tehran metropolis has the largest population in the country. District 10 of Tehran is one of the important and old areas of the city, which has a large population. Due to some factors, the creation and development of urban green space has always faced problems and deficiencies. Some of these factors are related to city regulations and laws and the lack of setting a standard green space per capita, which leads to the presentation of statistics from 7 square meters of green space per capita by some institutions to 50 square meters of green space per capita by others, which causes the effect of individual tastes. It is used in urban planning. Currently, the level and per capita of urban green spaces is very low compared to the international standards and the accepted standard of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, and in fact it includes the levels and per capita calculated for parks and green spaces, while excluding them the levels and per capita This use will be very low (Alavi et al., 2013: 129)

In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, while describing the condition of the parks in the 10th district of Tehran in terms of number and spatial distribution, their condition is also investigated based on the selected indicators. In the following, based on urban planning criteria and standards, the current situation is analyzed and evaluated both in terms of individual indicators and also in terms of the combination of indicators. Based on this, the method of this research is based on the description and analysis of the current state of the parks by collecting data and appropriate descriptive indicators.
The method of data analysis was carried out according to research hypotheses as follows:  1) The first hypothesis: In this hypothesis, judging and testing was done qualitatively-descriptively and based on logical reasoning. In this way, in order to measure and evaluate the appropriateness of the number and spatial distribution of parks to provide optimal access; According to the operational definition, the status of the existing parks in the 10th district of Tehran was investigated based on the indicators of radius of performance, per capita standard and area of green space use, population covered and access, then based on the difference between the existing status in each index and the desired status, about The appropriateness of the number and spatial distribution of parks was judged in order to provide optimal access. To investigate the condition of the parks in terms of the mentioned indicators, the method based on GIS and the functions available in it was used, which includes: accessibility, performance radius, and overlap of information and neighboring uses.
Based on this, the qualitative analysis and judgment is based on the spatial coverage of the existing parks. Thus, if the number and spatial distribution of existing parks is such that all residential areas are located at a suitable distance from them, the research hypothesis will be rejected and otherwise it will be confirmed. That is, when parts of residential areas and the households living in them are located at unfavorable distances from the neighborhood park. This means that adequate spatial coverage is not provided by the existing neighborhood parks (due to the lack of number or their inappropriate spatial distribution).
2) The second hypothesis: in this hypothesis, the method of analysis and test of the hypothesis will be qualitative-descriptive and based on logical reasoning. Thus, after determining the spatial-spatial suitability of the parks in the 10th district of Tehran (according to the method mentioned in the operational definition), more than half of the stations, according to the composite index obtained from the Weighted Overlay function in GIS, are located in very suitable areas. get, the second hypothesis is rejected. But if at least half of the parks have an unfavorable spatial-spatial fit, the research hypothesis will be confirmed.

Table 1 shows the green space per capita in ten districts of Tehran in ten districts of the region. The information about the area of the parks and the population of each neighborhood was obtained from the 10th district municipality of Tehran. Thus, green space per capita in Briyank neighborhood is equal to 3.09, in Haft Chenar neighborhood 2.6, in Soleimani neighborhood 0.41, in Ji neighborhood 0.26 in one region. In these neighborhoods, Haft Chenar and Briyank neighborhoods have a relatively favorable situation, and Ji and Soleimani neighborhoods have an unfavorable situation. that Briyank neighborhood has a better situation and Jay neighborhood has a worse situation than other neighborhoods of the first district. Per capita green space in Imam Khomeini (RA) and Mortazavi neighborhoods is in a very unfavorable situation and Hashemi neighborhood is in an unfavorable situation. Per capita green space in the neighborhoods of 3 districts It is Rah. Salisbil neighborhood is equal to 0.07, Karun is 0.61, Zanjan is equal to 0.35 square meters. Zanjan and Karun neighborhoods are in an unfavorable situation, and Selesbil neighborhood is in a very unfavorable situation. Among the ten neighborhoods, Briyank neighborhood in District 1 has a better situation and Mortazavi neighborhood in District 2 has a worse situation than other neighborhoods in the region.

In this research, neighborhood parks in region 10 were examined and evaluated. The lack of sufficient understanding of the spatial-spatial distribution of neighborhood parks and the quality of access of the citizens of this city to the mentioned use caused this issue to be considered and chosen by the researcher. Tehran has taken place. In this research, the main focus is on neighborhood parks that have the following characteristics: their area is twice the size of a neighborhood park (that is, one hectare) and it is also possible for a 9-year-old child to reach it on foot, and the child during The route should pass through Kendro streets and the local access network. Its compatibility is more with educational use and residential areas.
According to the obtained results, the studied area is in an unfavorable condition in terms of spatial distribution. This situation is observed more in the northern, central and western parts of the region. The southern part of the region is in a favorable condition due to the location of two regional parks. But in the north-west and center of the region, due to the lack of green space and the relatively large amount of this region, it is in an unfavorable condition. The studied region has an extremely dense texture, so one of the priorities of the region is due to the lack of green space per capita. And the existence of the worn and dense texture of the area, the implementation of various plans and programs for the development of green space should be.

The five goals defined in passive defense - with the priority of the principle of deterrence - express the need for a comprehensive and specialized knowledge of the variables and their nature in this science. The recent events and happenings in the country and the political geographic region, with an emphasis on people-oriented threats and social unrest, show the more dynamic, ambiguous and unpredictable nature of a wide range of threats. It seems that with the passage of time and the occurrence of developments in different fields, the definition, role and behavior of variables on the one hand and their mutual influence on the other hand have made solving equations in passive defense more difficult.

Variables interact with each other in passive defense, Therefore, in this research, the cross impact analysis method has been used. This study is a descriptive-analytical method and in the field survey process, first with the tools of library study and interviews to define the variables and then to evaluate the effective, influential, key and strategic criteria in passive defense as a system and its stability or instability using The MIC MAC method pays.In the research process, by reviewing the sources and the opinion of experts, the variables were classified into fourteen groups (macro criteria) and forty nine criteria, and then structural analysis was performed according to MIC MAC method.

Based on the analysis in this method, in the matrix of direct influences, the macro criteria (group) of geography has the highest influence/dependence ratio and the macro criteria of building has the highest dependence/influence ratio. Domestic policy, literacy, economic prosperity, economic security is the most influential indicators and Social quality criteria and psychological environment criteria are the most dependent indicators. Also, among the measured criteria, the most influence is related to domestic policy, the least influence is related to the Physics of the building, the most dependent is related to social quality criteria and the least dependent is related to natural geography. The distribution of criteria in the effective-indirect axes directly and indirectly indicates the instability of the system.

In overall discussion and compared to similar studies this research strongly emphasizes the importance of non-physical variables in passive defense.The results of this research also provide tools to control the mission field for the senior managers of passive defense at the national and provincial levels. Also, with the help of the results of this research, it is possible to identify the critical areas in the existing and future structure of the system to focus the organization's activity area and define the project and research from the passive defense management system

With the rapid growth of urbanization and the desire to live in cities, as well as the overcrowding of cities, spending leisure time and interacting with public open and green spaces has become more important, and since interaction with green spaces and the surrounding environment plays an important role in the livability of local communities. , this research intends to prioritize indicators in Emamieh and Ostad Yousefi neighborhoods of Mashhad with a comparative analysis of the impact of environmental components on livability.

The research method includes two documentary and survey parts, and the sample size of the questionnaire is 384 people calculated by Cochran's method and completed by random sampling method. The method of data analysis in both quantitative and qualitative ways, which was studied in the quantitative method of the structural equation method in SPSS and SMART-PLS software, and the qualitative analysis based on the completion and analysis of the control checklist filled by the trained observer and comparative density maps between the compared localities.

The results of this research indicate that there is no significant difference in the livability of the environmental components among the two studied samples, and in terms of prioritization, the ecological sustainability component has received the most points due to the presence of large-scale parks in and around the neighborhood (4.76 points) and after that components of health and cleanliness (3.32 points), weather pollution (3.02 points), climate comfort (2.77 points) and noise pollution (1.14 points) are the next priorities. dedicated. The innovation of the current research is that it focuses on the environmental dimension as one of the important dimensions of livability, and besides that, other dimensions of livability have also received the attention of researchers.

The social, economic, and spatial duality that is becoming increasingly evident is caused by a variety of factors related to the exponential growth of urbanization in Tehran. Due to the prevalence of spatial inequalities in cities and the significance of these inequalities in livability and urban development, the sustainability approach based on spatial disparities of livability has received particular attention in such places. In this case study, it is essential to address the issue of spatial duality in urban areas with the livability approach because, if the livability of District 22 of Tehran Municipality is not taken into consideration, problems including overcrowding, the departure of the local population, loss of social interactions, change of use, the increase of worn-out texture in the district, noise pollution, lack of green spaces, lack of a lack of efficient and integrated management, etc. will only get worse over time, posing a threat to the region's stability. This study aims to analyze the spatial duality of urban areas with the livability approach in the eastern and western areas of District 22 of Tehran Municipality: This is a descriptive-analytical study in methodology and applied in terms of nature. The analyzed data were obtained from a survey, using cluster sampling and the statistical sample consisted of the residents of District 22. To gain an insight into the limits and gaps, concepts, theories, and views of the subject the method of data collection primarily relies on library information. The appropriate theoretical framework for the research has been chosen based on the acquired insight, as well as the fundamental studies about the geographical features of the region and the lived experience. A questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The study used the TOPSIS model to analyze the data on spatial duality and heterogeneity.
 

According to the examined data on the livability of District 22 of Tehran, Hovaniroz, Kohk, and Chitgar neighborhoods were rated as the most livable, receiving a score of 0.967, while Eastern Golestan neighborhood came in second with a score of 0.914. These neighborhoods were situated in the eastern part of the District. On the other hand, Western neighborhoods of the District including Dehkadeh Shahrak Sharif, Ati, Pikan Shahr, and Azadshahr, received the lowest scores (0.417 and 0.417, respectively) and therefore the lowest ranking for livability. In terms of spatial structure, these neighborhoods are characterized by high population density, inhabited by immigrants, worn-out texture, narrow pathways, poor economic condition, and a high unemployment rate.

Comparatively speaking, the Eastern neighborhoods are generally in better condition than the Western ones. Last but not least, it is suggested to reduce the duality of the neighborhoods in District 22 of Tehran Municipality by emphasizing the approach of livability to develop Commercial, tourism, and service occupancies in all neighborhoods rather than letting one neighborhood, like Chitgar, become the area's commercial center.

Survey the elements affecting waste management policy making in rural region of Kan ,From the perspective of an expert Nowadays, the rapid growth of pollution has led to an increase in waste, making it one of the primary challenges for achieving sustainable rural development and preserving the environment .Therefore, it has become critical to maintain environmental sustainability by improving rural waste management. Regarding this matter٫ the aim of this research is to investigate the elements affecting waste management policy making in rural areas of Kan .

The statistical population of this research includes experts and managers from regional districts and the waste management organization of Tehran.The sample size for specialist and managers was determined using the census method, consisting of 34 people. The data collection method involved both documentary review and surveys. The documentary method was used to examine records and explain the problem, while the survey method involved observation, interviews, focus group and questionnaires completed by specialist and managers.

The validity and content of the research questionnaires were assessed by experts, supervisors, and specialists. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by comparing two ratios. This research focused on three components of leadership: innovation, resource utilization, and planning/organization. These components were examined From the perspective of an expert in relation to waste management and their impact on policymaking in this field.

The results of the Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between leadership components (innovation, resource utilization, planning/organization) and waste management policymaking. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that these three dimensions accounted for 91% of the variance in waste management policy.