نشریه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، بهار و تابستان 1402)

In today's world, economy and finance have always been a controversial topic. With the advancement of technology and changes in lifestyle, economy and financial affairs have also faced changes. The emergence of the fintech industry marked a tremendous change in banking and financial markets. The size of the global fintech market in 2022 has reached 133 billion dollars. In the meantime, the Islamic fintech index has been proposed as an important index in the financial and economic fields of Muslim countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the Islamic fintech index and provide solutions to improve Iran's position. For this purpose, the Islamic fintech index and its benefits have been examined first, and the methodology of this index has been examined. Then, 5 main criteria on which countries are evaluated and ranked in this index were extracted and using TOPSIS method, Iran's focus priorities for improvement in this index were calculated. According to the findings of the research, regulation and infrastructure creation are the two main components for the development of the Islamic fintech industry in Iran. Focusing on talents, capital development and the development of Bazaz and the Islamic fintech ecosystem were also placed in the next priorities, respectively.

Contractual incompleteness is mainly due to the difficulty of describing all possible future contingencies in advance and “enforceability” condition. In the complex and uncertain economic environment, typically financial contracts are usually incomplete. The theory of incomplete contracts is more consistent with financial and economic contracts and has more power to analyze contractual relationships. Financing in Islamic banking is divided into two categories based on the type of contract, namely Equity based financing and Debt based financing. This article, analyze Islamic banking contracts with respect to incomplete contract theory. The results show that when contracts are incomplete allows for opportunistic behavior of entrepreneur and hold-up bank inside non valid credit contract. In this situation, some mechanisms needed for gap filling to prevent opportunistic behavior in incomplete contract. In Islamic banking contract Contingent renewal contract and Legal Partnership Contracts that help to balanced bargaining power between parties and can reduce problems caused by Contractual incompleteness.

Economic democracy is considered as one of the main components of resistive economy. Among the general policies that have been announced so far, the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution are most closely related to the democratization of the economy, and therefore its study is important from the perspective of the economic democracy. In this research, these policies have been studied from the perspective of economic democracy with a qualitative case study method. For this purpose, first a definition of economic democracy is presented, according to which the priority in democratization of the economy is that the supply of goods and services is done by the private sector and social economy, and the public sector is allowed to enter economic activity only if those two sectors has failed. Regardless of this prioritization, democratization of the economy is done in three axes of ownership, management and sharing and in two levels of macroeconomics and firms. Based on this concept of economic democracy, the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution have serious shortcomings, and considering the implications of other principles of the Constitution for the democratization of the economy, it is suggested that general policies for the democratization of the economy be formulated.

Unemployment is one of the problems of developing countries and addressing this problem requires proper and comprehensive planning. In view of the escalation of oppressive economic sanctions against Iran, the policies of the resistance economy to deal with economic and political shocks and shocks were put on the agenda. Considering the importance of resistance economics, the effect of resistance economic indicators on unemployment control in Iranian provinces was investigated using the generalized least squares econometric method of panel estimation. The results show that there is a significant relationship between unemployment rate with people-centered economy, knowledge-based economy, endogenous economy, justice-oriented and continuous progress as components of resistance economy in Iranian provinces. Thus, the endogenous of the economy and the knowledge base of the economy with a coefficient of 0.68 and 0.61 percent, respectively, have the greatest impact on reducing unemployment in the provinces of Iran. Therefore, it is necessary for economic and regional policymakers to reduce unemployment in the provinces of Iran, increase growth and technology centers, equip and upgrade skills centers, develop technology infrastructure, regional balance policies, empower low-income, reduce production tax rates. And put monetary and financial discipline on their agenda.

Today, currency exchange plays an important role in the international community.One of the global financial markets where different currencies are placed against each other and the prices are determined by supply and demand is "Forex Market", which has new opportunities for investing in the currency market and has attracted the attention of Muslim and non-Muslim traders. With the introduction of forex trading in Iran, different views were raised by legal and religious institutions, which caused confusion about the market trend; Also, due to several reasons such as the suspicion of gambling transactions, the existence of fake transactions in the market and the lack of identity of brokerages, the granting of credit by brokerages and the creation of suspicions of usurious transactions due to the receipt of profits, the forced departure of capital from the country and damage to the economy, bans for this market It was found that the precise and scientific identification and examination of those reasons can help policymakers in designing and controlling the currency market so that the economic stability and security of the country can be ensured;The purpose of the current research is to investigate the most important Shariah doubts related to this market, and in order to analyze the jurisprudential aspects of these transactions, the data and information required for the research have been collected using library tools, documents and with the benefit of written and oral sources. In the current research, by conducting research on the nature of the forex market and the doubts on it, it is evaluated in a descriptive, analytical method and citing jurisprudence propositions that at present, due to the conditions of the country and the failure of most traders in the forex market and the exit of currency from the country and damage to Economy, presence in the forex market has no legal justification.

From the jurisprudential Akhbar about Murabaha, it is possible to maintain two types of Islamic risks, The risk of regret and the risk of property destruction, which are the conditions for the validity of the Murabaha contract, but especially with the spread of credit cards, it has been completely neglected. According to religious teachings in Islamic banking, accepting the risk of profit and loss is relevant and this risk should not be imposed solely on the financed party. On the other hand, it is not possible to transfer the risk of facilities and deposits in the banking system through insurance. In this research, an attempt has been made to firstly introduce and explain these two types of sharia risk with the method of Ijtihad, and in the second step, with the approach of risk sharing and appropriate institutionalization, suggestions for its management and reduction are presented. Management of regret risk through queue formation or market analysis is possible to some extent, especially in electronic banking. Regarding the risk of destruction, through institutionalization appropriate to the process of banking contracts, it is possible to provide the basis for its development in other high-risk contracts.

One of the requirements for the realization of the new Islamic civilization is the implementation of the Islamic economic system in the society. Considering the scope and wide application of "loan contract", one of the most important questions in the design of the Islamic economic system is the criteria for prioritizing loan applicants. The discovery of these criteria, in addition to helping to find a part of the Islamic economic system as one of the effective solutions in the field of improving the productivity of the economic system, will lead to a better use of Qarz Al-Hosna funds in the banking system of Iran and fair distribution at the level of society. The main issue of the current research is what are the effective criteria for prioritizing loan applicants from the perspective of Islam. In this study, by using the fundamental and theoretical approach and thematic consideration in the Quran and referring to the interpretations and providing tips to the experts, the search for the desired criteria of Islam in prioritizing loan applicants has been done. Finally, it was found that according to the position of Qarz al-Hasna in Islam, two groups of criteria related to the present problem can be reached. The first group as criteria related to the merit of the applicant including the necessity of the need, the reason for becoming in need and the way of spending funds, his social behavior and the motivation of the applicant in repaying the loan and the second group as the criteria corresponding to the real desirability of the lender including the social ratio of the applicant and the lender And also the credit risk of the applicant was identified.

Measuring inequality and investigating the distributional consequences of policies is a main prerequisite for policy making in the area of inequality; furthermore, answer of this question that "Is a limit of inequality justifiable If so, by what analysis and to what extent" requires a theory of justice and an index that should be based on the society values. This research after criticizing theoretical foundations of conventional indexes of income inequality and presenting the Islamic definition of "Consumption Balance" (Tawaazun; the range between poverty and extravagance) as an alternative, introduce a measure which is in accordance with this definition: The proportion of poverty and extravagance to the consumption of society. Then we use this index for measuring unjustifiable inequality (consumption imbalance) of Iran’s economy, and estimating the effect of Islamic tax (Khums) on it. Estimations express increasing trend of consumption balance in studied years and much more increase of it in case of khums execution.

Presenting a complete picture of Islamic economics as a school in analysis and realization is one of the long-standing concerns of Muslim economists. In this presenting, we are bound to adapt to the prevailing economic system, so the first question in this matter is where is the main bottleneck in the comparative study between the two schools of Islamic economics and capitalist economics In this research, by examining the governance system of these two schools, the basic dichotomy of "individual and social benefit" is relied upon and by focusing on this dichotomy, it is possible to analyze the comprehensiveness of these two schools. These original dualities should be expanded and detailed in an analytical framework to determine the analytical coordinates of those two schools. In particular, the framework of "four causes" is used and a comprehensive approach to individual and social benefit is observed from the perspective of each of the schools of Islamic economics and capitalism. In addition to the fact that the comprehensiveness of each school is examined in the analysis, the quality of their realization is also evaluated. In this way, to what extent each of the schools has been successful in responding to the real needs of the community, and from this point of view, the efficiency of each is evaluated. As a result of this research, it is proved that only Islam is able to present a school that is "comprehensive" in its analysis and has the necessary "efficiency" for the real leadership of society.

One of the significant topics in the Islamic capital market is the design of Islamic financial instruments and institutions to finance charitable and public benefit projects. Waqf Fund is one of the non-profit Islamic financial institutions that has received special attention in Islamic countries. These funds play an important role in economic development, social welfare, and sustainable growth of countries. In Iran's capital market, despite the approval of the waqf fund by the Shariah Board of the Securities and Exchange Organization, it has not yet been implemented. The main problem of the current research is to provide an operational and applicable model for the endowment fund by combining it with the waqf fund in the capital market of Iran. The current research is qualitative research that is applied from the point of view of the goal and descriptive-analytical from the point of view of data collection. In this research, first, a conceptual model for a combined waqf-charity investment fund is presented, and then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the possibility of implementation This type of fund is evaluated and analyzed from three financial, jurisprudential, and regulatory perspectives.The current research is qualitative research that is applied from the point of view of the goal and descriptive-analytical from the point of view of data collection. In this research, first, a conceptual model for a combined waqf-charity investment fund is presented, and then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the possibility of implementation This type of fund is evaluated and analyzed from three financial, jurisprudential, and regulatory perspectives.

The economic sanction against specific country like Iran causes to find a way to compensate its effect. But recommended solution should fallow the country culture. One of them is using of cryptocurrency. Therefore, understanding the complexities and similarities of cryptocurrencies, to explaining the position of this emerging phenomenon, also provides the basis for using their capacities and opportunities. The study using "contextual theory" approach.  The designed conceptual model and in order to achieve a deep understanding of the current situation, a number of experts and officials in the related fields of Islamic economy interviewed. The findings indicated that the financial and economic need Diversification of financial exchanges, elimination of deficiencies and the need to compensate needs are known as the most important environmental and social factors. According to the opinions presented, taking advantage of new capacities, creating a field for participation and developing activities based on Islamic economy, moving jurisprudence towards new issues, circumventing and defeating sanctions, helping to cultivate talents and capacities, eliminating the need for bank usury systems, paying attention to the aspect government jurisprudence, including rules like loss and waste, from the positive and unknown consequences of the rules and regulations of activity in the cryptocurrency market, religious concepts, the possibility of money laundering, creating a platform for international public supervision over the country's economic elements, neglecting the goals of the Islamic economy, unfair distribution of wealth, lack of  Adherence to Shariah laws and regulations has been introduced as one of the negative consequences of using cryptocurrencies.

The integrated tax-support system indicates a model of the tax system that is related to the support system and entails informational and operational synergy. Since the examination of the relationship between the integrated model and the Islamic model has its own dimensions and requirements, by comparing the characteristics of the integrated system with the various sources of Bait al-Mal in the beginning of Islam, only the "relative compatibility" of the integrated tax-support system with the total of taxation methods and support payments in Islam is seen; This means that for some methods, there is a complete adaptation of the characteristics, and for some other methods, only some components of the integrated system can be deduced from the Islamic tax system. The results of this research show that the integrated tax-support system has characteristics such as determining the threshold of tax debt, collecting taxes from the rich, the existence of tax exemptions conditional on income, paying subsidies to the needy and financing support programs through the taxes channel, which are part of the taxation methods of Zakat and Khums are in full compliance with them and the methods of kharaj, zakat of property, the other part of khums and jizya have confirmed some of those features and have no basis for opposing others. In the meantime, the financing of welfare programs from taxes is only a characteristic of the integrated system, which can be seen in the consumption of various resources of the Bait al-Mal.