نشریه مطالعات بین رشته ای در تعالی معماری و شهرسازی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1403)

Today, cities are trying to create facilities for consumption. That is, cities are defined by the facilities they provide for consumption. But this is not the whole story, consumption has a long history and somehow defines itself from the past to the present in different states and in the form of different spaces. The hidden dimension of consumption is power, this power is sometimes at the disposal of religion and sometimes at the disposal of the economy and it produces consumption spaces that suit it. What is important is that with the change of power, the type of consumption spaces changes, but consumption and production are two important concepts in the analysis of space. The purpose of this article is to study the issue that consumption has a long history and has involved all the cities from Rome to Khoi during the consecutive years, also by studying the history of consumption, checking It is possible to know how consumption entered Iran and after involving Tehran, how and with what production spaces it entered small cities like Khoi. In order to achieve the above goal, the qualitative research strategy has been used to classify and identify the types of production of consumer spaces throughout history. The findings of the research show that consumption is not a new phenomenon and throughout history and throughout the cities of the world, it has shown itself in the form of different consumption spaces from the street to the arcade. The result of the research shows that the superficial insight into the phenomenon of space is wrong and that space as an important element of a city has been related to the triad of power, consumption and production from the past until now. Today, cities are trying to create facilities for consumption. That is, cities are defined by the facilities they provide for consumption. But this is not the whole story, consumption has a long history and somehow defines itself from the past to the present in different states and in the form of different spaces. The hidden dimension of consumption is power, this power is sometimes at the disposal of religion and sometimes at the disposal of the economy and it produces consumption spaces that suit it. What is important is that with the change of power, the type of consumption spaces changes, but consumption and production are two important concepts in the analysis of space. The purpose of this article is to study the issue that consumption has a long history and has involved all the cities from Rome to Khoi during the consecutive years, also by studying the history of consumption, checking It is possible to know how consumption entered Iran and after involving Tehran, how and with what production spaces it entered small cities like Khoi. In order to achieve the above goal, the qualitative research strategy has been used to classify and identify the types of production of consumer spaces throughout history. The findings of the research show that consumption is not a new phenomenon and throughout history and throughout the cities of the world,

To study Islamic architecture, one must explore the intellectual discourse that has led to the emergence and evolution of Islamic architectural traditions. Among the critical discourses influencing Islamic architecture is the knowledge of geometry and its application. Geometry, both planar and volumetric, has been prominently employed in Islamic architecture. However, most researchers have focused on planar geometry, with limited studies investigating volumetric geometry in Islamic architecture. This neglect appears to stem from a lack of understanding of volumetric geometry and its relevance to Islamic architectural practices.

This research, fundamental in nature and adopting a historical study approach, seeks to answer the following questions through library studies and historical interpretation: 1. What evidence is there in buildings and written sources that demonstrate the use of volumetric geometry in Islamic architecture in Iran? 2. What sciences contributed to volumetric thinking in the Islamic architecture industry? To address these questions, the research reviews previous studies related to volumetric geometry and Islamic architecture, examining the position of architecture in the classification of sciences. Subsequently, it searches for evidence related to geometry, volume, and architecture in written architectural sources (literature and encyclopedias).

Analyzing volume from an architectural perspective reveals various concepts such as volume in relation to form, spatial volume, and material volume. Polyhedrons—shapes bounded by planar faces—play a pivotal role in architectural modeling since constructing flat surfaces is generally easier than creating curved ones. Throughout history, pattern recognition has provided a fundamental connection between architecture, mathematics, and society. Human thought not only identified patterns in nature and society but also developed new patterns and visual representations to understand their application and results. Some believe that those working in architecture followed principles and guidelines explained by mathematicians.

The relationship between architecture and nature has experienced various ups and downs throughout history, so that in some periods, architectural approaches are formed based on attention to nature, and in others, nature is neglected. In between, as a model from the perspective of history and ancient cultural heritage, the Iranian garden, while adapting to the physical and psychological needs of humans, has adapted to the natural and native conditions of this land and created a quality space for its audience. Therefore, the recognition of these gardens can be considered as a model for improving the quality of living space and sustainable development. In this regard, the paradigm of phenomenology with an interpretive approach with an emphasis on ontology seeks to know the factors affecting environmental sustainability in the architecture of Iranian gardens. Knowledge in this view is not objective and material and has different dimensions and interpretations. In this regard, the aim of the present research is to emphasize the phenomenological approach in order to discover the principles of environmental sustainability in the architecture of Iranian gardens. The interpretation system and approach of the present research is phenomenology, and its analysis system is qualitative methodology, and the grounded theory method has been used to analyze the information and present the final theory. For this purpose, the architectural space of these gardens as a model has been examined part by part under the three components of building architecture, methods of irrigation and vegetation and planting; At this stage, the researchers have collected information by being present in the research areas and the environmental sustainability of the studied elements and components has been identified and coded under 16 basic concepts; In the next step, each of the criteria of environmental sustainability, under each of the three phenomena of reducing energy consumption, reducing environmental pollutants, and sustainability, has been interpreted and defined at several phenomenological levels using central and selective coding. Finally, 6 major influential categories: benefiting from native and flexible materials and increasing the lifespan of buildings and their elements; reducing the need for non-renewable energy; The appropriate link between architecture and nature and the vitality of the space with regard to the elements of water, plants and trees; controlling the intensity of sunlight, humidity, temperature and wind flow; The architecture and lasting design of the garden; And the constant greenness of the garden space has been identified and compiled on the environmental sustainability of Iranian gardens in the Safavid and Qajar periods. Then in the final stage, by integrating, comparing and reflecting on the categories obtained in the previous stages, a core category titled "Architecture and design compatible with the environmental conditions of the field and region and the use of natural energy in order to reduce environmental pollutants and energy consumption and Benefiting from traditional patterns of Iranian-Islamic architecture in combination with natural elements and resistant to all kinds of crises" has been selected as the main factor of environmental sustainability of Iranian gardens of the Safavid and Qajar eras based on the phenomenological approach.

In contemporary times, the phenomenon of population growth and urbanization has posed a multitude of difficulties for city managers and urban planners, particularly in already inefficient urban spaces, such as those with a historical background.From a long time ago, inefficient urban areas have been very important in different aspects. The issues and problems of this type of urban area on one hand and its great importance, on the other hand, have always prompted the decision-makers and urban planners to seek for new and appropriate approaches to improve the living conditions in these types of urban areas. The complexity of inefficient areas as well as the existence of diverse groups and stakeholders, make decision-makers and their interventions face many challenges. Therefore, intervention in inefficient urban areas requires identifying each of these stakeholders and understanding the nature and interests of each of them, which can lead to effective and efficient decision-making. The current research aims to achieve a theoretical framework in the field of solving problems between different stakeholders in the process of urban regeneration by reviewing the literature on inefficient urban areas and methods of intervention in it, as well as reviewing related experiences. The results of this research show that without participation and cooperation among all stakeholders and activists, it will not be possible to achieve sustainability in urban regeneration, which requires the use of new approaches and methods of conflict resolution between stakeholders. Based on this, game theory is introduced as a new tool in solving the conflict between these actors and stakeholders. The facilities and capacities that game theory provides to planners and decision makers can be effective in the efficient and successful advancement of urban regeneration programs.

With the development of technology, energy consumption has increased globally, especially in the building sector. Therefore, this issue has become one of the main concerns of architects and designers for building design. One of the solutions provided so far to solve this problem is the use of kinetic shading devices for the facade of the building. Devices that follow the sun's path are an effective way to prevent buildings from overheating. They can also be used to regulate the thermal balance of a building. This feature can be used by the shade control system to save energy and reduce peak usage. However, it is challenging to create the best rule-based management systems that simultaneously minimize sun exposure, overheating, and energy consumption. Considering, that nature has always been a source of inspiration for humans, therefore, plants have been chosen as a source of inspiration for the design of kinetic shading devices. Plants, like buildings, are fixed in place by their roots, yet they react to the actions of their surroundings. Therefore, they have the same function as a building. Thus, we suggest a kinetic shading system in this research that uses Saffron movement. The experimental shading device guarantees the most effective performance with a variety of changes, according to a series of simulations by the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins in Rhino6 software. The results indicate that the movement of the shading device in the climate of Shiraz by the movement of the sun can reduce 40% of the sun's radiant energy absorbed by the transparent surface of the southern facade. In addition, the shading device panels in the closed state can reduce the penetration of sunlight into the inner space of the shading device by 50%. This shows the shading device's optimal performance according to Shiraz's climate.

The sense of place finds a decisive role through the connection between man and the environment and in order to benefit and sustain the presence of man in the place and makes man consider himself a part of the place. So, the sense of place refers to the person's relationship with the environment and the sensory relationship between the person and the place, and in the process of its formation, various sensory and experiential levels and aspects of the place, from physical presence and feeling to commitment and participation in the place, are influential. In this regard, considering the importance of realizing the sense of place in different urban spaces and achieving the ultimate levels of the sense and experience of place, the purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the level (sensory and experiential) of the process of forming a sense of place in the historical texture of Tabriz city. The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with practical purpose and analytical-exploratory nature, in order to analyze the research data, the structural equation model was used in Amos software. It should be mentioned that the research community also includes the residents of the historical texture of Tabriz city (district 8 of the municipality) and the sample size is 384 people using Cochran's model. The findings of the research indicate that by examining the levels of the sense and experience of place in the historical context, it is clear that the process of forming the sense of place in this range is stopped in the middle parts and the final levels of the sense and experience of the place means becoming one with the place, commitment to the place, Participating in a place is a deep and meaningful experience rarely realized in citizens. Also, the results of the structural model indicate that the levels of experience of place with a critical value of 2.45 have relative realization at the 95% confidence level, while the levels of sense of place with a critical value of 0.95 indicate the non-realization of its levels and components. On the other hand, it has been determined with the investigations carried out in the historical texture of Tabriz that most of the citizens of the context have a feeling of alienation from the place and disregard for it, and the purpose of being in the place is mostly due to the activity in it. Also, among the citizens, participation in various activities, a deep sense of place, attachment to the place and commitment to it have been less concretely expressed. Therefore, it can be said that in the process of forming the sense of place in the historical texture of Tabriz is not in a favorable state and the final levels of the sense and experience of the place have been realized in a small number of citizens. Many administrative, social, economic, physical, etc. reasons are involved in this matter, and it is necessary to consider the regeneration programs of the historical texture of Tabriz city more of the components that explain the sense of place.

Abstract Paying attention to renewable energy sources that are a suitable alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels. It has caused societies to move towards energies such as solar energy. The purpose of this research is to locate the potential areas for the construction of a solar power plant in Tonekabon. The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the statistical research community of 30 experts and, 28 experts was selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. Information collection methods include; Questionnaire, field observation and documentary studies and the information analysis method in the solar power plant location is the IHWP (Inversion Hierarchical Weight Process) in GIS and in the ranking of final solar power plant construction, the MARCOS (Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution) is in Excel. The results of the research show that 26% of the city's area is in the very unsuitable area, 23% in the unsuitable area, 20% in the relatively suitable area, 20% in the suitable area and 11% in the completely suitable area, which is mostly in the central part of the city. Also, the neighborhood of Islamabad has more talent in building a solar power plant. Islamabad neighborhood with 72.88% in the central area and Shiroudi neighborhood with 27.11% more in the southern has a favorable area for the construction of a solar power plant. Identification code 54 in Shiroudi neighborhood is in the first ranking, identification code 26 and 27 (Islamabad neighborhood) is in the second ranking, identification code 57 (Shiroudi neighborhood) is in the third ranking, identification code 50 and 51 (Islamabad neighborhood) is in the fourth ranking, code Identification 1 and 2 (Islamabad neighborhood) are in the fifth ranking and identification code 10 (Shiroudi neighborhood) is in the sixth ranking.

The present research has analyzed the fundamental concepts of aesthetics from the point of view of objectivism in the architecture of Qajar period houses in Tehran. Aesthetics is the understanding of the state of space through humans, and aesthetics in architecture brings to the fore the presence in space and the feeling of all the components of beauty at once. The discussion of aesthetics in architecture is related to the theoretical foundations and especially the quality in each architectural design individually, which leads the design and design process more to the knowledge of the elements and the creation of beauty; On the other hand, architects believe that factors such as structure, material resistance, and financial issues have caused the loss of freedom of action in designs to create beauty, so in this research, looking at historical architecture, the aim is to analyze beauty. . In the course of historical evolution, beauty has been an eternal attraction and has been researched in different disciplines. The importance of research is that beauty is not subjective; Rather, it should be understood as an objective truth; Also, the houses of the Qajar period, as important urban phenomena, are very important from an aesthetic point of view, and for this reason, in the past decades, researchers investigated its various aspects.

In this research, according to the qualitative tradition of research, the description of the architectural components of the Qajar period has been discussed with a descriptive method, and an analytical method has been used to identify and compare the components and spatial relationship in the Qajar houses. Also, the research approach is comparative-interpretive. In order to obtain the desired results and express the answers to the research questions, in this research, information is collected with the library technique, such as books, articles, maps, photos and videos of the buildings, as well as field observations. The collection of information about eight houses of the first and second Qajar period in Tehran was done.

The evolution of Qajar houses has undergone an interesting process. The houses of the first Qajar period, such as Nagaristan Garden, Zaman Museum and Ferdous Garden, are influenced by the architecture of the Safavid period. But the houses of the second Qajar period, such as Moghadam House, Imam Juma's House, Sultan Begum House, Masoudiya Mansion, and Ain-Dawlah Mansion, are influenced by Europe, and their aesthetics are derived from existing European buildings and stamps. By analyzing the eight houses of the Qajar period in Tehran, it can be found that the Ain-doleh mansion and the Moghadam mansion have all the objective aesthetic components and the Nagaristan garden, the Museum of Time, Imam Juma's house and the Masoudiyeh mansion have the most objective aesthetic components.

By analyzing the basic concepts of objective aesthetics such as architectural form, geometry, architectural elements, decorations, unity and diversity in the houses of the first and second period of Qajar, it can be found that the component of architectural form and decorations are present in all houses. It has and is an important and essential thing in the perception of objective aesthetics, and after that geometry and architectural elements are in the second degree and cause the perception of objective aesthetics.

shrine buildings are among the architectural works that were created based on the customs, culture and religion of their country. Therefore, to know the identity of architecture and art hidden in this type of buildings; He examined the social, religious, cultural concepts, etc. of that country, which was formed in the context of historical periods. The current paper deals with rereading the cultural concepts that influence the formation of identity in Iranian shrines. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is based on field-library studies. The main goal of the research is to identify and explain the components of identity in the architecture of Iranian shrines with a cultural perspective, so that by recovering and using them in contemporary architecture, today's shrines can be transformed into identity buildings. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the identity building components of architecture and cultural factors in the interaction between identity and architecture were investigated in two historical (shrine of Sheikh Abdul Samad) and contemporary (shrine of Hafez). The findings of the research show that attention to the elements of cultural identity has been emphasized in both shrines, cultural changes and the way the architect looks at meeting socio-cultural needs is one of the factors that caused the difference in the architecture of the two buildings. In a general summary, it can be concluded that the integration of traditional and modern physical elements in form, materials and geometry, as well as the use of environmental and climatic patterns is

The issue of sociability in the space of mosque-schools is important in order to increase interactions and scientific advancement of students in scientific debates. In this research, sociability has been investigated in the secondary territories of the mosque-schools of Imam, Mala Abdollah, Hakim, Chaharbagh and Surkhi in Isfahan. This research seeks to answer the question, what is the sociability of the spaces in the secondary territories of Isfahan mosque-schools in the Safavid period with regard to the spatial configuration?

The research is of an applied type and the research method used in this research is a historical interpretation based on a case study and the analysis of the samples is comparative reasoning (part to whole) which is evaluated quantitatively. Presentation of the results has been done using the analysis of statistical data extracted from "E-Graph" software using the "Space Syntax" technique. By quantitatively analyzing the results of explanatory diagrams and graph software, the findings have been extracted and analyzed in the form of logical reasoning.

In order to investigate the sociability of the secondary territories in mosques and schools, among the components of the space syntax, which includes relative depth, spatial order, communication and connectivity, more connectivity, more sociability in the space, and spaces with more depth than characteristic They have privacy.

The analysis of the findings of the research shows that in the studied mosque-schools, the middle space (the courtyard of the mosque-school), which is a secondary territory, has the highest level of sociability among other spaces, and the results also show Among the spaces of the secondary realm in the mentioned mosque-schools, the courtyard of the Chaharbagh mosque-school has the highest level of sociability.

Abstract Traditional arts of Iran point to common themes in different manifests, and the study of the relevant judgmental discussion reveals the intellectual unity between the artists of these works and the formation of these arts in the mysticism context. According to investigations of some arts, including miniature, architecture, calligraphy, and so forth, artists of these works either remain unknown or use the surname “poor” to introduce themselves. Therefore, a question arises here: is there any relationship between the term "poor" used by architects of Iranian traditional buildings and the position of poverty in mysticism? Regarding the effect of mystical themes on the creation of traditional artwork, it seems that the appellation of the architect’s name with the term “poor” mysteriously refers to the mystical moods of the architect. The purpose of this qualitative study with an inductive approach is terminology of the term “poor” used in inscriptions of Iranian traditional monuments examining its possible relationship with the mystical worlds. In this study, analysis indicators are extracted based on qualitative content analysis and coding the transcripts then the indicators derived from the mystic poems are validated based on the narrative interpretation. The term "poor" used in the inscriptions of architectural monuments was then analyzed based on rational reasoning. According to the results, the surname of the architect indicating the term "poor" in the inscriptions found in traditional monuments is related to the position of poverty in the mystical world, and artists of the traditional world (masters) were mystics who reached the status of unseen witnesses and could see the mystical world. With such spiritual conduct, the mystic architect made its architectural work a field for contemplation and reflection revealing a world beyond the terrestrial senses.

To understand urban behaviors based on a community-centered cultural environment, establishing educational-learning foundations is essential. Educational environments can be the primary source of learning, but current knowledge of structural factors is insufficient to explain future-oriented cities. This research focuses on gathering objectives considering parameters, sub-parameters, and characteristics for a future-oriented city, centered on a community-centered cultural environment within the public spaces of the Greater Tehran Metropolis. The study combines an analytical approach using fundamental research methods, including content analysis and descriptive-survey techniques. Data collection was conducted through library-based and field studies in the Greater Tehran Metropolis. A total of 388 citizens were randomly selected and questionnaires distributed. The five key parameters include: Explanation of urban arts and cultures: (Education-Learning; enhancing community-centered social motivation), Potential of urban media: (Education-Learning; prioritizing public goals), Development of recreational areas: (Education-Learning; cohesion), Design of guiding environments: (Education-Learning; laws and regulations), and Promotion of cultural identity: (Education-Learning; legal coordination). The findings suggest designing an analytical framework for a future-oriented city involves prioritizing research parameters as follows: (0.279)-Promotion of cultural identity: (Education-Learning; legal coordination) - with sub-parameters of Cultural Centers: identity formation, resource access, freedom of expression, and equality within 15 actions. (0.278)-Explanation of urban arts and cultures: (Education-Learning; enhancing community-centered social motivation) - with sub-parameters of Artistic Elements: innovation, commitment, and order within 13 actions. (0.220)-Development of recreational areas: (Education-Learning; cohesion) - with sub-parameters of Event Elements: collaborative actions, participation, and inclusive attractions within 19 actions. (0.134)-Potential of urban media: (Education-Learning; prioritizing public goals) - with sub-parameters of Clarity And Readability: respect and interaction within 7 actions. (0.088)-Design of guiding environments: (Education-Learning; laws and regulations) - with sub-parameters of Information Dissemination: positive idealism towards laws, respect for laws, and legal awareness within 18 actions. These parameters can create a more adaptable impact on Greater Tehran Metropolis.