نشریه مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 65، زمستان 1403)

The out-of-pocket health expenditure index is a novel indicator for assessing healthcare systems and has attracted the attention of policymakers, managers, and academics. This research employed a multivariate regression model, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), to innovative examine the factors influencing out-of-pocket health expenditure, with a particular focus on macro-level social and economic factors across post-Islamic Revolution governments between 1989 and 2021. The estimation results show that variables like per capita income, healthcare infrastructure, population aging, and urban population share have statistically significant positive impacts on the out-of-pocket health expenditure index. On the other hand, the index was not significantly impacted by financial status or percentage of healthcare insurance coverage. Among the dummy variables representing different governments, only the "Moderation and Hope" government dummy variable showed statistical significance. This suggests that healthcare policy performance across post-revolutionary governments, excluding said specific administration, did not produce meaningful differences in out-of-pocket health expenditure indices.

Social indifference is a moral concept and a sociological phenomenon at the same time. Social indifference is known as a kind of social complication; In the opposite way, any social care and altruism in individual and social life is a sign of social dynamism and health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of cultural intelligence in the social indifference of master's and doctoral students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch. The research method in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection is descriptive of the correlation type. The statistical population of this study consists of all male and female students studying in master's and doctoral degrees in the faculties of management, social sciences, media and political sciences of Islamic Azad University, central Tehran branch, in the academic year of 2001-2012, in the number of 1375 people. For this purpose, 300 of these students were selected using Cochran's formula and available sampling method (online method) and answered the researcher-made questionnaire of social indifference and cultural intelligence questionnaire (CQS) (2015). After collecting the questionnaires electronically, the collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis simultaneously. The results showed that there is a negative and significant correlation between cultural intelligence and social indifference. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that 69% of social indifference is explained by cultural intelligence. Therefore, it can be concluded that cultural intelligence can predict indifference in students.

Employees as internal stakeholders play an important role in creating and providing hotel services. Using the stakeholder theory, this study investigated the impact of Tehran hotel employees' perception of organizational social responsibility on organizational commitment. In this study, intrinsic motivation is considered as a mediating variable and job level as a moderating variable. The required data were collected through a questionnaire (in both electronic and printed versions). A total of 310 hotel employees participated in this survey-oriented study. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. The findings of the research show that hotel employees' perception of organizational social responsibility (in the two dimensions of employee social responsibility and customer social responsibility) has a significant impact on their organizational commitment. Also, intrinsic motivation increases organizational commitment, and its mediating role in the relationship between employees' perception of organizational social responsibility and organizational commitment, and the moderating role of job level in the relationship between employees' perception of organizational social responsibility and intrinsic motivation have been confirmed. The results of this study emphasize the importance of paying attention to corporate responsibility activities in the hotel industry. Therefore, hotel human resource managers can use it as a tool to improve the internal motivation of employees and improve their organizational commitment by explaining and institutionalizing the hotel's organizational responsibility measures.

This article examines environmental behavior and its sociological explanation among tourists in the coastal cities of Mazandaran province. A combination of theories and ideas such as Gidden's theory, Inglehart's environmental values and behavior, and George Tome's environmental culture theory were used as a theoretical framework. The research method, survey and statistical population include the collection of tourists in the coastal cities of Mazandaran province. The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster. First, a complete framework of the cities of the province was prepared. Then the coastal cities of the province were determined from the east to the far west of the province and in the next step all the coastal cities were numbered and then five coastal cities of Babolsar, Mahmudabad, Noor, Nowshahr and Ramsar were selected. In the next stage, some recreational areas, including parking lots one to nine of Babolsar, Tahbaz Mahmoudabad beach and amusement park, Hosseini Beach area of Nowshahr, Javaherdeh Ramsar tourist area, and Noor Forest Park, as well as travelers located by the beach, were randomly selected. And the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 384 people. The tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The method of data analysis is Pearson, Spearman correlation coefficient, mean comparison, path analysis and regression analysis. The measurement tool is used for face validity and has the necessary reliability, and the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of environmental behaviors is 0.851. The findings showed that the average of environmental behavior patterns among people is high and its average is 4.05 out of 5. The results of the correlation test showed that there is a significant positive and direct relationship between the level of social identity, religious beliefs, environmental awareness, urban participation, social values and cultural capital with environmental behavior. The value of the multiple correlation coefficients is equal to 0.712, which indicates a high correlation coefficient. The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.507, which shows that the set of independent variables explain 50.7% of the variance and changes in the dependent variable of environmental behavior. The variables of environmental awareness, social identity, and urban participation have a greater effect on environmental behaviors. In order to increase the level of environmental behaviors, the level of environmental awareness, social and environmental values, urban participation and cultural capital should be increased.

The present research was carried out to predict Tehran’s young people’s attitudes towards substance abuse according to the big five personality traits and religiousness.

Statistical population included 20-31 year-old residents in Tehran’s districts 1, and 16. Sampling was carried out using multi-steps cluster sampling and Cochran formula and 384 individuals were selected randomly from Villa, Yakhchi Abad, and Javadieh neighborhoods. To gather data reformed scales of Costa and McCrae's Big Five personality traits (1995), Dellavar et al’s addiction to drugs (1383), and Arian’s religiousness scale (1377) were used. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software and model fit measurement was carried out using LISERL.

According to the research’s results, two from among Big Five personality traits - extraversion and conscientiousness - directly (with coefficients - 0.14 and - 0.35) and indirectly through religiousness (with coefficients 0.23 and 0.52) effect the young’s attitudes towards substance abuse; Moreover, religiousness directly effects (with coefficients - 0.41) their attitudes towards substance abuse addictions. These three variables explain 61 % of the variance of attitude towards substance abuse variable.

Considering the fact that the young’s believes in religion have been challenged in information and cyber space age, it is necessary to develop and implement interventional and preventive plans based on personality structure and religiousness.

Normativeness of citizenship is a social mechanism that acts as agency and normative obligation around the axis of citizenship rights, citizenship participation and citizenship responsibility. The aim of the current research is to analyze the social and cultural structures affecting the normality of citizenship among the citizens of Borujerd.

In terms of methodology, this research is based on comparative strategy, quantitative method, survey technique and questionnaire tool. The population under study is the citizens of Borujerd city 15 years old and above and the sample size is 384 people.

The results of the research show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the independent variables of media consumption, family structure, social isolation, social trust and lifestyle with normality of citizenship, but there is a relationship between social and economic class and normality of citizenship. There is no significant correlation. Also, the results indicate a negative and significant correlation between social isolation and normality of citizenship. Also, the multiple correlation coefficient of the remaining five variables in the regression analysis with the dependent variable is 0.430%, which means that 0.430% of the variance The normality of citizenship as a dependent variable is explained and predicted by the independent variables of media consumption, lifestyle, family structure, social isolation and social trust, and the remaining percentage is explained by other variables. According to the regression coefficients of each of the variables of the regression equation, which are among the standardized coefficients (beta) and have the ability to be compared, according to the variables of media consumption, lifestyle, family structure, social isolation and social trust, they have the most influence in the order of the variance of the norm. They have citizenship.

Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the normality of citizenship is built and organized under the influence of social and cultural structures on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is also in the organization and construction of social structures and Culture is effective and constructive. In fact, the normality of citizenship is one of the important sociological structures that acts as a balance, balance, coordination and synergy between the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, and in the meantime, the role of building an interactive, collaborative and dialogue, as well as responsible media and other important sociological structures such as lifestyle and social trust will be very important and path-breaking in the institutionalization of citizenship norms and citizenship norms.

The global capitalist system, in order to sustain the cycle of production, distribution, and consumption and achieve its ultimate goal of profit and reinvestment, requires the establishment or imposition of a capitalist lifestyle within societies. In today's world, this form of life has encompassed all aspects of human existence. Among the aspects that have been influenced by global capitalism and undergone changes is lifestyle. In this context, Iranian society, as a member of the global community, has interacted with the modern world and been influenced by its transformations and the capitalist way of life. Consequently, the lifestyle of Iranians has been affected. Among them, the youth, who constitute a significant portion of Iranian society, due to their inherent social characteristics and their position at the forefront of interaction with the world, have been more influenced by global capitalism, and their lifestyle has undergone more changes. The expansion and reflection of global capitalism in the lifestyle of the youth have made this issue a subject of study, and its examination and analysis are deemed important and necessary.Therefore, this article, derived from a research titled "Global Capitalism and the Lifestyle of Iranian Youth," examines the reflection of global capitalism in the construction of the lifestyle of Iranian youth. The method used is the "reflection of global capitalism" study program, employing classical theory. Given that the study population is youth, individuals aged 18 to 35 form the target population of the research. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 25 young people selected through theoretical and non-random purposive sampling, data and explanatory sufficiency were achieved. For the analysis of qualitative data obtained from the interviews, a three-stage and two-step analytical process was used. In the first stage, qualitative data analysis was conducted using the substantive coding technique (open coding and selective coding), resulting in 96 indicators and 26 categories. In the second stage of analysis, i.e., theoretical coding, the central category of "modern lifestyle based on consumerism" emerged. The categories and discrete concepts resulting from substantive coding were interconnected, integrated, and a comprehensive picture of the field of study emerged. In this stage, theoretical coherence was achieved and expressed in the form of a coherent narrative. The theoretical model of "the construction of Iranian youth's lifestyles in the form of modern and consumerist lifestyles" was drawn and presented.

Considering that beach volleyball plays an important role in the development of volleyball and sports in the country and the performance of beach athletes is influenced by various factors, therefore, the present research examines the model of physical characteristics and psychological characteristics [mental toughness, mental health] on the success of beach volleyball players. Iran was investigated. The research included the statistical population consisting of beach volleyball athletes, and the size of the population and sample was 110 people selected purposefully. The tools include tests to measure physical fitness, i.e. 1600, sit-up, bar fix, 9×4 run, high jump and flexibility, Goldberg's general health questionnaire and tenacity questionnaire with the components of challenge, control, trust, excitement, self-confidence and commitment with a reliability of 0.98 and the questionnaire Sports success has been used as variables of training and competition performance with a reliability of 0.92, which was above 0.75 in the preliminary plan. Pearson's correlation analysis and structural equations were used to answer the hypotheses. The results showed that physical characteristics and psychological characteristics had an impact on success. The model also had the necessary fit. Since their importance is known to everyone, we need planning to increase their psychological characteristics and mental health.

The present research aimed at reviewing a key issue, “in post-revolution Iran, under social changes, Iranian family institution has been faced with important challenges such as early or late marriage, changed childbearing and parenting values and appearance of abnormal families.

descriptive-analytical methods were used for a descriptive research. Library method by referring to the books, papers, documents, and internet websites was used.

Social changes in Iran followed by family changes including extended family changing to nuclear family as the most notable one along with reduced family functions and outsourcing them, breakdown in relationships between generations, conflicts of values, changed power structure, the problem of aging, early or late marriage, changed childbearing and parenting values, and the appearance of families abnormal in Iranian society.These changes have resulted in different challenges including violence against women and children, uncertain conditions of widowed women and their children, financial family issues, raising family disputes and divorce, dangers for mother’s lives, increased illegal and irreligious relations, violence and discrimination against women in workplaces. In response to some issues and their damaging consequences, some post-revolution legal regulations based on interpretations of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence have been changed and reformed, but, some of them remained intact waiting to be reviewed to regulate family members’ interactions and their relationships in accordance with contemporary conditions and circumstances

social changes have resulted in shaping different challenges regarding guardianship and headship in family, financial regulations for families, the relatives, child marriage, custody, abortion, white marriage, and women employment etc. These new challenges have had different damages to and consequences for family nature doubling the necessity of accordant legislation and reforms in laws to control and adapt them

Since teenage girls are the main potentials and assets of any country, their deviation will have a direct impact on the future of the country as one of the important challenges of the family. The aim of the research was to investigate the social factors influencing teenage girls' deviance based on Felson's theories of daily activities and Gottfredson's self-control. The current type of research is applied, the descriptive method is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. In total, 400 female students of the first secondary school of Firuzkoh city in 1400-1401 were selected by simple random sampling method and answered the questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, spss24 and Amos24 software were used. The results of Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression in examining hypotheses show that all aspects of selfcontrol variables and daily activities have a significant relationship with teenage girls' deviance. The final linear regression model showed that (0.92) percent of the changes in adolescent girls' deviation can be explained by independent variables. According to the results of structural equation analysis, all the components of self-control and daily activities, in the order of importance, "risk-taking", "self-centeredness", "convenience seeking", "expressing anger" and "rushing" and The components of "unstructured activities", "structured activities", "leisure time with family", "integrity of attachment with friends" and "leisure time" have been influential on teenage girls' deviance. Therefore, theories of self-control and daily activity are an effective explanation for adolescent girls' deviance.

The expansion of the scope of government activities, the complexity of administrative and technical affairs and the specialization of many of the tasks of government and public organizations and institutions affiliated with them, the need for speed and accuracy in decision-making and actions of government units and officials are among the reasons for the creation of non-judicial authorities alongside the higher judicial authorities, meaning judicial authorities affiliated with the judiciary. However, in the process of the development of the aforementioned authorities, the distance from the initial legislative goals and significant shortcomings that have resulted in the violation of citizens' rights seem to be significant. The preliminary and appeal boards for the determination of claims of the Social Security Organization are one of the quasi-judicial authorities. In this article, by looking at its structure and legal jurisdiction, the pathology of the decisions issued and the causes of its violations, especially the failure to observe the principles of fair trial, especially the principle of being reasoned and documented by the Administrative Court of Justice, will be considered, and its effective role in the structures of social growth, development and development will be considered.