مجله راهور
پیاپی 50 (پاییز 1403)

In recent years, the prediction of traffic density and the use of artificial intelligence in it has become a growing research field, and today, considering artificial intelligence as an advanced technology, it is possible to provide innovative and effective solutions for urban traffic management, and past experiences have shown that not using these technologies, increases traffic problems day by day. Therefore, the use of these technologies to solve traffic problems is of great importance.
  In this research identifies and prioritizes the requirements of using artificial intelligence in traffic management, and then provides solutions for the future of these requirements. The data of this research was obtained from the studies of previous works, experience of the authors, and also through in-depth interviews with 20 of the main experts in the qualitative phase and 45 of the intermediate experts through a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative phase, which are the statistical population experts of scientific centers, specialized police officers experts with at least bachelor's education in fields related to artificial intelligence and traffic and several years of activity related to this field. In order to determine its validity, were used the opinions of experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its value was 0.88, and Friedman's test was used for prioritization.
By collecting and coding the information, a conceptual model was presented to identify the requirements for the use of artificial intelligence, and the authors were able to present a practical framework in five main dimensions and 43 components, which according to Friedman's test importunes factor are related to data with 84.71% and education and human were identified with the lowest factor load.
According to the existing situation of the responsible organizations in the management of traffic, in order to achieve the acquired requirements and reach the desired state, should be train the forces continuously and comprehensively and at the international level in the fields of artificial intelligence, and continuously equip the guidance centers, and analysis of extracted data, and executive the maneuvers, and evaluating the actions taken and fixing the observed defects, concluding multilateral international contracts to provide various infrastructure services, etc

Traffic is a well-known term in human life today, which has acquired complex dimensions due to the specific characteristics of contemporary life, which tends to be more and more mobile and active, and therefore has become a critical issue in many metropolises of developing countries, especially Tehran. Accordingly, in order to manage Tehran traffic and successfully implement programs, one of the most important steps is capacity development. The purpose of this research is to validate local capacity development indicators for urban traffic management in Tehran based on the UNDP developed model.
This research was conducted in terms of a qualitative approach and with the content analysis method, and since it was the first time to build and validate a capacity development indicator for urban traffic management in Tehran, it is considered a developmental research and, considering its application to the authorities in charge and implementing Tehran traffic, and it is also considered an applied research. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews with experts and scholars in the field of traffic and transportation in Tehran, as well as documents and texts related to UNDP capacity development, were used. The identification of these experts was continued using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation (including 12 people). Then, the obtained information was analyzed using the qualitative content analysis technique (inductive method) and using MAXQDA 2020 software regarding open, axial and selective coding. In order to examine the validity, prominent experts were used, including: 3 experts related to the field of urban planning and traffic in Tehran, 3 experts in the Tehran Municipality Transportation and Traffic Organization, 3 experts from the IRI Traffic Police, and 3 professors in the field of public administration and public policymaking. Their opinions were collected in the form of a CVI form, and reliability was calculated using the Cohen's kappa coefficient method.
According to the analysis, a total of 22 categories and 139 local indicators (indicators/items) were identified and classified in the form of five axes of the UNDP capacity development process model. Of course, it should be said that the local indicators obtained were extracted according to the requirements and requirements of Tehran and can be used by decision makers in the field of traffic and transportation in identifying capacities and developing them for the effective management of Tehran's traffic.
So far, from the set of research conducted in Iran, no research on capacity development based on a capacity development model for Tehran's urban traffic management has been presented. In this research, the results of the work were presented in the form of a proposed conceptual model using local indicators appropriate for Tehran. In fact, it can be said that modeling the UNDP process model designed by the United Nations, after upgrading and localizing its indicators, can be used as a new achievement in the effective management of Tehran's traffic.

One of the types of vehicle numbering services in the country is motorcycle numbering services.  IRI Traffic and Driving Police is continuously trying to achieve a high level of capability and desired integration with the aim of improving the level of services by diagnosing and changing the processes of motorcycle numbering services, improving implementation methods, and utilizing new technologies. The aim of the present study is to identify the damages of motorcycle numbering services.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of mixed methods. The statistical population in the qualitative part was interviews with experts from the IRI Traffic Police Headquarters using purposive sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, and in the quantitative part, the statistical population was numbering experts stationed in numbering units in provincial centers across the country using a stratified random method, with a sample size of 110 people. A semi-structured interview tool was used to collect data in the qualitative part, and a questionnaire was used in the quantitative part.

Among the dimensions studied, the administrative-staff damage dimension with a value of 19.984, the technical-skill damage dimension with a value of 19.024, and the legal-legal damage dimension with a value of 3.006 are effective in motorcycle numbering service damage. On the other hand, the factor loadings of administrative-staff injuries with a value of 0.924, technical-skill injuries with a value of 0.860, and legal-legal injuries with a value of 0.569 are greater than 0.5, which were significant at the 0.95 level.

Given that the IRI Traffic Police seeks to increase effectiveness, productivity, and satisfaction in various areas, including motorcycle numbering services; by eliminating injuries and creating coordination between the headquarters and executive units of the traffic police, it is possible to move towards achieving organizational goals and pave the way for removing obstacles with the aim of taking more solid steps.

The traffic police is one of the specialized police forces of the country's police command, responsible for organizing traffic and is one of the main pillars of natural disaster management. Traffic management is one of the main factors in controlling and containing crises, and the openness of the relief route during a crisis is considered the foundation of relief for other agencies. Special and practical attention to identifying the problems of the Tehran metropolis during a crisis seems necessary to increase the practical efficiency of the police. In this study, the analysis of the traffic problems of the Tehran metropolis during a crisis has been addressed, emphasizing the role of the police within the framework of the stages before, during, and after the crisis.
The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose and a mixed research (qualitative and quantitative) in terms of methodology. The qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and the quantitative data were obtained through a questionnaire (derived from qualitative findings). In selecting the qualitative statistical population, which was snowballed until theoretical saturation was reached, the opinions of 15 experts and managers of law enforcement, traffic, center, crisis management headquarters, and the country's relief and rescue organization who had knowledge and experience in managing crises, including earthquakes, riots, floods, etc., directly and indirectly in the last 5 years and who are serving in Tehran were used. The statistical population in the quantitative section also consists of citizens of the Tehran metropolis (90 people). The findings of the qualitative section were analyzed through MaxQDA software and the findings of the quantitative section were analyzed through the statistical software "SPSS" and "PLS" to validate the model.
In examining the problems of the Tehran metropolis during the crisis, with an emphasis on the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran's law enforcement command, components such as; Public education, involving NGOs, interacting with stakeholders, implementing operational plans, police and police families, pre-event management, safety (buildings, roads, bridges, and tunnels), equipment for providing services to relief organizations and police, urban infrastructure, demanding from stakeholders, and information dissemination were identified as influential factors for organizing traffic during a crisis.
The results of the study showed that strengthening the education dimension with 912 points through creating knowledge to prevent post-crisis unrest, measuring people's behavior with the help of sociologists and psychologists in difficult situations, using the experiences of other countries, monitoring cyberspace and neutralizing threats, joint maneuvers between relief organizations, an early warning system in times of crisis, satellite communications to collect information about roads, was the most effective, and also in second place, strengthening the security dimension with 888 points through setting a program and method for managing traffic in times of crisis, designing regional manuals according to regional conditions, identifying emergency roads in times of crisis, paying attention to golden time and high speed in organizing traffic, preventing a large influx of people from other provinces, in third place was structure with 883 points, and finally planning with 762 points each. Accordingly, the above will be effective in reducing problems such as human and material losses, psychological trauma, and many political, economic, social, etc. issues during times of crisis.

Considering the importance of the role of the transportation industry and the increasing use of vehicles, the issue of driving safety has always been relatively important, but in the last two decades, due to the increase in accidents and casualties resulting from them, this issue is of greater importance. With principled and targeted planning based on comprehensive international programs and their localization at the national and local levels, the goals set in this regard can be achieved, one of which is the Global Road Safety Program. In this study, the researcher seeks strategies for implementing the Global Road Safety Program in traffic police. And we are looking for an answer to this fundamental question by analyzing the status of the implementation of the Global Road Safety Improvement Program in the traffic police with an assessment.

This research is practical in terms of purpose because it seeks to achieve results that will be used by the traffic police and traffic management organizations. Given that this research seeks to determine the implementation strategies of the Global Road Safety Improvement Program in the traffic police and from the perspective of information collection, it is mixed. The statistical population of the qualitative part of this research is strategic and security managers in the traffic field. The statistical sample size is 29 of the managers who have been selected purposefully. In the quantitative part, considering the strategic nature of the research title, the statistical population has been determined purposefully to include traffic experts.

Data analysis showed that despite the fact that the Decade of Action Plan, as an upstream document, is a comprehensive and all-round program that considers all aspects involved and effective in reducing road casualties in the five dimensions of traffic safety management, road safety, user safety, vehicle safety, and effective measures after an accident in the field of relief and rescue, the lack of implementation or weakness in the performance of this program, as implemented by other countries, has failed to meet the goals of sustainable reduction of traffic casualties in our country.

IRI Traffic Police, whether directly or indirectly, have a prominent role and influence on all agencies involved in traffic safety management, and have a great impact on reducing accidents and improving traffic safety.

Driving violations are the cause of many fatal, financial, and psychological accidents. So, Effective punishment can be effective in reducing violations. This study aimed to identify punitive measures taken by drivers to deter driving violations.
The approach of this qualitative research was exploratory in terms of type and content analysis in terms of method, which was analyzed using the three-stage Colaizzi coding method using MAXQDA-2020 software. The participating community included all elites, experienced traffic commanders, selected psychology professors, selected law professors, lawyers, sociologists, and education experts in Iran, from whom 19 people were identified and interviewed in writing until theoretical saturation was reached. In this study, a semi-structured written interview form was used in the form of 82 multiple-choice questions and 10 open-ended questions.
The analysis revealed that deterrent punishments for violations encompassed comprehensive and organizing themes, including: educational-explanatory measures: obligation to correct (3 basic themes) and referral (4 basic themes), financial-economic measures: payment (2 basic themes), probation (2 basic themes) and increasing the cost (4 basic themes), media-advertising measures: limited (2 basic themes) and general (4 basic themes), reactive-feedback measures: monitoring (5 basic themes), negative-punitive (4 basic themes) and limiting (5 basic themes).
Intelligent Automation and urgency of feedback were the most central inferences extracted from the themes of punitive measures to deter driving violations.