فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 59 (بهار 1404)

In the field of semiotics, one of the models of reading literary texts that focuses on the reader is the reading model of Michael Rifater, according to which the reader, as an active element in the process of creating meaning by relying on his knowledge and experiences, interprets the text in a creative way and to deeper layers. Its meaning is achieved. According to this theory, the literary text is transformed from potential to actual by the primary reading by the reader, and then the reader achieves a set of semantic possibilities in the secondary reading and finally reaches the main meaning of the poem. The current research is trying to apply the components of Rifater's theory to the poem 1701, by Morteza Al-Tamimi, a young, revolutionary and emerging Iraqi poet, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, and explore its accumulations and descriptive systems, and by receiving the association of words, the structural matrix or Tell the reader the original origin of the said work. The results indicate that the hypogram extracted in the ode of 1704 in the semiotic system has concepts such as: creating empathy in the assassination of Martyr Soleimani, giving hope and describing the characteristics of resistance martyrs, and the structural matrix of the ode is also trying to draw and explain the school of resistance to future generations as well. To clearly understand the clear objectives of the resistance and the martyrs of the path of resistance.Keywords: Semiotics, Retrospective Reading, Riffaterre, Al-Tamimi, Resistance

Emotional intelligence and addressing it is one of the most central and at the same time most complex ways to reach the depth of meanings in literary writing. Daniel Goleman, the contemporary American psychologist, is among the experts who has an accurate and comprehensive view of emotional intelligence. With his approach, one can gain a complete understanding of the psychological creation of a literary work, leading to a proper comprehension of the inherent meaning in a text. In his theory, emotional intelligence has four components: self-awareness, self-regulation, social awareness or empathy abilities, and self-motivation. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a psychological approach, the dimensions of Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence in this poem are analyzed to simultaneously grasp the secondary meanings and gain a correct understanding of the poet's mentality towards his beloved. The poem "Balqis" is a complete mirror of the poet's thoughts, ideas, and feelings towards his wife, and the character of Balqis plays a very prominent role in this poem. The research results indicate that the poet, being aware of his emotions and feelings towards his wife, manages himself and indirectly introduces his inner motivation as resistance and vengeance for Balqis's blood and defense of the community of women, and declares his social empathy towards the people of his land. The dimension of self-awareness is one of the most widely used elements in this poem, and the poet, while being self-aware of his emotions

The term archetype, according to Jung, refers to latent structural tendencies which are indicative of the contents of the collective unconscious developed over many years through the accumulation of psychological experiences in the human unconscious mind. For the personality psyche of every human being, Jung has defined many archetypes, including: mask, shadow, anima, animus and self, among which the shadow, as the most rooted archetype, plays a significant role in character improvement. Shadow generally refers to a person's evil thoughts and animal instincts that she hides from others This archetype is one of the common features of many people, especially poets, and it has a more objective appearance in poetry. Investigations into literary works from the perspective of Jung led to the emergence of archetypal critical approaches and it opened a new field in the analysis and criticism of literary texts In this article, Mohammad Afifi Matar’ Diwan is analysed from the perspective of the archetype of Jung's shadow using a descriptive analysis and criticism to clarify to what extent these pieces of poetry conforms with this architype. Findings of the current research shows that the shadows of those in power and the ambitious flatterers with cruelty, betrayal, etc., and the shadows of people and society; It has been manifested in the form of denial, revenge, etc., and most of the negative aspects of this archetype have shown up in the poems of this poet and for overcoming the negative consequences of this archetype, .

The purpose of this article is to analyze the semantic network of the past tense in the Qur'an. The use of this tense in the Qur'an is sometimes related to concepts that are based on intellectual, narrative, and customary evidence, so it is necessary to conduct this research. For this purpose, by relying on the theories of the field of cognitive semantics in the field of schema, metaphor and conceptual permission, and with the descriptive-analytical method, this quality of use is explained. The findings show that the past tense in the Qur'an sometimes conveys transtemporal concepts by changing the paradigmatic schema and removing the element of time, and metaphorically, it enters new conceptual fields. And it encodes concepts such as certainty, impossibility of realization, probability and distance from reality. Also, by highlighting the hidden components in the exemplar schema, it conveys concepts such as priority, speed, etc. in a virtual form. As a result, the past tense in the Qur'an can be considered a multi-meaning category. He knew that under the influence of context, he conceptualizes a network of meanings.

The study of grammatical disagreements among scholars of Arabic grammar has long held a special place, giving rise to various grammatical schools and doctrines, and prompting grammarians to engage in scholarly competition with one anather.One of the pioneers of the Arabic linguistic sciences who contributed significantly to grammatical research, evolution, progress, and revival of this field is Jamal al-Din Ibn Hisham al-Ansari(761 AH), and his works are replete with grammatical critiques of the views of great grammarians, including Ibn 'Usfur al-Ishbili(669 AH).This research, written in a descriptive-analytical style, examines Ibn Hisham's objections in the book "Mughni al Labib" to Ibn 'Usfur's grammatical views in the book "Al- Muqarrib wa ma'ahu Mithl ai-Muqarrib" based on evidence from the Qur'an. One of the most important findings of this study is that Ibn Hisham often disagrees with Ibn 'Usfur's views on grammatical issues and sometimes accuses him of disregarding the style of the Noble Qur'an. Their most significant disagreements are manifested in the suspension of verbs of the heart, the omission of one the two objects of such verbs in abbreviation, the specific declension in the style of praise and dispraise, the omission of the conjunctive particle and the conjunct, the assumption of resumptive pronouns in the case of conjuntions, and the complement of the predicate "kana" (to be)

Within the realm of literary analysis, psychoanalytic criticism offers a method for exploring the inner lives and psychological states of characters. This approach delves into the characters' internal conflicts, anxieties, and emotional turmoil. Loneliness, as an existential concern, is a significant theme that can be explored through literary texts, particularly novels. Among the various theories within psychoanalytic criticism, Irvin Yalom's psychotherapeutic theory stands out for its focus on themes such as death, loneliness, freedom, and existential void. This study seeks to explore and elucidate, through a descriptive-analytical method, the triadic dimensions of loneliness—personal, interpersonal, and existential—and the therapeutic strategies employed in Ala al-Dib's novel "Zahr al-laymun and other stories." The objective is to uncover the underlying layers of meaning and content for the reader. The findings of this research highlight the pervasive theme of triadic loneliness in the characters and narrative of the novel, as well as the author's utilization of narrative techniques and perspectives that resonate with this theme. Techniques identified by Yalom, such as invoking spiritual remembrance, fostering a love for one's homeland, engaging in acts of care and connection towards others, demonstrating empathy, and employing fantasy, are recognized as effective means to mitigate loneliness within the novel.