مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، زمستان 1403)

The public transportation network is a set of people, facilities and infrastructure equipment whose ultimate goal is to move passengers en masse in cities; Therefore, increasing the quality of the public transport fleet helps to improve the traffic situation and reduce pollution in the cities, and provides more vitality and freshness to the citizens and cities. The aim of the current research is to investigate the level of satisfaction of citizens with the intra-city transportation network in Ardabil city. The current research is included in the qualitative research group. The data collection tool in the qualitative part is the semi-structured in-depth interview technique and in the quantitative part, it includes a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of four questions: facilities and services, transportation speed, behavior and treatment of drivers, and suggestions. ATLAS ti software and coding method were used for data analysis.In this regard, 26 citizens of Ardabil were interviewed and each interview lasted from 20 to 50 minutes. The findings of the data processing of the research showed that in the department of facilities and services, wear and tear of the transport fleet and unsuitable seats, in the department of transport speed, the slowness of movement and the time it takes to reach the destination, and in the department of drivers' behavior, compliance with the rules of guidance are the most important indicators. They make up the bus system in Ardabil city. Also, the analysis of the findings from the interviews with the citizens showed that the replacement of worn-out buses and the increase of special bus routes are the most important suggestions to improve the performance of the bus system in Ardabil city

Climate and weather are major factors in the development of the tourism industry and have significant impact on the decision-making process of tourists. One of the most important needs of tourists is the awareness of the climate and the convenient times for tourism. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and pay attention to environmental features such as travel time based on climatic data in cities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of urban tourism climate in West Azerbaijan province using Holiday Climate Index (HCI). At first, daily meteorological data of 8 major cities in the province were collected for a ten years period (2008-2017) and after data processing and database preparation, the HCI values were calculated daily and monthly. The results showed that Mahabad with 197 days has the highest number of comfortable days in this province. Khoy with 192 days, Salmas with 182 days, Urmia and Piranshahr with 181 days, Sardasht with 171 days, Takab with 164 days and Maku with 155 days are next. in these days, there are ideal conditions for recreation and tourism. May and September are also the best months for tourism activities in West Azerbaijan province.

The Metaverse, as a virtual world and an interactive digital environment, can assist cities in adapting to climate change. This study examines the challenges and opportunities presented by the Metaverse in the context of climate change and urban resilience. The primary objective is to analyze the role of the Metaverse in urban climate adaptation, identify existing challenges, and leverage potential opportunities.

This research is qualitative and exploratory in nature, utilizing qualitative content analysis and the review of documents and library resources.

The results indicate that the Metaverse, with its significant potential, can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving early warning systems, and creating new economic opportunities. Additionally, this technology can reduce the need for physical travel, thereby aiding in better natural disaster prediction and enhancing preparedness for climate change. However, challenges such as high energy consumption, unequal access to technology, security and privacy issues, and cultural and social resistance must be addressed.

The success of the Metaverse in combating climate change and improving urban quality of life depends on the ability to manage these challenges and intelligently utilize the opportunities it presents. To fully capitalize on these opportunities and address the challenges, measures such as reducing energy consumption, improving access to technology, strengthening cybersecurity, and enhancing education related to new technologies are essential.

The literature of a society is considered a part of its written culture, which contains habits, customs and many elements of the important culture of the society and its problems, and even shows the ideal society of the writer or poet. The purpose of this research is to understand the traces of the green activist in the poem " Let's not muddy the water" by Sohrab Sepehri, one of the well-known poets of Iran. In examining the footprints of the "green activist", sustainable development, collective protection of the environment, the school of radical environmentalists, the theory of risky society and bio-ecology are mentioned. In this article, Sohrab's selected poetry is analyzed using the hermeneutic method, which means the art of interpretation. The research findings under the concepts of "green present and green future", "green devil; human artifact", "collective action liberation; green togetherness " and "earth's sameness; The same being of human being" is included. The results of the research show that Sohrab's poetry is a mirror of the whole view of sustainable development and attention to the future. This poem, while saying that all activists should defend the environment, notes the dark consequences that the activists themselves can create. In the storm of these black consequences, Sohrab is looking for a green activist, an activist from nature itself.

Nourabad of Fars, like other geographical spaces, has been affected by geopolitical trends. This trend has affected it both on a neighboring and extraterritorial scale. In the meantime, the active actor of Iran could have greatly influenced this trend and emerged as a global player at least up to the border of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, and at most, as a global player. In general, these trends have affected the country of Iran and also on an internal scale, Nourabad of Fars, and suddenly, its elite human resources realized that they were not fluent in the first language of the world and were isolated and far from the global network. Along with the effective geopolitical trends, climate change and drought made this human (Iranian and Nourabad of Fars) vulnerable and made the conditions difficult and challenging for them. Geopolitical trends are those forces that are created by actors and affect national and intra-national spaces. Sometimes geopolitical trends cause development, in which case countries are guided by measured governance in the direction of the trends and are absorbed in them, but most often they cause underdevelopment because governance is against the trends or is in conflict with them. Therefore, it can be said that in parallel with inward-oriented statecraft, geopolitical trends have caused Iran's territorial isolation and backwardness from the communication network and integrated geographical scope.

Rapid population growth and the industrial revolution have led to an increase in the demand for olive oil. On the other hand, the cost of olive oil imports and the less production of olive has forced the government to develop olive production through an olive localization project. Some economic, environmental, public, and private factors influence the localization of olive cultivation. Therefore, these criteria were evaluated using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. For this purpose, the TOPSIS model was applied to evaluate these criteria. Seventy-three percent of the sample (372) indicated that adaptation was successful. The results showed that land allocation, increase in income and improvement in employment were the most important factors, at the same time transforming industries and credit opportunities were less important factors for the adaptation of the olive production. In addition, the results of the model can be used by policy makers as a prerequisite tool for the development of olive production in new regions to reduce policy opportunity costs and reduce dependence on olive oil imports.

The Effects of Human Capital on InvestmentAbstractToday, human capital, created through education, is growing at a higher rate than physical capital. In addition, the small and insignificant depreciation of human capital and its longer life than physical capital has caused human capital to grow more and more. Improving the quality of human capital through education boosts production and investment, especially private sector investment. On the other hand, investment is one of the macroeconomic variables that has been noticed by economists with different approaches in recent decades. Basically, the contribution of investment in the national net production in a period of time can show the economic status of a country. According to imprtance of subject this study examining the effect of social welfare costsand education costs of government on private sector investment over the period 1975- 2023 in Iran with using VAR model. Convergence vectors estimated with Johansen method. The empirical results show that social welfare costs of government has negative impact and education costs of government has positive impact on private sector investment.Keywords: Human Capital, Government, Investmen

In past times, castle settlements as one of the centers of human collective life was affected by various environmental-natural variables such as climate, elevation, distance from the river, land form, slope, aspect, soil type and vegetation. In this regard, the present study is based on field and documentary data and using ARAS model and GIS, seeks to model the relationship between environmental-natural variables with the spatial distribution of castle settlements of east Azerbaijan province. Based on obtained date from field and documentary studies, 100 castle settlements from different prehistoric, historic and Islamic periods in the geographical area of East Azerbaijan province were identified and evaluated, which are forming materials and statistical society of this research. to analyze the data, after forming the database, spatial distribution of the identified castle settlements were evaluated and analyzed in relation to the variables of climatic classes, elevation levels, land use/vegetation, soil type, slope, aspect, distance from the river and land form. Findings of these data analysis in the form of ARAS model show that distance from the river, land form (plain and mountain) and elevation levels have the most effect on the spatial distribution pattern of these settlements. Other natural variables such as climatic classes, slope, soil type, land use/ vegetation and aspect have been effective in the spatial distribution of these settlements in terms of importance and impact, respectively.

The present study aims to assess rural tourism development using Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model. Since there are different attractions in rural areas, the tourist villages of East Azerbaijan Province are selected as case studies to avoid a holistic view and achieve accurate and practical results. The statistical population includes rural tourism experts in East Azerbaijan Province who have adequate knowledge and experience of rural tourism, including the experts working in the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of East Azerbaijan Province, the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution of East Azerbaijan Province, and the Agriculture Organization of East Azerbaijan Province. The statistical sample is selected using snowball sampling, which is a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The statistical sample size is 78. In this study, Butler's TALC model is investigated. According to the TALC Model, the results show that Kandovan village is at the development stage and welcomed by domestic and foreign tourists. So, considering its characteristics and needs, it is required to adopt and combine appropriate environmental, economic, sociocultural, and human resource-education strategies. Tutah Khaneh, Ushtabin and Zonuzaq villages are also at the involvement stage and it is required to more focus on human resource-education, sociocultural, environmental, product marketing strategies.

Parks and urban green spaces are part of the public spaces of cities and also the main arena of life and activity of local people for fun and entertainment, communication and association of people. Considering the importance of the level of social well-being and ensuring the security of parks, In the present study, this issue was discussed, focusing on the city of Abadan and the damage and threats to the security of public places and parks. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of nature.The basis of the study is based on field studies, direct observation of the interview and completion of the questionnaire. The purpose of the research is to investigate the relationship betweenThe physical criteria are the amount of traffic and social damage with the index of social security in the studied parks.The sample population includes all citizens of Abadan with the age of over 15 years old who refer to Moalem and Quds Park in Abadan. The research results show low security in the studied parks. The indicators related to social harms are higher than the average, which indicates the presence of social harms in the studied parks, the reason of which is according to the answers of the respondents, according to the priority of theft, the presence of vagrants and homeless people, group fights, distribution of drugs. In this research, all hypotheses were confirmed, and the results of this study showed that there was a statically significant relationship between the physical criteria for evaluating the security of the park (vegetation, etc.) and the social security index, between the amount of traffic and social security in parks, and also between social damage and social security.

Environmental pollution and factors affecting it are important in any economy. The main goal of this study is the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development and economic openness on environmental pollution in the Iranian economy during 1994 to 2023. Then the environmental Kuznets hypothesis is of particular importance to consider. The model estimate of environmental pollution is the new form of econometric method like dynamic model of Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Johanson-Joselius. Results show positive relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution variables. The relationship between squared per capita income and environmental pollution are negative. So the environmental Kuznets hypothesis was true in Iran, and Iran is on the upward environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Between energy consumption and pollution there is also a positive relationship. Though there was no clear relationship between the financial development and economic openness variables with the environmental pollution.Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Energy Consumption, Economic Openness Index, the Financial Sector.

The analysis of the nature of cities has great importance among urban theoriests. Some researchers focus on casual factors to explain how cities emerge and define and others focusing on theoretical analysis. Besides the fact that every city has its own character and natural environment these differences can be identified within a defined framework that many believe that can be based on macro-theoretical approach to explain the nature of cities and factors influencing the emergence, growth and decline of cities. Since the urbanization process in Iran is rooted historically, different views and theoretical approaches have tried to explain aspects and factors affecting cities origins and growth of urbanization in Iran. Among these can mention to Asiatic mode of production, Weber's views about the nature of eastern cities, capitalist exploitation theory, Shar ta Shahr theory, theory of Abadi and theory of the state and urbanization. This article by using theoretical analysis of ruling intellectual approaches about city and urban planning in Iran, try to answer to what factors can be shared among different theories as the most important factors influencing the emergence of urbanism in Iran. Thus, this study is essentially based on theoretical studies and uses documentary research method to achieve its goals. The results of analysis shows all theories discussed, although explain dynamics of urbanization in Iran from a historical dimension but do not explain factors affecting the priority of a settlement to other settlements to know as a city, in detail. Summing up these views shows that city in Iran historically, grew in conjunction with government (state) and commercial (mercantile) performance and involvement of these two factors in development of cities and development of urbanization in Iran is most effective.

Precipitation is one of the elements of climate, any increase or decrease of which affects all atmospheric-climatic and environmental factors. In order to analyze and analyze the occurrence of wet autumns in northwest Iran, the monthly rainfall statistics of 15 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1987-2016 were received from the Meteorological Organization. In order to identify and separate the wet autumn seasons, the standard precipitation index was used, then the seasonal data of 500 and 700 hectopascals at the coordinates of 10 to 75 degrees east longitude and 20 to 70 degrees north latitude in wet periods were obtained from the total reconstructed data of the NCEP/NCAR website And Was investigated. The results showed that the frequency of occurrence of normal and fearful conditions in mild and moderate intensities occurs more in the region. The negative anomalies caused by the decrease in height at the level of 500 hectopascals over the region and the strong positive anomalies over central to northern Europe are the most important causes of wet autumn in the region. Also, at the level of 700 hectopascals, there are positive anomalies indicating the activity of Sudanese and Mediterranean low pressure on the earth's surface compared to the long-term sources of moisture supply. Also, Sudanese low pressure systems and combined Sudanese-Mediterranean low pressure systems play a prominent role in moisture transfer. to the study area.

Floods are considered as one of the most destructive hazards that cause many human and financial losses every year, for this reason it is important to pay attention to the resilience of different areas against this hazard. One of the areas that is at risk of flooding is Poldokhtar city. Due to the importance of the issue, in this research, the resilience of Poldokhter city against flood risk has been evaluated. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and research method. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and research method. Research data includes statistical information, library information and information obtained through questionnaires. The most important research tool has been SPSS, which has been used for data analysis. The statistical population of the research is Poldokhtar city and the statistical sample of the research is 384 questionnaires related to flood affected areas. The reliability of the research has been obtained based on Cronbach's alpha of 0.848 which indicates a favorable and acceptable degree of reliability. In this research, economic, social, reversibility and physical indicators have been used in order to evaluate the state of resilience of Poldokhter city against flood risk. In this research, using the factor analysis method, which is a multi-variable method, the most suitable solutions among the investigated variables to increase the resilience of Poldokhter city have been evaluated. According to the results, respectively, the variables of cooperation and action in cleaning the passages and urban spaces with a factor load (0.878) and satisfaction with the access point and use of temporary accommodation places after the flood with a factor factor (0.859) are significant. The most effective factors on the resilience of Poldokhter city are against floods.

Landslides are one of the environmental hazards that are always associated with a lot of damage. Landslides are a common danger in mountainous areas that have a high potential in the western regions of Iran, including the Sanandaj County. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Sanandaj County have been analyzed. In this study, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30 m high digital model of landslides occurred in the region (prepared by the Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization of Kurdistan Province), 1: 100000 geological map and 1: 5000 topographic map of the region Has been. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP was used. This research has been done in two stages in the first stage, in the first stage of landslide analysis in relation to various environmental factors and in the second stage, areas prone to landslides have been identified. Based on the results, a large part of the landslides occurred in the direction of the northern slope (51 landslides), slope floors between 40 to 60% (51 landslides), altitudes 1500 to 2010 meters (112 landslides), nearby areas Fault lines, rivers and roads, conglomerate floors, sandstones and shales (78 landslides) as well as classes related to combined cover of pastures and agriculture and poor pastures (respectively, 64 and 36 landslides) occurred. Also, the results indicate that the southern, southwestern and southeastern regions of Sanandaj County have a high potential for landslides due to high altitude and slope, type of lithology and use, as well as northern slope directions.

In recent years, relations between China and Afghanistan have experienced significant growth due to geopolitical and economic interactions. China, as one of the world's leading economic powers, seeks to exploit Afghanistan's rich natural and mineral resources, particularly lithium. Lithium, which plays a key role in the production of rechargeable batteries for electronic devices and electric cars, is considered a vital strategic resource for China. This research examines the impact of Afghanistan's lithium reserves on strengthening and developing economic and security relations between the two countries. The results of this research show that economic cooperation between China and Afghanistan in the field of lithium extraction and exploitation can bring numerous mutual benefits to both countries. This cooperation can not only lead to the strengthening of bilateral relations but also help Afghanistan become an important player in the global strategic resource market. The present research also analyzes existing security and political challenges and provides solutions to overcome these obstacles. This analysis can help policymakers in both countries make strategic decisions and pave the way for improving bilateral cooperation.

Drought is known as one of the environmental phenomena and is actually an integral part of climate change that can occur in any region and have major effects on that region. Iran is one of the dry regions of the world, and in recent years, due to the decrease in rainfall and severe evaporation, it has faced the problem of drought and severe shortage of water resources. The limitation of water resources in Iran's climatic conditions is the main problem in the way of increasing the production of agricultural products. Therefore, the optimal use of water plays a fundamental role in this situation. Modern irrigation methods in terms of desirability in water distribution with high efficiency are a suitable solution for optimal use of water resources. Therefore, considering the importance of this article, which is compiled in a review form and using written and internet sources, it tries to explain the concept of drought, types of drought, the effects of drought, the benefits of modern irrigation, and finally, provide solutions in this regard.

The present study is a model for locating and resettling the families of prisoners before and after imprisonment; It has dealt with the prisoners of the Ghezel Hesar complex and the Karaj penitentiary, in order to examine and assess the level of compliance of the families of the prisoners present in these prisons in relation to the area around the prison.

This research, which is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of method, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population includes prisoners in Ghezel hesar prisons, including Ghezel hesar penitentiary and Karaj central penitentiary. Among them, prisoners whose families lived in Alborz province were selected as a statistical sample. For data analysis, Wilcoxon test in SPSS software and spatial analysis commands in GIS software were used.

The output of Wilcoxon test showed that out of 259 families surveyed, 202 families of prisoners were accommodated in the pre-prison and post-prison period and only in 4 cases we saw a change of residence.

In general, the results show that there is no evidence of the impact of the residential environment around the prison on the location of Ghezel Hesar prisons.

The aim of this research was to identify the factors influencing the role of performance management in the supply chain of sports tourism services. The study employed a qualitative applied research method with thematic analysis. The statistical population consisted of sports management professors, tourism and sports tourism professors, managers of travel agencies, experienced managers from the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and doctoral researchers in sports management and tourism. The sample was selected using purposeful and snowball sampling methods. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview conducted with 20 experts, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. The validity of the research was confirmed by the relevant experts, and the reliability was calculated at 83% using the intra-coder agreement method. The findings revealed that the factors affecting performance management of sports tourism services were categorized into 58 key points, 12 initial codes, 5 concepts, and 2 main categories. Accordingly, performance capability and performance agility were identified as two key factors in improving the performance of sports tourism services, significantly impacting the enhancement of service quality and tourist satisfaction. These factors contribute to improving efficiency, ensuring quick responses to market changes and needs, and providing timely and high-quality services. Ultimately, this leads to strengthening the competitiveness of sports tourism organizations and creating a positive experience for sports tourists.

The development of green agriculture is considered a vital strategy for achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability in rural areas. This approach integrates traditional farming methods with modern techniques, emphasizing principles such as sustainable resource management, organic farming, biodiversity, and social responsibility. Green agriculture not only enhances economic productivity but also provides significant environmental benefits, including pollution reduction, biodiversity conservation, and improved soil and water health. However, transitioning to this approach faces challenges such as economic, environmental, technological, and educational barriers. Case studies have demonstrated that green agriculture has yielded positive outcomes in terms of biodiversity, sustainability, and income growth, particularly in developing countries. To overcome these challenges, recommendations such as the integration of modern technologies, supportive policies, restructuring educational systems, and promoting community participation have been proposed. In conclusion, achieving green agriculture requires extensive collaboration among stakeholders, investment in green infrastructure, and fostering sustainable innovations. Green agriculture offers a vision of food security and economic sustainability while preserving ecosystems, making it essential for future generations.

Today, the water crisis is mainly a governance issue. Enhancing water governance is vital for tackling present and future water challenges. Water governance involves the political, institutional, and administrative regulations, procedures, and processes that steer decision-making and execution, allowing stakeholders to voice concerns, express opinions, and hold decision-makers accountable for water management. The water governance principles set forth by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) strive to establish effective, efficient, reliable, and participatory public policies. This research utilizes the OECD water governance index framework to identify gaps and obstacles in water governance, using it as a diagnostic tool for assessment. Employing a descriptive-analytical research approach, the study collects data from various sources such as library resources, international reports, articles, and online materials. The results indicate a strong legal framework and executive bodies in water management, with a positive correlation between them. Nonetheless, the key challenges identified are in the tools, which are either partially implemented or inadequately executed.

Today, nature-based solutions for urban management and planning and responding to urban issues are of great interest. The assessment of urban Ecosystem Services (ESs) determines how to manage the relationship between humans and the environment based on possible benefits, advantages, and damages. Urban agriculture is an approach that has been proposed for urban green spaces in recent years. Still, the comprehensive examination of ESs in urban agriculture is an important issue that has not been addressed. Thus, this research analyzes the impact of urban agriculture on the ESs of urban green spaces. The current study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature, which was carried out by systematic review and content analysis of library resources. In this research, firstly, the basics of ESs and urban agriculture are studied. The impact of productive green space in creating ecosystem services is identified by examining the research. The results of this research indicate that cultural ecosystem services are the most important advantage that is created through agriculture, while urban agriculture may be damaging and expensive for some regulating ecosystem services. Therefore, to create or expand urban agriculture, decisions should be made with a holistic approach so that ecosystem services do not become ecosystem disservices.

Modern urban and industrial life and transportation system development have caused a significant increase in ecotourists in natural areas. Despite the extensive visit of nature lovers, Feridounshahr county lacks favorable accommodation and welfare facilities needed by tourists. Since these arrangements are modern and complex, they are often presented in tourist villages and their location requires to be established in places that have the most efficiency. So, this research, an environmental assessment has been made to determine the most favorable place for tourist village establishment in Feridonshahr County. Therefore, through the integration of 9 information layers of spatial data, including population centers, slope, topography, elevation, land type, river network and buffer, access roads and fault buffer, suitable places for creating a tourist village were monitored. In this regard, first, all digital layers that were effective in locating the optimal areas for creating a tourist village were prepared, and each of them was given a weight based on their importance. Pairwise comparison method was used to weight the information layers for obtain their normalized weight. After weighting, to assemble all digital layers, vector layers were converted to raster and then combined with each other. Results showed that according to zoning and recognition of places prone to tourist villages creation, more than 11% of the County's area has suitable land potential and they are often located in form of scattered areas in the east, north and northwest, which due to the proximity in the county center can to become a bed for the development of tourism and optimal use of tourists from the pristine natural environment. In this regard, the establishment of a tourism village in these areas can lead to the development of nature-oriented tourism in Fardunshahr county and achieve economic achievements and a sustainable environment for the local people.

In recent years, the rapid increase in population, economic and technical development, along with the change in consumption pattern, has led to the production of a huge amount of waste in urban and rural areas and, as a result, has caused a serious crisis in human societies. Therefore, sanitary waste landfills should consider various environmental, social, technical and economic aspects to minimize the mentioned potential effects. So, in the world, various techniques have been developed for the landfill site selection. Consequently, in the current research, according to the techniques and methods used in previous researches and according to the nature of natural phenomena in the landfill site selection, it is tried to find suitable places for landfill in Ewaz county of Fars province by comparing AHP methods and AHP Fuzzy using 14 criteria of slope, height, geology, soil, land use, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, distance from population centers, distance from mine, distance from ancient monuments, groundwater level, wind speed and direction. The research results showed that among the three models AHP, Fuzzy AHP with Sum operator and AHP Fuzzy with Gamma operator, the best method is AHP Fuzzy with Sum operator. According to this model, unsuitable lands are visible mostly in the north, north-west and south-east, and accordingly, unsuitable lands are scattered around the first class (completely unsuitable).

The pedestrian passers by had been the most vulnerable group in the traffic, and the more serious topics about the safety of the passers by were to be used by the culverts and those on foot. Attention to the overland bridges in the world has been a mass of overproduction and the vast presence of this vehicle on the surface of towns and back to the early twentieth century, which led the police to go through traffic on foot trails. The investigation was taken with a target for effective analysis of the citizens's desire to use the bridges on foot - walk in the city. This inquiry, according to the nature of the aims for which it was foreseen, is of a form, a description, and, as it were, of a practical investigation. In order to analyze data analysis, through his central and mental processing software, the figures were first analyzed as to the working theories of his research. The basis for the theory test is used in T. s. The first item was tested with 13 goannas, and the average of the 4, 54, and the second theory with 12 ears and an average of 4.67. The results of this inquiry showed that footways were not good with immunological design and that it was necessary to use successfully tailors, as well as to use better construction groups and to create models of motocross bridges that were better suited to security and safety.

Today, the role of citizens in participating in urban affairs is no secret to anyone. Citizens, as those who live in the city, have the right to participate in city affairs in order to have a dynamic and sustainable city, because people are better informed about the problems of their city and neighborhood than any manager or expert, and they can play an important role in creating and developing a sustainable city In this article, we try to examine the success of the new city of Ramshar in social participation using the AHP and GIS methods. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type. The data of this research was obtained using a questionnaire tool, which was answered directly and face-to-face. The statistical population was 3245 people in the city of Ramshar, which was obtained as a sample size of 344 based on the Cochran formula. Finally, the spatial distribution of social participation was presented on the map using GIS 10. Data analysis showed that the 2nd area benefited from a higher social participation which shows that more attention is paid to people's opinions in the process of official and social affairs in the society. In general, it shows the fact that social participation can be effective in the advancement of the goals of urban development plans and citizens' satisfaction of their living environment.

Soil erosion is one of the most common types of soil degradation that has destructive effects on the environment and human life. The severity of soil erosion is usually estimated using various models. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the intensity of soil erosion hazard and its relationship with environmental factors in the Virmooni watershed in Guilan province,To achieve the research goal, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used, which includes the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation cover, and soil conservation practices. For this purpose, data from rain gauges of the Iran Meteorological Organization, 1:250000 soil texture map of Iran, 30-meter ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Landsat 8 OLI satellite image were prepared in the GIS environment. After overlaying the layers, the annual soil erosion amount in the watershed was estimated.In the next step, environmental factors that are effective in soil erosion occurrence were created in the GIS environment, including topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, profile curvature, surface curvature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, zoning maps were prepared. The results of this study showed that the soil erosion rate for the entire watershed was estimated to be between 0 and 1/80 tons per hectare per year. Among the effective factors of the studied model, the topography factor had the highest correlation (0/91) with soil erosion compared to other factors.In another study, the relationship between environmental factors and annual soil loss was investigated. The results showed that the NDVI had the highest correlation (R2=0.62) with soil erosion compared to other factors. The stream power index had the lowest correlation (R2=0.11). This research confirms the possibility of integrating environmental factors affecting soil erosion.

urban parks, are considered to be the most important urban spaces that many citizens tend to spend part of their free time in these places. The aim of this research is to measure the effective factors on the adaptation of urban parks with the approach of improving the mental health of citizens in the post-corona era. To collect data, library sources and interviews were used in two stages. In the first interview, the experts were asked to introduce the main actors and important goals related to the purpose of the research, and in the next stage, after forming the actor-actor matrix and the actor-target matrix, they were provided to the experts and they were requested to use the mentioned matrices according to the guide to complete. In the analysis phase, the completed matrices were entered into Mactor software and then the required tests were applied on them. The results showed that the Islamic councils are the dominant actor among other actors and exert the greatest influence on the actors, and at the same time, the Islamic councils of the city have the highest competitiveness among the actors. In relation to the objectives of the research, the use of happy colors and the increase of greenness in urban parks have the highest positive scores in terms of the level of agreement and opposition of the actors towards the objectives. In general, it can be said that Islamic city councils and municipalities play the most important role in providing the process of achieving goals in order to adapt urban parks to improve the mental health of citizens in the post-corona era and landscape engineers, urban designers, landscape architects and urban planners show a high effectiveness of the decisions of the two institutions mentioned in order to achieve the research goals.

In recent years, there has been an awareness of AI's ability to revolutionize traditional approaches to environmental protection, social equity, and economic development. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize the way of negotiation, regulation and implementation of contracts, nowadays the digital smart contract effectively replaces the traditional forms of paper contracts, so it can be imagined positive and negative consequences and effects for it, and on the other hand, it has also undergone many changes in legal rules and laws, so the purpose of this study is to identify the positive and negative consequences and effects of using artificial intelligence in commercial contracts from The perspective of commerce and tourism, and on the other hand, the study of its legal consequences. In terms of applied purpose, based on the nature of the data, the present study is qualitative and based on the data collection methods, it is a secondary study that was conducted using the seven-step meta-synthesis method of Sandlewski and Barroso (2007) through a systematic review of the literature and documentary records and open, axial and selective coding using MaxQDA2020 software. By arranging documents by open coding, finally 45 indicators were identified that using categorization or axial coding, related and conceptually homogeneous codes were merged with each other and new categories were formed, and as a result, 31 codes were categorized in the themes of positive consequences and negative consequences from the point of view of business, tourism consequences, and also legal consequences. The consequences of using artificial intelligence technology in business contracts with the tourism aspect include 7 indicators. The positive consequences of using artificial intelligence in business contracts with a commercial aspect can be categorized into 14 indicators, and its negative consequences include 4 indicators, and 4 legal consequences have been identified for this phenomenon.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Internet addiction and quality of life with mediation of sports participation motivation among teachers in AlAmara.The present research is an applied research, and according to the method of data collection,is a correlational research of the path analysis type. The statistical population of all primary school teachers in AlAmara was 5769 people. According to the table of Karjesi & Morgan, a sample of 381 people was selected using a multi-stage random.To collect information, the World Health Organizations Quality of Life (1989), Yang Internet Addiction, Hong Yong Lin International (2010) were used with 26, 20, and 18 items, respectively. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by 7 sports management experts. The reliability value was obtained based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient for questionnaires above 0.7. In the inferential statistics section, through SPSS version 27 software was also used for data analysis, also "structural equation modeling" (SEM) using AMOS software was used to evaluate the hypothesized model.The findings showed that Internet addiction has a direct and inverse relationship with the motivation of sports participation and the quality of life. Considering the role of the motivation of sports activities in increasing the quality of life and reducing addiction and spending time in virtual space, the education organization pays special attention to this and in order to create regular and weekly sports activities, it can Try to achieve this goal by encouraging teachers to create group sports teams and hold competitions between teams

Democracy and elections are the mechanism for implementing the will of the nation to the government to govern the land. A political person as an election candidate is considered an important component and groundwork for the election process, in such a way that without a political actor, the voter cannot have an action/choice. The election campaign is the most strategic window for the elites to enter the micro and macro politics of the country, therefore, election candidates, especially representatives of the parliament, have seized the opportunity and are seeking to maintain their political position and gain political power by announcing their candidacy again in this arena. Fars province consists of diverse geographical spaces, of which the Mamasani and Rostam constituencies with the center of Nourabad Fars are among them, where few representatives have announced their withdrawal from participating in the next round of elections. Therefore, the question arises: what are the reasons for the multiple presence of candidates and representatives in the election campaign? Or what are the most important social benefits of candidacy in the Nourabad Fars election campaign? The research method is qualitative-analytical in nature, in such a way that the collection of information is based on what has been observed in the context of twelve election cycles and what argumentative analysis is. The results of the research show that the three identifiers of "fame", "power" and "wealth" are the most important "social benefits" of announcing candidacy in election campaigns, especially by the representatives of the Nourabad Fars era. Apart from these, the demonstration of the level of "efficiency" and "service" are also other identifiers that reinforce this issue.

One of the important and effective factors in enhancing the quality of human environments is place attachment. This sense is a crucial factor in forming the communicative foundation between users and the environment, ultimately leading to the creation of high-quality environments. In the contemporary world, and especially in our country, place attachment has diminished, becoming a new issue for humans. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to examine the impact of place attachment on sustainable rural development (case study: villages of Lali County). The research method is theoretical-applied, with an analytical and survey-based approach. The statistical population of this study consists of the residents of the villages in Lali County. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used due to the infinite nature of the statistical population. Based on this, the sample size was determined to be 384 individuals. Sampling was performed using the convenience sampling method. To test the hypotheses, linear regression was used. According to the results obtained from the linear regression analysis, all hypotheses were confirmed at a 95% confidence level. The findings indicate that place attachment and its three components have a significant impact on sustainable rural development (in the economic, cultural, environmental, and physical aspects).

Land subsidence refers to the vertical and downward movement of the earth's surface. This phenomenon may occur naturally or as a result of human activities. It causes damages to communication networks, infrastructure, and structures and agricultural land. In the past few years, land subsidence has occurred as a crisis in many of plains in Iran and has raised significant concerns. In this study, Shabestar Plain, one of the high-risk plains of East Azarbaijan Province, was selected as the study area. In order to identify the land subsidence susceptibility at different locations and also to identify the factors that influence land subsidence, random forest algorithm is used. In this study, a land subsidence map used as the inventory map, prepared by using time series based SAR interferometry technique as training data. The results confirmed that the southern part of the study area has very high susceptibility to land subsidence. In the modeling of land subsidence susceptibility by random forest, 5.63 % of the study area had Very High susceptibility and 6.37% had High land subsidence susceptibility. Also, based on random forest modeling, the highest effect was related to "elevation", "groundwater level", and "land use", and the least effect among the factors involved was related to "distance from fault". Finally the model was evaluated using area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, AUC= 96% confirmed very good predictive power of the model. The results of this paper can be used for planning for the development of various constructions and land uses in the future. Also, considering the possibility to identify regions and facilities at risk, timely and appropriate actions can be taken for prevention and minimizing financial and human losses.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of border residents in promoting the foreign trade of the country by reviewing past studies, studying the presented models and the researcher seeks to answer these questions about the community that; Do border markets play a role in enhancing foreign trade with neighboring countries (Afghanistan-Pakistan)? Since the present study seeks to design a model in this regard by combining different models and identifying the main factors and components, therefore, it develops the existing set of knowledge and is considered a kind of applied research that explores the relationships between phenomena. Will pay. Therefore, the research method was in fact applied. In terms of data collection, it is a descriptive research that has been carried out after extensive study of theoretical foundations and identification of key factors and components in two parts (Delphi survey research) and model design. The statistical population of this research is professors, experts and specialists in the field of research. According to the estimation made in this research, the snowball method has been used to select the research samples. First, the researcher started the interview with the members of the practical staff of Sistan and Baluchestan University and at the suggestion of academic experts active in the field of special areas. Economic, Free Zones, Border and Customs Markets, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mining; Sample completed. (n = 16). Using a researcher-made questionnaire, five research hypotheses were tested and confirmed using SmartPLS3 software and structural equation technique. The results showed that border residents have a positive and significant effect on promoting the country's foreign trade. Finally, the research suggestions were presented based on the results and presented to the next researchers.

 The issue of good governance has been raised with the aim of achieving sustainable development, in which poverty reduction, job creation and sustainable prosperity, protection and revitalization of the environment, and the growth and development of women are emphasized, all of which can be realized with good governance Finds. In fact, it can be said that good governance is a new model for sustainable human development with the interactive mechanism of the three sectors of government, private sector and civil society, so that countries can use all their capabilities in comprehensive development. Based on this, the present study investigates the role of good rural governance in the stability of villages and the necessity of efficient management of human resources in the villages of the western suburbs of Heris city. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population under study was 4828 heads of households in the villages of Dehistan in the western districts of Heris city. The sampling method was multi-stage, and the Krejci Morgan table was used to determine the sample size. The sample size of household heads was 357. The measurement tool was a questionnaire. Questionnaires were examined in terms of validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability. The inferential findings of the research indicate that in the examination of the eight indicators of good governance, the index of collective agreement and efficiency and effectiveness with an average of 3.19 has the highest weight and the village of Sheikh Rajab in the index of participation and the village of Shamlu in the index of central justice. They gained the lowest weight with an average of 2.30.

Modern approaches to rural development emphasize the importance of engaging rural communities in various income-generating activities to enhance the resilience and sustainability of their livelihoods. Agritourism, as a growing industry, embodies this characteristic. This study, using a comprehensive framework, examined the characteristics and determinants of agritourism adoption in the Mamasani region. Data were collected from a random sample of 367 rural households across five districts using multi-stage sampling. The results of the binary logit model estimation revealed that human capital, physical capital, social capital, and government support policies positively and significantly influence farmers' decisions to participate in agritourism activities. Conversely, as the distance of the farm from the market increases, the likelihood of adopting agritourism decreases. This study recommends prioritizing support for educational and skill-building activities, strengthening social networks and local cooperation, and diversifying income sources. Additionally, government support through the provision of facilities, financial aid, and technical assistance should be emphasized to enhance participation in agritourism activities.

The ideal urban governance model seeks to create a relationship between the city government and the citizens so that it can create participation and cooperation between all the effective forces in the management of the society, namely the government, the private sector, the public sector and popular organizations. This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the role of favorable governance on the improvement of the quality of the urban environment of Shirvan from the perspective of citizens and evaluating the state of the urban environment of this city, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Data collection was done by document method and field survey with a sample size of 383 people in Shirvan city. Data analysis has been done by using t-test statistical test and exploratory factor analysis in spss software. The findings of the research indicate that the implementation of the desired governance in the city of Shirvan is moderate. Therefore, it requires the necessary planning to involve the citizens of Shirvan to increase the level of capabilities of the city residents and to implement the dimensions of good governance to improve the quality of the urban environment.

Advanced public transportation is one of the indicators of development in today's modern planning field, even though it can be called as an urban network; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to measure the level of satisfaction of citizens with the intra-city public transportation network in Ardabil city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of nature. The statistical population of this research includes 27 bus stations in the five regions of Ardabil city. The sample size in the studied community was 400 passengers who were randomly selected on the way and inside the bus during the early hours of the morning, afternoon and evening.For the final evaluation and analysis of the data, T-test statistical tests were used in the SPSS software environment, and structural equation modeling was used in the AMOS software environment to explain and model the effects. The studied ranges are with the averages of 2.17, 2.4, 2.29 and 2.26, respectively, which are below the average level of quality, and also the analysis of the findings resulting from structural equation modeling shows that the Rmsea factor load value is equal to (0.69) which indicates the proper fit of the research model.Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that the dimension of satisfaction with transportation speed has the highest factor load with a weight of (0.93) and then each of the dimensions of satisfaction with the behavior and treatment of drivers and satisfaction with facilities and services. Shared bus system has a factor load (0.93) and finally, the lowest factor load belongs to the dimension of satisfaction with the development of public transportation with a factor weight (0.80)

Urban marginalization occurs as a result of the irregular and unplanned expansion of cities with a rapid and unplanned process. This issue is one of the problems of Third World urbanization in the contemporary era. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of marginalization and its consequences on economic dimensions; social-cultural and physical-service in Shirvan city. According to the type of data used, the present research is quantitative; Based on the result, it is considered a developmental research, and based on the duration of data collection, it is cross-sectional. The statistical population of the research was the marginal population of Shirvan city in four different areas, out of which 250 people were selected as the sample size. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and the research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The data analysis of this study has been done at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, so that sample t-test tests have been used in SPSS software. The results showed that the marginalization rate had the highest impact on the social-cultural dimension with an average of 3.6 and the economic dimension with an average of 3.48 and then on the physical-service dimension with an average of 2.98.

Enriching leisure programs is one of the solutions worthy of attention in the direction of physical health, improving mental health, and realizing social vitality. Enriching leisure programs can be done through several channels, one of which is using cultural categories in leisure programs. Local and indigenous games are a clear and valuable example of cultural types that have been reduced in their use during leisure time in recent years. This is despite the fact that the use of these games during Iranians' leisure time can lead to the strengthening of national identity and solidarity while enriching leisure time. Thus, it is necessary to put the revival of these games/sports on the agenda of related organizations and institutions. Broadcasting Center is one of the relevant, reliable and efficient organizations in achieving this goal. Thus, considering the importance of addressing this issue, in the upcoming research, an attempt has been made to study the role of radio and television in enriching leisure time by relying on local and indigenous games. The present research method is qualitative and the data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. Also, in order to analyze the data, the contextual method has been used. The findings of the research show that encouraging, raising awareness, creating discourse and stimulating policy-making institutions in order to create a platform are among the things that Broadcasting Center can play a role in enriching leisure time by adopting them in Revival of local and indigenous games

Advertising is one of the key tools of candidates to present their programs and strategies in electoral competitions. Therefore, planning to carry out advertising in the best possible way is of interest to candidates and their think tanks. In this regard, the use of symbols and signs has a special application in the election campaigns of candidates and its expansion among their supporters. In the Mamasani and Rostam constituency, the movements of candidates are also of particular importance, and analyzing the discourse of these advertisements can reveal their hidden angles in creating electoral conflicts. On this basis, the discourse governing the attitude of each of them has been processed in order to carry out advertising in the second round of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections. The following article, using the discourse analysis method in the five stages of "surface-surface", "surface-depth", "depth-surface", "deep" and "deeper", is based on the question of which discursive signifiers were the candidates' advertisements for the tenth term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections in the Mamasani and Rostam constituency based? The results of the research show that in the candidates' advertisements in this constituency, discursive signifiers such as local slogans, tribal-tribal symbols, creating excitement and feelings based on tribal structure in speechmaking and delivering speeches, which lead to mass mobilization, physical confrontation and conflict between them in the election campaign, played a prominent role.

The main goal of urban planning is to improve the quality of life and create a calm and attractive environment for citizens, and urban furniture plays an important role in the attractiveness of these spaces. Also, complying with urban furniture standards improves and increases the efficiency of these elements, brings more sustainability of urban furniture and improves user satisfaction. These days, the role of urban furniture in providing services to citizens is very important, and urban affairs officials, seeking to preserve the identity and beauty of the city, in addition to providing services, consider this issue as an important priority. This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the role of urban furniture in improving the quality of the urban environment and the satisfaction of the citizens of Shirvan city, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Data collection was done by document method and field survey with a sample size of 293 people in Shirvan city. Data analysis has been done using Chi-square and Kruskal statistical test and 95% confidence in spss software.The results of the research indicate that according to the respondents, the quality of the urban environment and urban furniture are not in a favorable and suitable condition and the satisfaction is low and the elements of urban furniture play an important role in creating functional environments and quality urban spaces, urban environment and the satisfaction of the citizens, the citizens are not satisfied with the lighting of the residence, decorative signs and advertising billboards, the entrances of the city, and the satisfaction is low.

Landslide is one of the most important dangerous geomorphological processes of a range, it plays a significant role in the evolution of ranges, Sa'in pass, in the Ardabil-Sarab communication axis, has been affected by landslides for a long time due to its special geological, climatic, geomorphological features and human activities. In line with the zoning of landslides Sa'in Pass in the Nair-Sarab communication axis, nine important variables affecting the occurrence of landslides were used, including: height, slope, slope direction, geological formations, distance from the fault, rainfall and distance from the waterway, land use and distance from the communication road. The weighting of the investigated factors was done using the ANP method and in the Super Decision software environment. Finally, the thematic layers affecting the landslide event according to their weight or coefficient (resulting from the ANP model) in the ArcGIS software environment using the weighted combination method, were combined with each other and the final map of landslide hazard zoning was obtained in the Nair-Sarab communication axis. . According to the obtained results, the factors of slope, height, lithology and distance from the fault had the highest weight coefficients with values of 0.209, 0.139, 0.132 and 0.124, respectively. The result of this study indicates the high risk of the studied area in terms of landslide occurrence. High-risk areas are mainly located in 10-40% slope, in areas with 300-450 mm rainfall and in close distances from communication road, river and fault. Also, very resistant, non-resistant and semi-resistant formations and agricultural and pasture uses, slopes with north, west and northwest directions, are more sensitive to the occurrence of landslid.