پژوهشنامه فرهنگی و اجتماعی کودک و نوجوان
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، تابستان 1403)

This article examines the role of cosmetic surgery in the identity formation process of 13- to 15-year-old girls in Quds City. The increasing tendency among adolescent girls in Quds-a suburban district on the outskirts of Tehran-to engage in body modification and cosmetic procedures has become a significant issue that warrants special attention. Given its location near industrial hubs, Quds City has the highest rate of immigration after Tehran and is home to diverse ethnic groups, predominantly from the working class.  Theoretically, this study draws on the perspectives of Anthony Giddens, Bryan Turner, Mary Douglas, Pierre Bourdieu, and Jean Baudrillard to explore identity and its relationship with cosmetic surgery. A qualitative, phenomenological research approach was employed, with purposive sampling used to select 14 adolescent girls for semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using open, axial, and selective coding. In the initial open coding stage, concepts and categories were identified, which were then further developed in subsequent stages.  The findings indicate that, for girls in this age group, beauty is closely tied to identity and is shaped by various factors, including celebrity influence, the socialization of individual beauty, perceptions of attractiveness, body and facial appeal, aspirations for social status, generational value gaps, and the aestheticization of identity. In contemporary society, most identity references define beauty as a crucial identity marker for teenage girls. From the participants’ perspective, cosmetic procedures are perceived as a necessity. The body serves as a medium through which adolescents express their identity. In other words, the girls in this study seek to acquire identity markers that allow them to present a socially desirable self-image, a goal they believe can be achieved through cosmetic surgery.

Advertising is one of the most prevalent forms of media consumption and has a long-established history. It can be argued that advertising is among the oldest forms of communication. More broadly, all human communication incorporates elements of persuasion, aiming to convince audiences to accept and “consume” messages.   Problem Statement: Children constitute a key target demographic for producers of goods and services. The use of media, particularly television, for commercial advertising has become the most widespread method of reaching them. Children are exposed to hundreds of advertisements daily. As advertising is fundamentally based on persuasion, its impact on children is of particular concern. Many psychologists argue that children do not require explicit persuasive techniques in commercials; rather, mere repetition is often sufficient to influence them. Since children lack the cognitive ability to critically analyze advertisements, they are more susceptible to their influence than adults.   

This study aims to:  Quantify children’s presence in television commercials.  Analyze the nature of children’s representation in advertisements.  Examine the persuasive techniques employed.  Identify the family structures depicted in commercials.  

This study employs content analysis to examine 3,263 unique television commercials aired over a six-month period. A random sample of advertisements featuring children was selected, resulting in the detailed analysis of 173 commercials. The study categorizes children’s roles in advertisements as positive, negative, or neutral. Additionally, it evaluates children’s representation based on gender, physical characteristics, and semiotic meanings. Both quantitative and qualitative content analysis methods were used.  

The study’s findings indicate that, regardless of the frequency or timing of broadcasts, commercials featuring children are most commonly used to advertise snacks and food products. Other significant categories include carpets, educational and cultural messages, home appliances, and health products.  A qualitative and semiotic analysis of children’s representation in advertisements reveals several patterns:  Children as representations of family: In many advertisements, children’s presence is essential in constructing and reinforcing the concept of family, particularly in commercials for carpets, home appliances, and food products.  Children as visual enhancements: Their presence is used to increase the aesthetic appeal of advertisements.  Children as primary consumers: In some commercials, children are portrayed as the direct consumers of products such as diapers, supplementary books, and snacks.  Children as a means to encourage consumption across age groups: Their presence in certain advertisements implies that people of all ages and genders are potential consumers of the product (e.g., snacks).  Children’s innocence and vulnerability for emotional appeal: This technique is commonly used in educational or charitable advertisements.  Children evoking a sense of responsibility in parents: Advertisements for banks and insurance companies often use children to emphasize parental responsibilities, such as saving money for their future or purchasing life insurance. Additionally, creating a comfortable home environment for children is a recurring theme, seen in commercials for carpets, double-glazed windows, and diapers.  Children as independent consumers: Some advertisements depict children performing all purchasing and consuming actions independently, without adult supervision. For example, in certain health product commercials, young children are shown using products autonomously.

The study reveals that most television commercials depict single-child families, while single-parent families are rarely represented. Additionally, Western beauty standards are often reinforced, as children with non-Eastern appearances are frequently cast in prominent roles. The home settings depicted are predominantly modern and Western in style, with cool and pastel color schemes, including white, gray, light turquoise, lemon yellow, and light pink. In contrast, commercials for less nutritious foods are often the most colorful and accompanied by upbeat music.  Television advertising can foster consumerist tendencies among children, encouraging them to desire specific products that may be detrimental to their health. For instance, the promotion of unhealthy food products (such as snacks and sugary drinks) can contribute to obesity and diabetes. Additionally, commercials may convey unrealistic beauty standards, potentially leading to body image issues, eating disorders, depression, and anxiety in children.

Animations have long been a dominant form of media consumption for children, serving as a potent medium for transmitting cultural values and societal norms. In Iran, children consume a mix of local and international animations, with the latter often introducing characters that serve as cultural and ethical role models. Female superheroes in animations, a relatively recent phenomenon, hold particular significance as they offer young girls figures to emulate. This study examines the portrayal of female superheroes in two popular animations, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir and Frozen, focusing on their impact as role models on Iranian children. These works combine traditional and modern elements, influencing children’s identity formation and value systems.

The study adopts a qualitative approach using thematic analysis to explore the textual elements of the two selected animations. Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step model guided the process, including data familiarization, coding, theme identification, and theme refinement. Miraculous Ladybug and Frozen were chosen for their popularity among Iranian children and their portrayal of female superheroes. The analysis aimed to uncover recurring patterns and themes related to character traits, societal roles, and conveyed values.

The findings reveal that both animations present female superheroes with a mix of empowering and problematic traits: Positive Traits: Courage and Adventure: Both animations highlight female protagonists who are adventurous and brave, offering strong role models for young audiences; Independence and Problem-Solving: The characters of Ladybug and Elsa exhibit self-reliance, taking charge of situations and solving problems independently; Collaboration and Friendship: Themes of teamwork and loyalty are evident, emphasizing the value of collective efforts. Problematic Elements: Stereotypical Beauty Standards: Both animations stress the physical attractiveness of their female characters, reinforcing conventional beauty ideals; Romantic Rivalries: In Miraculous Ladybug, romantic competition is exaggerated, overshadowing other character traits; Complex Relationships: Frozen includes intricate familial and romantic dynamics that may be confusing or unrealistic for young audiences.

The dual portrayal of female superheroes in these animations reflects a nuanced cultural narrative. On one hand, qualities like bravery, independence, and perseverance align with modern ideals of gender equity and empowerment. These traits provide young girls with positive behavioral models, encouraging resilience and self-confidence. On the other hand, the persistence of traditional stereotypes-such as prioritizing physical appearance and romantic subplots-raises concerns about reinforcing outdated gender norms. For instance, Miraculous Ladybug frequently centers on the romantic entanglements of its protagonists, potentially diverting attention from their heroic qualities. Similarly, Frozen juxtaposes its feminist undertones with a strong emphasis on romantic and familial struggles, presenting a mixed message about female autonomy. These portrayals are particularly significant in the Iranian context, where cultural and religious values emphasize modesty, community, and ethical behavior. The study underscores the importance of creating locally produced animations that align with these values while retaining the global appeal and narrative quality of international productions.The study highlights the complex role of animations in shaping children’s identities and values. While animations like Miraculous Ladybug and Frozen introduce empowering traits in female superheroes, they also perpetuate some traditional stereotypes that can limit their progressive impact. Policymakers and animation producers in Iran should focus on developing culturally resonant content that provides positive, multifaceted role models for children. By prioritizing themes such as courage, teamwork, and ethical decision-making, and avoiding overemphasis on physical appearance or romantic pursuits, local productions can offer a balanced narrative. Strategic investments in the animation industry and the inclusion of culturally relevant characters can enhance the educational and developmental value of animations for Iranian children, fostering a generation of confident, empowered, and socially responsible individuals.

One of the most critical educational concerns regarding adolescents today is the development of a coherent and authentic identity. A person’s actions, tendencies, and perspectives are deeply rooted in their identity, which, in turn, is shaped by a dialectical interaction between internal and external influences. Over the past few decades, Iranian society has faced cultural infiltration and ideological distortions aimed at weakening its authentic identity. These external influences, propagated through media and cyberspace, introduce foreign beliefs, values, and norms to adolescents, leading to identity confusion and imitation of external cultural elements. Therefore, understanding the formation of adolescent identity becomes crucial.  On the other hand, an examination of mosques’ societal role-from the years leading up to the revolution and the Iran-Iraq war to the present-reveals a growing disconnect between mosques and younger generations. This detachment threatens the cultural and social functions of mosques, which have traditionally served as centers of meaning-making and cultural development. Revitalizing mosques by encouraging the active participation of adolescents and young people can not only restore their cultural and social significance but also contribute to shaping the identity of future generations. The key question, then, is: How can this reconnection be facilitated? What factors will encourage adolescents to view mosques as safe and meaningful spaces, fostering their identification with them?  This article seeks to answer these questions through the conceptual framework of “spatial attachment.”   Using library research and an analytical approach, this study examines the factors influencing adolescents’ attachment to mosque spaces. It explores how each component of spatial attachment contributes to identity formation and argues that attachment to mosques plays a crucial role in shaping adolescent identity.   Several factors contribute to adolescents’ attachment to mosques:  Physical Component – The physical attributes of a mosque, including its responsiveness to needs, sensory richness, and flexibility, help create positive memories and foster an emotional connection. Since personal identity is closely linked to an individual’s interests, emotions, memories, and capabilities, these physical elements can significantly influence an adolescent’s personal identity.  Spiritual Component – The spiritual atmosphere of mosques, particularly as sacred spaces, strengthens adolescents’ spiritual identity, fostering a deep sense of belonging and meaning.  Social Component – The presence of peers in mosques plays a vital role in shaping adolescents’ social identity. A teenager who feels a sense of belonging to their peer group is more likely to be influenced by their opinions, beliefs, and values. This social affiliation can be either beneficial or risky, depending on the nature of peer relationships.  Functional Component – The content delivered in mosques-especially through knowledgeable mentors, imams, and decision-makers-impacts both personal and social identity. Effective programming can provide adolescents with moral and intellectual guidance, reinforcing their sense of identity.  Additionally, “place memorability” is a key factor across all components. For adolescents to develop an attachment to mosques, these spaces must evoke positive and meaningful memories.    This study concludes that “the presence of adolescents in mosques, when supported by key components of spatial attachment, not only fosters a sense of belonging but also plays a crucial role in shaping and strengthening various aspects of their identity.” Examining mosques through the lens of place attachment highlights their potential in adolescent identity formation.

The family, as the primary agent of socialization, plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ self-concept, their understanding of social relationships, and their sense of group membership. Beyond biological and hereditary traits, families transmit a set of values, beliefs, behavioral patterns, and cultural characteristics that significantly influence an individual’s socialization. Through both internal and external family interactions, beliefs, emotions, relationships, and social responsibilities are instilled, forming the foundation of an individual’s integration into society.Given this, the family is a key factor in shaping adolescents’ inclination to attend mosques and engage in religious participation. Since family dynamics influence not only religious involvement but also broader social participation, it is essential to study the role of family social capital in fostering adolescents’ religious engagement. Accordingly, this study seeks to answer the following question: How does family social capital contribute to adolescents’ willingness to attend mosques and participate in religious activities? This study aims to examine the effect of family social capital on adolescents’ mosque attendance and religious participation. The theoretical framework is based on Coleman’s theory of social capital and Durkheim’s theory of religious participation. The research focuses on male adolescents in District 18, with a sample size of 385 individuals aged 12 to 18, selected through non-probability sampling.  

This study adopts a quantitative research approach, utilizing survey methods for data collection. A 13-item questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was used, with validity and reliability confirmed through face validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.  

The findings indicate that the most influential factors affecting adolescents’ mosque attendance and religious participation, in order of significance, include:The presence of family members in the mosqueEncouragement from familyParents’ occupationFamily size5. The nature of adolescents’ religious participation in the mosqueThe study confirms a significant relationship between family social capital and adolescents’ tendency to attend the mosque, aligning with Coleman’s assertion that family social capital is a key determinant of children’s cognitive and social development during socialization. Furthermore, the study validates the relationship between mosque attendance and religious participation and confirms the impact of family social capital on adolescents’ religious involvement in mosques.In line with Durkheim’s theory, these results highlight that religion is not merely a system of beliefs but also a system of actions, encompassing practical rituals. As family social capital increases, adolescents’ motivation to engage in religious activities and attend mosques is expected to grow. This finding underscores the family’s role as a mechanism for transmitting religious values, shaping religious identity in early stages, and ultimately fostering adolescents’ religious participation and mosque attendance.

Adolescents, particularly those residing in care centers, face significant psychosocial challenges and a pessimistic outlook on the future due to the unique circumstances of this stage of life and their deprivation of essential material and emotional needs. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality of life as comprising physical, social, and psychological dimensions, emphasizing functional capacity, social support, and mental well-being. In positive psychology, efforts to enhance quality of life are considered indicators of “hope” for improving one’s life. In this context, specialized training programs, such as mindfulness and communication skills, are essential for managing adolescent maladjustment. Mindfulness, which involves attentively observing thoughts, emotions, and sensations in the present moment without judgment, fosters personal growth and inner tranquility. It is also an effective psychological intervention for managing irrational thoughts and emotions. 

Based on the formulated objectives and hypotheses, this study employs a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group structure. The experimental and control groups were measured and compared at two points (pre-test and post-test) to assess the impact of independent variables (mindfulness training and communication skills training) on dependent variables (quality of life and hopefulness) among adolescents residing in care centers under the supervision of the Welfare Organization in Saqqez County. The study population included all male and female adolescents residing in these care centers in 2023. The sampling method was purposive and simple random selection, where 22 out of 67 residents were chosen. Data were collected using the “Varoshbon Quality of Life” and “Snyder Hope” questionnaires, alongside the “Mindfulness and Communication Skills” training program.

The findings of this study are presented based on two separate analyses:First Analysis (Impact of Integrated Mindfulness and Communication Skills Training on Quality of Life): The results indicate that the obtained F-value for all components is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, integrated mindfulness and communication skills training positively impact the quality of life of adolescents residing in care centers under the Welfare Organization in Saqqez.Second Analysis (Impact of Integrated Mindfulness and Communication Skills Training on Hopefulness): The results of the between-subject effects test comparing hopefulness components in the experimental and control groups during the post-test phase show a statistically significant F-value at the 0.05 level. Therefore, integrated mindfulness and communication skills training enhances hopefulness among orphaned and neglected adolescents under the Welfare Organization’s care in Saqqez.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness and communication skills training on life satisfaction and hopefulness among adolescents residing in care centers under the Welfare Organization in Saqqez. The findings demonstrate that integrated mindfulness and communication skills training positively influence the quality of life of these adolescents. These results align with previous studies by Ghamari and Khoshnam (2011), Sarmadi et al. (2015), Bazano, Andersen, Heaton, and Gastet (2018), Peterson and Olson (2020), Obo et al. (2021), and Orinius et al. (2022).In explaining these findings, it can be stated that mindfulness is a method for observing thoughts, images, and emotions and accepting them without becoming entangled in their content or challenging negative thoughts through classical cognitive-behavioral techniques. Communication skills represent a set of abilities that facilitate positive and effective social interactions, enabling individuals to behave appropriately in various situations.The second analysis revealed that integrated mindfulness and communication skills training also significantly enhances hopefulness among adolescents residing in care centers. This finding is consistent with research by Mirmehdi and Rezaali (2018), Sedrpoushan and Rajaei (2020), Arab (2020), Bushmain et al. (2008), Ebeling-Markus et al. (2022), Arjun and Sanji (2022).To explain this, mindfulness fosters a balanced, non-judgmental awareness that enables individuals to clearly perceive and accept emotions and physical phenomena as they occur. Mindfulness has been recognized as playing a crucial role in reducing reactivity and enhancing emotional self-discipline when faced with stressful situations. In essence, mindfulness is an integral component of cognitive therapy, involving an intentional and non-judgmental awareness of the ever-changing nature of experiences, coupled with an acceptance of reality as it unfolds. In mindfulness-based training, clients learn how to engage with their irrational thoughts and emotions, focus on their thought content, modify it, and view their experiences from a broader perspective.Based on these research findings, it can be concluded that integrated mindfulness and communication skills training contributes to improving the hopefulness of adolescents residing in care centers under the Welfare Organization, positively influencing their outlook on life and future trajectory.