نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1404)

The occurrence of great earthquakes in the vicinity of the cities which are in near field is undeniable. Near-field earthquakes have very different effects and characteristics than far-field earthquakes. Considering that the surface faulting causes destructive and irreparable effects for structures near the fault and less attention is paid to it in the regulations, for this purpose, how to design the structure to achieve proper performance against this phenomenon is of great importance. in this study it has been tried to study and evaluate the parameters such as fault mechanism, fault zone, surface faulting, story numbers and the position of the foundation in the seismic design of buildings near the fault. For this purpose, the fault propagation in the substructure soil and its effects on the structure have been investigated according to the number of different story. In the end, it has been observed that with increasing the number of story in the studied sandy soils, the fault deviates out of the foundation and as a result, the amount of foundation rotation decreases with respect to the soil beneath it. It is also observed that the increase in fault displacement has a significant effect on the rotation so that with the increase in vertical displacement from 0.5 to 1.5 meters, the foundation rotation has increased up to 4 times.

Urban governance is a modern model of urban management that emphasizes the dynamic interaction between government organizations, market forces, and social institutions. In this model, citizens are not merely individual participants but play organized roles. The primary goal is to achieve sustainable human development and create sustainable cities. This involves focusing on poverty reduction, job creation, sustainable well-being, environmental protection and regeneration, and the advancement of women. Creating a suitable platform for participatory planning and emphasizing citizen involvement and transparency in programs are crucial aspects of this approach. This research aims to comprehensively examine the dimensions and indicators of urban governance in Yasuj city and identify the influential factors affecting the current state of governance in this ethnically diverse city.

The objective is to investigate the state of good governance and its various dimensions in Yasuj city, analyzing the key factors influencing it from a futurological perspective and the viewpoint of local experts. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and classified as applied research. A literature review, exploration of expert opinions, and gathering of initial variables and drivers were conducted to gain theoretical insights. Quantitative methods, aligned with the research goals, as well as SPSS and MICMAC software, were used for data analysis. An initial exploration of each dimension of good governance and its variables was performed using a one-sample t-test in SPSS. Subsequently, MICMAC software was utilized to investigate the key factors influencing the current state of governance in Yasuj city.

The research findings indicate significant disparities in the various dimensions of good governance in Yasuj. The dimension of consensus direction (2.27) was perceived as having the best condition, whereas participation (1.96) was deemed the worst from the citizens' perspective. Overall, citizens expressed considerable dissatisfaction with several dimensions, particularly participation (1.96), legality (2.02), security (2.04), accountability (2.10), and justice (2.14). A detailed examination of specific research items revealed that citizens felt a strong attachment to the city and their living area (3.50). Additionally, high levels of satisfaction were noted in areas of cooperation, interaction, and harmony among individuals and managers (2.63), as well as inter-organizational interaction (2.58). However, significant dissatisfaction was reported concerning citizen participation in urban decision-making, the effectiveness of various services in enhancing spatial security, gender justice within the city, municipal efforts in city beautification, and the level of collaboration between the public and the municipality. The research findings indicate significant disparities in the various dimensions of good governance in Yasuj. The dimension of consensus direction (2.27) was perceived as having the best condition, whereas participation (1.96) was deemed the worst from the citizens' perspective. Overall, citizens expressed considerable dissatisfaction with several dimensions, particularly participation (1.96), legality (2.02), security (2.04), accountability (2.10), and justice (2.14). A detailed examination of specific research items revealed that citizens felt a strong attachment to the city and their living area (3.50). Additionally, high levels of satisfaction were noted in areas of cooperation, interaction, and harmony among individuals and managers (2.63), as well as inter-organizational interaction (2.58). However, significant dissatisfaction was reported concerning citizen participation in urban decision-making, the effectiveness of various services in enhancing spatial security, gender justice within the city, municipal efforts in city beautification, and the level of collaboration between the public and the municipality.

In recent decades, urbanization and evolving social structures have made good governance in ethnic cities an inevitable necessity. Ethnic cities, characterized by their cultural, linguistic, and demographic diversity, face unique governance challenges that require tailored approaches. Improving governance in these contexts not only contributes to sustainable development but also helps preserve cultural and social diversity. The analysis of Yasuj's governance highlights the importance of dimensions such as sustainable development, transparency, and citizen participation. Positive correlations between these dimensions and citizens' well-being were observed, underscoring the need for effective governance practices that promote inclusivity and equity. In recent decades, urbanization and evolving social structures have made good governance in ethnic cities an inevitable necessity. Ethnic cities, characterized by their cultural, linguistic, and demographic diversity, face unique governance challenges that require tailored approaches. Improving governance in these contexts not only contributes to sustainable development but also helps preserve cultural and social diversity. The analysis of Yasuj's governance highlights the importance of dimensions such as sustainable development, transparency, and citizen participation. Positive correlations between these dimensions and citizens' well-being were observed, underscoring the need for effective governance practices that promote inclusivity and equity.

Cities, as the primary habitat of humans, are constantly evolving. These changes can sometimes harm the identity and legibility of cities, especially in historical contexts that carry cultural and social values. Uncontrolled and inconsistent development in Iranian cities is a growing concern that leads to the illegibility of historical places for pedestrians and the fading of their mental image of these places. This issue also leads to a sense of alienation and lack of belonging in contemporary environments. Urban legibility, as one of the key concepts in urban planning, refers to the ability of individuals to understand and recognize the urban environment. A legible environment is one that is easily recognizable and memorable, and allows people to easily navigate and find their way. This concept was introduced by Kevin Lynch in the 1960s, and he identified five elements: paths, edges, nodes, landmarks, and districts as the main elements of legibility. Therefore, it is emphasized that the form of the city is considered as a means and a field of communication that allows information to be transmitted to us so that the urban planner can be significantly effective in realizing a more meaningful environment by taking into account the results of these studies and creating compatible and harmonious forms. The historical context of Tabriz, as one of the most valuable historical textures in Iran, has undergone many physical changes in recent years. These changes have raised concerns about preserving the identity and legibility of this context. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the elements of legibility in the historical-central context of Tabriz and examining their impact on the mental image of the residents. This research was conducted with a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) approach. In the qualitative section, the method of drawing a cognitive map was used to examine the mental image of the residents of the historical context. 50 residents of the central part of Tabriz were selected in a cluster sampling method and asked to draw their mental map of the historical context. The drawn maps were analyzed based on Lynch's typology of cognitive elements (paths, edges, nodes, landmarks, and districts). In the quantitative section, a descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire was used to measure the importance of each of the readability elements in the historical context. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert scale and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (84%). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and linear regression test. The findings of the qualitative section showed that the participants mentioned a total of 26 elements in their cognitive maps. The majority of participants identified high-activity places, squares and transportation nodes, which were mostly close to the city center. This shows that nodes, as strategic points in the city, play an important role in the legibility and mental image of residents. The least mentioned elements by the participants included Takieh Haidar, gateway, airport and Sahand mountain, most of which are among the landmark components in the classification of readability elements. The findings of the quantitative section also showed that the most important element of legibility in the residents' mental recognition of the historical context is the node element. Nodes have been identified as places of stopping, staying, participating and interacting with the urban fabric due to their historical, activity-based or commercial and communication features. After the node, paths were identified as an important element in the readability of the historical context. The main and ring roads of Tabriz were recognized as nodes for attracting activity and work environment due to the influence and impact of buildings along the route and around it. Finally, landmarks had the least impact on the legibility of the historical context. The results of this research showed that legibility is one of the important features for creating a coherent environment in the historical context of Tabriz. Nodes, as the most important element of legibility, play a key role in the mental recognition and attachment of residents to the historical context. Therefore, in the reconstruction and new constructions in the historical context of Tabriz, special attention should be paid to the preservation and strengthening of nodes as a feature of place-making. Also, considering the role of paths in the legibility of the context, attention should be paid to the design and organization of pedestrian paths and main streets.

Urban and architectural spaces with various functions have platforms for creating sociable places and spaces, which include commercial centers. In the past, commercial centers played a role as traditional markets and today as malls or mega malls in cities for the life of cities and improving the quality of social interactions in addition to their commercial role. Also, it should be mentioned that architectural and urban spaces have an important role and influence in meeting the material and spiritual needs of citizens. On the other hand, the change in the structure of architectural spaces and urban planning has had an effect on the social interactions of citizens, which is one of the basic human needs, and this structural change is based on the theory of spatial configuration, which is based on the relationship between social behavior and the spatial structure of architectural and urban spaces. It is debatable. In the city of Qazvin, the bazaar was formed as one of the old markets of Iran and as the beating heart of this city during the Safavid era, and until now it has played a role as one of the main centers of social interactions in this city. The capabilities of accessibility, connectivity, readability, the combination of empty spaces and the different arrangement of spatial elements in the spatial configuration of this market have improved the quality of social interactions in this market and made it one of the lively public spaces in Qazvin city. Along with the success of traditional markets in forming and strengthening constructive social interactions; In order to respond to contemporary needs, contemporary commercial complexes played a role as one of the commercial spaces alongside the traditional markets.

The current research is based on the nature and scope of the subject in the field of applied-developmental research, and in terms of the method of carrying out descriptive-analytical research. Quantitative analysis is also based on research survey studies based on weighted geographic regression model and normal regression model in examining the relationship between space layout components and the quality of social interactions in traditional and contemporary commercial spaces.

In the traditional market of the city of Qazvin, the components of space layout accounted for 36% of the variance of social interactions, the Alborz commercial complex accounted for 42% of the variance of social interactions, and the Mehrumah complex accounted for 38% of the variance of social interactions, which means that the independent variable that includes space layout, It can explain the amount of changes in the quality of social interactions better and more. Also, on the basis of multivariable regression, the indicators of the space layout of the traditional market are 51%, Alborz commercial complex is 57%, and Mehromah is 52% of the variance of social interactions. Multivariate is more suitable than regression model. In general, the effect of space layout indicators on social interactions is as follows: in the traditional market, the index of interconnectedness, depth, connection, selection, and access have the largest share of influence on social interactions. In the Alborz commercial complex, the indicators of clarity, connection, interconnection, access and control respectively have the most impact on social interaction. Also, in the Mehrumah complex, clarity, coherence, accessibility and connection have the greatest impact on the social interaction of users.

Based on the separation of study spaces, the effect of space layout on the quality of social interactions is as follows:- Traditional commercial spaces: In the traditional market, the index of interconnectedness, depth, connection, choice and access respectively have the largest share of influence on social interactions, and based on the analysis of deepmap maps and spatial features, traditional market rows can be considered as a space that encourages citizens. It can be defined that according to it, access to other spaces of the market is easy and causes spatial coherence in the structure of the market.- Contemporary commercial spaces: in the Alborz commercial complex, the indicators of clarity, connection, interconnectedness, access and control respectively have the most impact on social interaction. Also, in the Mehrumah complex, clarity, coherence, accessibility and connection have the most effective contribution in the social interaction of users, which these components are due to the connection of the floors of the complex by means of a slope and also the presence of community-oriented spaces, such as the provision of art services in the space of the complex. which has a lot of access can be explained. the components of spatial configuration included depth, interconnectedness, access, continuity (connection),clarity,control,choice and perception of space, based on the analysis of each, the perceptual characteristics of users of space can be presented. In response to the main question of the research, considering the architectural structure of study spaces in traditional commercial spaces, depth, connection, choice and access can be considered as effective factors in creating community-oriented spaces. Also, based on the application of studies in contemporary commercial spaces, clarity, interconnectedness, access and connection were considered as effective factors in social interaction.

Citizens are exposed to harm in the event of a crisis. In the scope of man-made threats, the science of passive defense has provided various solutions for crisis management. Despite internal and external security sensitivities and the repetition of security events, it is necessary for the community of environmental designers (architects-city planners) to pay special attention to design solutions to increase the defense power of the environment and help solve security crises. The purpose of this research is to define and prioritize the components of environmental defense under the macro concept of "environmental security" in the scope of man-made threats (the subject of passive defense science). This research is carried out using the opinion of elites and the analysis hierarchy method (AHP) and pairwise comparisons, and it is among the efforts that seek to manage security and reduce harm in human environments with a non-violence approach. They are made. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to extract the initial list of macro variables with the tools of library study and in-depth interviews, and after refining the list, prioritizes the macro variables and compares pairs of their subgroup variables.

Passive defense is a set of measures that are thought and implemented without using weapons and military equipment against threats, and its purpose is to reduce vulnerability to possible threats. Therefore, the site selection and urban designs and the optimal location of police stations should be such that they suffer the least damage against all kinds of risks. In the field of tourism, the active role of the police and its intelligent performance in times of danger is the most important factor influencing the increase of public safety for tourists and beach dwellers in the coastal and tourism city of Nowshahr. The establishment of this important urban element of providing security in the physical-spatial position of the coastal city of Nowshahr is subject to special principles, rules and mechanisms, which, if followed, will contribute to the success and functional efficiency of this important element in carrying out activities combined with safety for tourists.

In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, in order to develop safe tourism, site selection of police stations was investigated and analyzed with a passive defense approach. First, the services, infrastructure/ equipment, social/ cultural, physical/ environmental and tourism criteria, including 21 spatial criteria in the form of 5 variables, were used to select suitable areas for establishing a police station in the coastal city of Nowshahr. This step includes data preparation, normalization and overlaying of influential spatial components in the selection of suitable areas for the creation of new police stations in the study city, which was made possible by the process of fuzzy hierarchical analysis.

The level of crime in different urban neighborhoods in Nowshahr is the most important factor in determining the optimal location for the establishment of a new police station from the point of view of specialists and experts. The sub-criteria of the distance from the main and secondary urban roads and the population density, respectively, are in the second and third categories of the degree of influence on the decision to choose the optimal location of the police station in a city. In the city of Nowshahr, five spots or areas can be proposed for the creation of new police stations, which are: two spots on the axis of Shahid Karimi Blvd., in the area of Holistan Park and Nowshahr cycling and walking track, one spot at the beginning of 15 Khordad St., in the area of Imam Hossein Mosque and the Faculty of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts, the fourth spot in the area of Azadi Sqr., and the fifth spot on the axis of Imam Reza Blvd., between the Mashalek River and the Road Department St. Considering these suitable spots, some suggested positions for the construction of new police stations with passive defense approach in safe tourism have been presented for Nowshahr city. Undesirable distribution of police stations in Nowshahr city, their inappropriate distribution and the density of these centers in communication arterial axes and very overlapping functional radius, cause problems, deficiencies and requirements in the optimal location of police stations, especially in the coastal strip, in order to develop safe tourism activities and with emphasis on The defensive approach has been deactivated. Although security is one of the factors affecting the presence of tourists in the study city, the related subtleties and sensitivities should be carefully considered and the security of the environment should be avoided to improve security by deploying a large number of police forces, which sometimes degrades the feeling of security.

Today, the tourism industry is the largest industry in the world after the energy and motor vehicle industries. Despite the fact that Iran is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of the existence of historical, ancient and touristic places, it is not in a good position in terms of foreign exchange income through tourism, and this indicates the weakness of the systems related to the tourism industry. One of the most important effective factors in the tourism industry in any country or host society is the level of security or the level of security tourists feel in the destination. Security is one of the main factors of the stability of today's societies. Without stability and security, no society will grow and evolve, and positive achievements will give way to negative consequences and many misfortunes and social anomalies will emerge. In the field of tourism, the active role of the police and its intelligent performance in times of danger is the most important factor influencing the increase of public safety for tourists and beach dwellers in the coastal city and Nowshahr tourism. But how the police can create security in the society and among citizens and tourists is a category that depends on the performance of the police, or in other words, the community-oriented or community-oriented performance of the police. This approach can be implemented in the society when issues such as public security and social order are provided with the participation of citizens (guest and host communities), prevention prevails over confrontation, there is a legal public order, and the ethical system of the police is observed. One of the most important factors affecting the implementation of this approach is the principled and correct location of urban police stations in coastal areas, emphasizing the non-agent defense approach in safe tourism. The establishment of this important urban element of providing security in the physical-spatial location of Nowshahr is subject to special principles, rules and mechanisms, which, if followed, will contribute to the success and functional efficiency of this important element in carrying out activities combined with safety for tourists in the city. Study leads.

The rapid growth of urbanization in recent decades has led to the indiscriminate expansion of urban settlements and the emergence of numerous challenges. Accumulation of various issues in cities, including; Environmental pollution, heavy traffic, lack of green space, unbalanced distribution of facilities and services, poverty, etc. reveal the concept of urban livability more than ever. Livability is a key concept in sustainable development and the creation of human-centered cities. Livability is not only an abstract concept, but also a practical tool for solving real challenges in urban development. Livability refers to an urban system in which the social, physical and mental health of all its residents is taken care of. In fact, high quality livability is said to be desirable urban spaces that reflect cultural richness. A livable city has a full range of attractive and meaningful social and economic spaces and activities. The concept of livable city means suitable for living or inhabitable. Livable cities provide equal access to basic services, housing, public spaces, opportunities for cultural, economic, social and political participation. In third world countries, including Iran, the condition of cities in terms of livability is not very favorable.

The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data collection method is documentary and field, in which a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The statistical sample included both urban experts and elites, including university professors, urban planning graduates, municipal experts and the governor of Bonab city. In forecasting projects, a set of techniques and methods are used which are usually complementary to each other and the output of each makes the inputs of the next method specific in order to measure and analyze and Analysis of information from future-research softwares including Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard have been used. Mic Mac software is designed to perform heavy calculations of the cross-effects matrix and to use this software; first the important variables and components in the target area are identified and entered in a matrix such as the effects analysis matrix, and then the degree of relevance of these Variables are determined by the target area. The variables in the rows affect the variables in the columns; In this way, row variables are influential and column variables are influential. By analyzing the mix and match and identifying the key factors, it is possible to check the relationships between the variables and prepare the future scenario. But the basis of the work of the scenario wizard software is based on cross-effect matrices. This matrix is used to extract the opinion of experts about the effect of the probability of occurrence of one state of one descriptor on another state of descriptor in the form of verbal expressions

In this research, the main purpose of which is to identify and analyze the key drivers of livability in Bonab city; In the first stage, the number of 36 effective drivers based on the findings of library studies in 8 dimensions (socio-cultural, economic, physical, environmental, diversity dimension, urban governance and management, historical pattern, urban activity) as effective drivers on life Bonab's urban adaptability was identified and given to specialists, which included 20 elites and urban experts of Bonab. Then, the method of mutual effects analysis with structural analysis was used by Mic Mac software to extract the main influencing factors. By placing these factors in a 36 x 36 matrix, the effect of each of these factors on each other was determined by weighting the factors from 0 to 3. And the most effective drivers in the livability of Bonab city were extracted. After analyzing the findings, it was concluded that the most important drivers affecting the livability of Bonab city are crisis management in the city, diversity in job opportunities, trust in the city management, security in the city, the level of pollution of natural resources, investment (both government, urban management and the private sector), climate effects, efficient management of infrastructure and public services, the quality of fair access to urban facilities and infrastructure, the possibility of social activity, the amount of people's recreation and entertainment, income and employment, mixed and mixed uses

The result of the analysis shows that; Among the 78 scenario situations, 30 cases have been defined in the optimal situation. 15 cases are in a state of continuation of the existing or static process and the remaining 33 are in a critical state. According to the results obtained in the field of drivers of Bonab city's livability, creating suitable conditions for attracting investment, removing obstacles and administrative bureaucracy, creating specialized organizations and entrepreneurship, investing in skill training and entrepreneurship, developing entrepreneurship and innovation infrastructure, strengthening industries, especially Conversion industries, regeneration of worn-out urban tissues and improving the performance of urban sidewalks can play a significant role in improving the livability of this urban sector.

The integration of advanced analytical tools and simulation models can provide deeper insights into complex rescue and relief scenarios. These tools and models enable rescue teams to analyze and predict potential challenges using real data and precise simulations. Consequently, rescue teams can develop more effective strategies to handle critical situations.Data-driven decision-making is one of the key factors in improving the performance of rescue operations. By utilizing data collected from past operations and analyzing it, patterns and trends can be identified that are effective in optimizing future operations. This approach not only helps in reducing time and costs but also enhances the quality of service delivery and the safety of operations.Collaboration between researchers and operational practitioners is also of special importance. This collaboration can ensure that theoretical and scientific advancements lead to practical and applicable improvements. Researchers can assist operational practitioners by providing new models and methods, helping them to enhance their performance using these innovations.With technological advancements, the integration of innovations such as artificial intelligence and machine learning in operational research can significantly enhance the capabilities of rescue operations. These technologies can help rescue teams analyze large and complex datasets, leading to more accurate predictions and faster decision-making. Additionally, these innovations can make rescue operations more adaptable and resilient to unexpected events.Ultimately, the importance of continued research and the development of research topics in this field for improving the rescue and relief operations system becomes clear. Ongoing research can lead to improved preparedness and performance in facing emergencies and rescue necessities. These studies can help identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing systems and provide new solutions for their improvement.