نشریه آمایش سیاسی فضا
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1403)

achiving optimal soil governance taking into account Iranian contex needs theoretical and practical framework. Regarding this, the Islamic Iranian model of progress as well as issues raised in the 17th and 18th Iranian Soil Sciences Congresses in 2022 and 2024 were examined. Stewardship environmental governance in the Islamic Iranian model of progress, is crystallized in the four relations between human and Allah, himself, others, and nature. This indigenous theory in relation to the country’s public governance has provided the context for extension of discourse and paradigm shift. In the implementation of soil governance, the establishment of soil bureau in the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture and its branches in the provinces since 2016, and also, the approval of the Soil Protection Law in 2018 has taken an important step in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of the government and other authorities. Moreover, review of the approved law showed that indicators such as the rule of law, transparency and justice are better and more coherent than indicators such as accountability and participation. To institutionalize stewardship soil governance and improve effective and constructive interaction of government with other civil and private sectors, it was proposed to create country's comprehensive soil database and legal access to it, to define indigenous soil governance indicators and to encourage participation of local communities in the soil resources management. This theoretical and practical set should be elaborate under country’s general governance through stakeholders’ participation at all levele.

The feasibility of any policy document includes understanding the strategic environment of the document development. In such a way that by understanding the strategic environment of the document, the strategic action position as the field of document implementation should be considered in accordance with the prevailing conditions. (Vision document) is a document that expresses the idea of creating, values or a future state of a specific organisation, product or service better than today. In the field of statecraft, vision documents have played and continue to play an irreplaceable role as the basis for the implementation of policies and strategies. These documents act as a link between the ideology of governance and space, as a vital facilitator of the dynamics of the mechanism of policy and space, creating a visible and perceptible space. Vision documents, with a future-oriented view, organise future developments to best meet the current needs of societies and play an effective role in strengthening their central idea. For a developing country, the vision document is not used as a political statement, but as a tool for development planning. Given the importance of matching the geopolitical propositions of the model document with its strategic environment, this article uses a descriptive and analytical method and utilises library and field resources to examine the extent to which the geopolitical propositions of the model document matched the strategic realities of the country in the early fifteenth century.

Data and information play a special role in the transparency of water governance. On the other hand, witnessing contradictions in water resources data and information, inconsistent readings and narratives about water assets, outdated hardware equipment, and to some extent software enhancement in the preparation and presentation of water resources information compared to global advances, necessitates a serious review of water resources data collection and processing systems. In this regard, artificial intelligence methods, sensors, and remote sensing technologies are considered in accurate water resources accounting. This article is a systematic review of about 100 international articles that present the latest findings related to software and hardware equipment for monitoring hydrological cycle meta-indicators. These meta-indicators include precipitation, water depth/water level/flow velocity and discharge of rivers, and groundwater level. In each case, while providing a list of the most important technologies, the application level of these technologies in monitoring surface and groundwater resources in Iran was evaluated. The conducted studies prove the unfavorable application technologies in monitoring hydrological cycle in Iran. For example, out of a total of twenty-six known technologies related to surface flow measurements, only two technologies have been widely used Iran; four technologies have reached the knowledge frontier and widespread production by domestic knowledge-based companies, and eleven technologies have not yet reached the knowledge frontier Iran. In this paper, suggestions were presented to outline the path for developing new technologies for water cycle data collection and transformation in the modernization of Iran's water resources data collection and data processing infrastructure.

Spatial inequalities and income and capital gaps between different areas of society are currently considered one of the most significant barriers to sustainable development. Disparities between disadvantaged regions (border or non-border) and developed regions, as well as urban-rural gaps, are the most important signs of spatial inequalities. This paper attempts to study the degree of integration or disparity between urban and rural areas in Iran over the past four decades using a secondary analysis method. Four variables will be analyzed: population distribution, dominant economic and production sectors, poverty levels and distribution, and income and expenditure gaps. Evaluation of the spatial planning system’s performance in the country reveals a sectoral and non-planning approach with an emphasis on centralization and urbanization, which has exacerbated inequalities and disparities between peripheral and central regions, as well as between urban and rural areas. The country has experienced rapid, unplanned, and sometimes uneven urbanization, to the detriment of the sustainability and population balance in small urban areas and rural ones, which has not necessarily been accompanied by balanced regional development. Large cities have attracted a labor force to their peripheries, leading to a life of poverty in marginal and rural areas. While absolute poverty has decreased, rural populations, especially in disadvantaged areas, continue to bear the brunt of poverty. Income and expenditure indicators have also favored urban dwellers. Overall, macro-level data in the country indicates the existence of spatial divisions. However, wherever urban-rural linkages have been established and strengthened, regional and urban-rural disparities have decreased.

Pacts can assist member countries in achieving foreign policy objectives and securing national interests. These pacts have diverse and numerous functions, influenced by geopolitical indicators to varying degrees. Naturally, their impact extends across national, local, regional, and transregional levels. Therefore, this research focuses on examining and analyzing the geopolitical indicators used in power calculations. The functions of pacts can manifest in significant political, security, economic, commercial, cultural, and social dimensions, and they can be applied in regional pacts. This analytical-descriptive study relies on library resources, documents, articles, and relevant websites for data collection. Additionally, a structured questionnaire was prepared to gather experts' opinions on the analysis of geopolitical indicators for membership in regional pacts. Finally, the collected data underwent analysis using SPSS software and relevant tests. The study also strives to weigh countries' membership in regional pacts based on political, security, economic, commercial, cultural, and social components, and the impact of geopolitical indicators at various levels on the countries' membership process to regional pacts.

Country divisions are one of the solutions that countries follow for territorial development so that they can put the place of residence of citizens at a suitable level for living. Several factors play a role in country divisions, factors such as scientific and legal indicators, form of government and type of political regime, geography of power and support, ecological minorities, strategic environment and surrounding spaces of the country, etc. Iran is one of the countries with a historical history of having a system of country divisions, and the divisions of the country face problems. Kermanshah province is one of the border provinces that is associated with deprivation and lack of development. As one of the western provinces of the country, in line with the country division system, this province has 14 cities, 31 urban centers, 86 villages and 2,793 inhabited villages. The main goal of this article is to analyze the state of the national division system on the development of Kermanshah province. To investigate this goal, the main question raised is, what was the status of the country's division system on the level of development of Kermanshah province? In response to this question, the descriptive-analytical method has been used using library resources and internet sites. The results of research findings show that due to the formation of the first urban phenomenon for the city of Kermanshah, lack of attention to the existing cultural-religious structure in the province and lack of attention to environmental potentials, for example in the field of agriculture, the current country divisions in Kermanshah province are ineffective and It has not had a favorable effect on the development process in this province.