مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 107 (فروردین 1404)

 In the Qajar period, due to the political and social developments, women"s intellectual and cultural transformations also began. In this period, women studied privately in schools or at home and were able Know your rights. The disadvantages of men is the first written defense of Iranian women. The book was written at a time when the society was in a struggle between tradition and modernity, and in this book, Bibi Khanum Estrabadi tries to defend women and their rights by arguing based on the Islamic foundations of Persian literature and pointing to the advantages of Western culture. , along with an autobiography is written at the end.

 The present article is a study and a research of an opinion that was conducted in the way of studying the resources available in the libraries in a descriptive-analytical method based on written sources, and its statistical population is the book Maaib Al-Rajal by Bibi Khanum Estrabadi.

 Male Disadvantages takes a critical look at the society"s imposed structure and objects to issues such as polygamy, the unilateral right of divorce on the part of men, and the lack of education for women. In her treatise, Bibi Khanum called for the creation of different gender relations in Iranian society, which was placed between tradition and modernity in that period, and laid the foundation for a new way of thinking. The text of ``The Disadvantages of Men"" is consistently focused on women, and although the author uses literary and religious works in it, if he considers them to be anti-feminist, he openly argues against them.

 The prose of the book Ma"aib al-Rajal is full of Arabic words and expressions, and the author has used poetry, Quranic verses and hadiths to clarify his meaning. Its language is sharp and careless and far from modesty and conservatism. The results of this research show the use of short and consecutive sentences, the omission of verbs without a counterpart, folk tone, protest tone and speaking tone. From a literary point of view, he used a lot of verbal arrays such as saja" and mowazaneh, and from an intellectual point of view, in addition to his defense of women"s rights and the expression of men"s faults, he also refers to religious issues, patriarchy, and the traditions of his time"s society.

Handwritten books are the great legacy of the ancestors, which are available to us as treasures. The culture, beliefs and sciences of the past are made possible by reading these works. Revival of the ancient manuscripts and introducing the ancient texts and identifying the creator of these works is very important.The handwritten version of "Masabih al-Qulob" by Hasan Bin Hossein Shi'i Sabzevari is one of the valuable works, which is effective due to the use of mystical and literary terms, and introduction of some great Sufis. In this research, the literary and content analysis of this manuscript, its text, linguistic features and literary values are considered.

The present research is a theoretical study and has been done based on library studies in descriptive and analytical way. The scope and population of the study is "Masabih al-Qulob" by Hasan bin Hossein Shi'i Sabzevari edited by Mohammad Sepehri, which was published by the Office of Written Heritage.

The author has analyzed this work in53 chapters and in each chapter he has explained and interpreted a hadith of the Holy Prophet using the verses and saying of the Prophets,Imams, Sheikhs and Sufis, as well as quoting Persian and Arabic poems. He has emphasized the correctness of the topic under discussion and has made the book an understandable work for the general and the specific.

The Book of Masabih al-Qulob is a sample essay of the 8th century AH and is an example of prose of Sufi meetings that can be used and studied to compare different styles of Persian prose. The novel verbal and spiritual features such as puns, similes, metaphors, similes and etc. have been employed. The use of mystical and Sufi words and terms and hadiths are other stylistic distinctions of the prose of this manuscript.

Persian poets and orators use linguistic and literary tools to convey the desired concepts. Secondary meanings of imperative sentences are one of the techniques used in conveying semantic nuances and rhetorical goals. The purpose of the present research is to discover the secondary purposes of imperative sentences in the structure of Khavarannameh to show for what purpose Ibn Hussam used imperative sentences and to what extent was the frequency of use of each purpose. Ibn Hossam's intellectual background and his mastery of popular literature have made the matter and its secondary meanings have a special place in Khavarannameh.

The current research is of a fundamental type, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, and the findings and data were analyzed for content and statistics. The statistical population is 11,000 bits.

One of the important topics of rhetoric is the science of meanings and dealing with the style and ways of influencing words. Khavarannameh has caused Ibn Hossam's greatest concern to be on guidance and guidance.

The results of the research show that Ibn Hossam used the 10 secondary purposes of guidance and guidance to convey the concepts, the highest frequency, and warning and warning the lowest frequency. At the same time, expressing multiple meanings simultaneously in one verse or sentence is one of the stylistic features of this poet.

The Persian literature books of first and second grade of elementary introduce a list of books which are appropriate for the students of these grades at the end of each book. This can be an appropriate way to motivate students to read more. These books are introduced to all Iranian kids and they are trusted by the parents and students since they are recommended by the department of education. The present study aims to analyze, criticize, and unveil the problems of these two lists. First the two lists were analyzed and criticized based on their form and appearance.

The research method in this study is quantitative-qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach and information collection through documents, libraries, and record-taking.

A thorough examination of the lists in terms of structure and appearance revealed that these lists lacked a coherent and considered order, and the introducers were not careful enough in mentioning the names of the works, authors, and publishers. The lists have been at the end of the books for about ten years without change or update, and the first printing of 86% of the books was in the 1970s. The number of authored works exceeds that of translations, and the number of male authors and illustrators exceeds that of women. There is not much variety in the cut of the books, and most of the books are printed in the brick cut that is common for children.

The main idea of introducing suitable books for students who have just learned to read and write is a very good and interesting one; however, it seems that the introducers have not paid enough attention to this matter. Inaccuracy in mentioning titles and individuals, introducing works that are only related to the past decades, can be an indication of this. Failure to pay attention to the diversity of children's interests and tastes and lack of diversity in different fields are other shortcomings of these lists. Considering the results of the research, it is expected that introducing excellent works by capable authors of the last decade and works by female authors will receive more attention than before

Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi is one of the famous poets of contemporary Persian literature, most of whose poems reflect deep and failed love; however, among his romantic poems, there are significant patriotic, political, and social poems by this poet, to the extent that it can be said that the concern for reviving national and patriotic pride has been one of Mehdi Hamidi's main motivations throughout his poetic career. In this study, the main goal of the authors is to analyze and explore the epic dimensions of Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi's poems and to determine his position and role in reviving national pride, defending the homeland, and nationalism of Iranians.

The study method in this paper is descriptive-analytical based on document research and information collection using library methods and referring to reliable sources and virtual databases, and relying on a selection of poems by Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi. Among the poems of Hamidi Shirazi, four collections of poems, Black Years, Tears of the Beloved, After a Year, and Diwan of the Poet, have been analyzed and evaluated.

The research findings indicate that although most of Hamidi Shirazi's poems revolve around love and describing the state of being in love, he is a poet who has paid attention to patriotic themes and social and political issues of his era, and has paid attention to epic elements, especially in his political and social poems.

The results of the research show that Hamidi Shirazi has used more epic and mythological symbols in the poem "The Black Years" to analyze and examine the social and political conditions of his time, but the epic scales and tone in the poems under study are not very noticeable and thoughtful. In some other poems that contain epic themes, the poet has used the epic literature of the past of Iran, especially the characters of Bijan and Manijeh, not with the intention of presenting patriotic concepts, but in the form of paying attention to romantic issues.

As one of the dependents of the noun, the adjective plays an essential role in the story of Hasnak Vazir to express the various states of nouns and phenomena, especially in the introduction of characters. The most important function of the adjective in this story is to visualize and objectify the moral and behavioral characteristics of the characters. Beyhaghi has used all the linguistic and literary capacities of this grammatical category in order to convey meaning and induce his emotions and feelings. The main goal of this research is to know the linguistic and literary aspects of the adjective and how it works in the story of Hasnak Vazir.

This research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and based on library studies and document analysis. For this purpose, the adjectives in Hasnak Vazir's story have been examined and analyzed according to the type of their usage in the two categories of former adjectives and latter adjectives.

The findings of this research indicate that Beyhaghi chooses the most important and accurate adjective from among the available adjectives for a character or phenomenon, and by using flexible sentence construction in Persian and with Paying attention to the tone and tone of the word, while giving prominence to the adjective, gives it a special semantic and emotional load.

Among the different types of adjectives, referring adjectives have the highest frequency and exclamatory adjectives have the lowest frequency. The most important function of an adjective from a linguistic point of view is to describe a noun and express its various states, but from a literary point of view, it can be considered its most important function to visualize and objectify the adjectived in line with the emotions and feelings of the speaker. In this story, the adjective, along with the adjective and other components of the sentence, i.e. the semantic context of the text and the context of the speech (the axis of association), finds a special semantic and emotional load

During the Qajar era and as a result of Iran's defeats against the Russians, it forced people such as Abbas Mirza Naib-ul- Sultaneh and Mirza Boozorg, the governor, and then Amir Kabir, to think about reforming Iran's military organization and creating a coherent structure and organization in the army. These reforms were carried out through the hiring of foreign trainers and experts and the compilation and authoring of military training books and texts. The book "Nizam Naseri" written by Bahram bin Mirza Abbas Qajar, written in 1267 A.H., which is the first book in Persian language in the field of modern trainings for soldiers, is one of these works.

In this article, using the sources and library findings and the descriptive-analytical method, the introduction and characteristics of the "Nizam Naseri" are described.

Among the most important features of the book's prose, the following can be listed: the rhyme in the introduction of the book and the precision in choosing military and army words and terms for the riming prose; many military words and terms; simple and common Arabic words and combinations; moving the elements of the sentence; omit the verb; A lot of use of current tense; The distance between the components of the compound verb and repetition and pleonasm.

Except for the introduction and the conclusion, which has a riming and rather complicated prose, the book is written in a simple prose without artificialities and complications. The simplicity of the book's prose is probably due to the fact that the book has an educational aspect and its audience were novice learners who needed to clearly and unambiguously understand and execute the orders of their commanders and chiefs.

Neo-epic poetry is one of the main currents of contemporary poetry, whose epic features have been transformed according to historical conditions. Ahmad Shamloo, Akhavan Sales, Siavash Kasra’ei and Shafiei Kadkani are among the most brilliant figures of this trend, whose epic poetry features are more impressive than other contemporary poets. In this research, in order to describe the transformation of the epic, according to the new expressive needs, the epic features of the poems of the mentioned poets along with the most prominent poets of the revolution such as Nasrallah Mardani, Hamid Sabzevari and Mousavi Garmarudi are divided into three categories: content features, linguistic features (choice of words and combinations) appropriate to the epic theme, the oldness of syntactic structures and combinations) and literary features (epic spaces, exaggeration, epic weight and magnificent music).

The current research is a theoretical and qualitative type of research, and the best method is the qualitative-analytical method according to the research topic and its goals. In this method, the phishing method is used from the resources available in libraries to obtain information, and the concept and text analysis method is used to draw conclusions or inferences.

In most of the contemporary poets (especially before the revolution), infatuation with Iran leads them to the glorious era of ancient Iran and causes every element connected with the homeland to manifest in their poems. Epic, mythological, ritual elements and even imaginary creatures and epic tools sometimes with fanatical anger and roar - mostly in the poetry of the Brotherhood - and sometimes with a hopeful and logical look - in the poetry of Siavash Kasra’ei - and sometimes peacefully alongside the Islamic elements - in the poetry of Shafi'i Kadkani - and sometimes with his cute and proud language - is present in Nimayoshij's poems of Tabari.

In general, from the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are similarities and differences in terms of structure and content in Ferdowsi's old epic and new epic. From a linguistic point of view, there is the use of epic words in both types of epics; Also, from a literary point of view, the use of common weights and internal and external music, exaggeration and epic emotion can be seen in both types of epics. From the point of view of content, patriotism and defense of the homeland are common aspects of both types of epics. The major difference between the old and the new epic is the content of the new epic with social and political issues; Something that was less important in the ancient saga

Norm aversion is one of the branches of modern linguistic criticism, which was first proposed in the form of the Russian formalism school, and later, the famous English linguist Geoffrey Leach, in a book titled A Linguistic Approach to English Poetry, classified the types of norm aversion in the form of eight types, including semantic aversion . Kiyomarth Monshizadeh is one of the contemporary poets of Iran who has paid attention to various manifestations of semantic deviation in his poems. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the meaning deviation from the norm in a selection of Kiyomarth Monshizadeh's poems.

This research will be done in a descriptive-analytical way based on the linguistic studies of the library research and in the form of Geoffrey Leach's theory of semantic norm avoidance. The statistical community of the research includes selections of Kiyomarth Monshizadeh's poems.

The findings of the research indicate that Kiyomarth Monshizadeh, as one of the contemporary poets, by deviating from the standard language and creating poetic images, has paid attention to semantic non-normativeness based on what Geoffrey Leach proposed in his theory.

According to the results of this research, semantic deviation in Monshizadeh's poems by using simile, metaphor, paradox, sensationalism has been assigned the highest amount respectively. He has tried to highlight the meaning by using an unconventional process in using nature elements, creating visual and logical breaks and creating unfamiliar images.

Layered stylistics is one of the applied methods in the science of foundational and structuralist text stylistics, which analyzes and examines the work in micro to macro layers and levels, including phonetic, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical and ideological layers. In this way, language is analyzed according to the situational context. One of the investigated layers in modern stylistics is the lexical layer. The main goal of the upcoming research is to investigate and analyze the feminine language used in five selected works of contemporary literature by Zoya Pirzad. In this essay, relying on Lakoff 's theory and layered stylistics, we intend to analyze the words used in these works from the perspective of women's style.

This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies and tried to analyze and analyze the female style in Zoya Pirzad's selected works based on lexical stylistics. The content of the article, apart from the use of theories related to layered stylistics with an emphasis on the book Fotuhi Roud Majani and Lakoff s theories, is also the product of the authors' personal analysis and investigation.

The research findings indicate that the general language of Zoya Pirzad's works in the studied works has characteristics and indicators related to women's lexical style in terms of composition and layered stylistics.

The results of the research show that emotional words and adjectives, lexical intensifiers, doubt markers, color words, emotional words, swear words, avoiding bad words, feminine idioms, household words and specific to women, feminine idioms and affirmatives are among the most obvious aspects of style. Feminine vocabulary in the examined works of Pirzad has been carried out in the scope of the research. According to the results of the research, the novel "I turn off the lights" in all cases has more frequency of female words than other books under review.

Nizami, in spite of the male thinking of his time, has developed the positive character of women in his stories and has allocated a greater share of the story space to their roles and positive presence. Jami's point of view about women and her position in all his works and masnavis was not the same, and he sometimes had duality and contradictions in his works. Investigating the motif of mistress and woman in Panj Ganj and Haft Aurang is the main topic of this research. In this article, we have tried to investigate the positive and negative points of thought of poets about women.

The present research is a theoretical study that was conducted in the library research method. The scope and community under study are five Ganj Nizami and Haft Orang Jami, which after collecting the necessary sources and studying each of them, the desired items were extracted and after categorizing the materials, their comparative analysis was done.

In military masnavis, women have a more praiseworthy identity, although this is not the case in the real world and the times of military life. Military ideas about women, without seeking to exonerate the poet, rather than being influenced by his personal experiences, are a reflection of the perception of the people of his time and the liking of some of the poet's audience; Otherwise, this misconception is contradictory to what Master Ganjah said about his women, including Afaq and others. Jami has expressed his opinions about women on various occasions in his Masnavis, especially the Masnavis of Yusuf and Zulikha, Laili and Majnoon, Salaman and Absal. Jami has an unpleasant mentality about women, and although he has sometimes praised a chaste woman, he considers her existence as alchemy and impossible.

In most of the stories of Five Treasures, the strong presence of women can be seen. They are often honorable and magnificent, and the audience can not only never ignore the presence of women, who always understands their dignity. This presence is very important. Even in some cases, the action of the story revolves around women and they have the main roles of the story. The inherent politeness of this poet prevents him from humiliating women. And he always politely mentions female heroes. In Masnavi Haft Aurang, in Aurang Lili and Majnoon, Jami talks about qualities such as loyalty, tenderness, beauty and self-esteem, but in Aurang Salaman and Absal with a misogynistic view, if he calls a woman beautiful, he calls this beauty a trap and a trick for He has known men's deception and presented women with the characteristics of: deceit, ignorance, incomplete intelligence, means of men's lust and unfaithfulness.

Based on the cognitive approach of language, human sensory and physical experiences are the basis for understanding abstract concepts. In cognitive linguistics, metaphor plays an important role in human cognitive system; In such a way that many of the most basic concepts in the conceptual system are understood through metaphorical concepts. Love is one of the abstract and emotional concepts for which it seems necessary to use more concrete and objective concepts. Using the theory of conceptual metaphor, this research examines the evidence that Ahmad Azizi has conceptualized the concrete and objective spheres and material over the abstract sphere of love in his poems.

The present research is a theoretical study conducted in the style of library research. The scope and community of study is the Masnavis and the collection of Ghazliats of Ahmad Azizi, and the samples from the total of 131 verses with a metaphorical structure have been selected as examples. This research analyzes the conceptual metaphor of love in Ahmad Azizi's poems using a descriptive-analytical method and a cognitive approach.

Ahmad Azizi used ontological metaphors and various materials to conceptualize love in order to focus on various aspects and functions of love. The result of the text expressing the dominance of three Extended metaphors "Love is living, "Love is material/body", "Love is place" and its organization on a range of micro-metaphors with substance and material on the axis of this Extended metaphors. Based on existing correspondences, these micro-metaphors describe some of the most important concepts related to love, such as leadership, power, greatness, infinity, ennoblement, illumination, sanctity, valuing, excitement, destruction, and connection Conceptualiz. Also, the Image schemas of vitality, motion/path, object, light, and container have been used to connect the origin and destination areas of the metaphor.

The examination of Extended metaphors of love and micro- metaphors related to it indicates that 26 micro-metaphors related to the pattern of animism, 28 cases of physical metaphors and 20 cases of spatial metaphors were used out of a total of 74 metaphor groups. Also, examining the positive and negative functions of micrometaphors and their frequency shows that the poet's view of the intuitive experience of love is often pleasant and positive.

Epic literature describes heroic deeds, chivalry, chivalry, and sacrifice in the cause of the homeland. Kings and heroes are always two main and important elements in epic literature, which are especially influential in wars and their command. It seems that the type of relationship between kings and heroes can affect the command of war and bring it closer to failure or success. This article examines and compares the effect of the relationship between kings and heroes on the command of war in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Asadi Tusi's Garshasbnameh.

The research data collection method is library and document-based, and the research method is analytical-descriptive; the statistical population is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Asadi Tusi's Garshaspnameh.

The study of the relationship between kings and heroes in Shahnameh and Garshasbnameh shows that kings and heroes in these two epic works, according to the events and incidents that occur in the heart of the stories, experience various types of relationships, both interactive and confrontational, with each other, and this position is very effective in commanding wars. Based on the independent king and hero model, the people are the main commanders of the war who fight with their opponents (the unjust kings) and achieve victory. In fact, when the heroes and kings separate from each other, the people, in the form of the first heroes, take over the command of the wars, and it is obvious that these wars are of an internal and internal nature and are formed against the king of the land. It seems that the popular uprising and agitation gradually manifests itself in the form of heroes supporting the people, and this time the heroes fight the enemy not against the kings but alongside them, and this solidarity presents the most desirable command model.

The relationship between kings and heroes in these two epic works is diverse and varies according to time, place, and motivation, but the heroes always have a more moderate and adaptable face, and ultimately, it is these heroes who, in order to maintain unity and national interests, come to terms with the king and spend most of their strength and power on foreign wars and avoid civil wars over power. Command in these two works was different according to the capabilities of the heroes of each region, but a single method is reported throughout the work. If the king himself did not directly participate in the war, he chose one of the famous heroes to be the commander-in-chief of the army by writing a charter or giving the seal of command, which confirms the ideal model of the king and the hero together.

Tafsir Nasafi by Najm al-Din Nasafi is one of the most important works of the fifth and sixth centuries AH, in which the author presents a comprehensive translation of the Quran, and Tafsir Kashf al-Asrar and Ad-Dah al-Abrar by Abul-Fadl Meybodi, in which the author interprets the Quran with a mystical perspective. The discourse stylistics of these two books can well show the structure of the text, the principles of belief, and the ideology of the authors; because discourse stylistics seeks to extract the beauties of the text, the thoughts, and beliefs of the author from the underlying layers of the text and convey them to the audience. One of the theories that examines texts in this field is the discourse stylistics of the text based on Michel Foucault's theory. In this theory, Foucault analyzes and examines speech in terms of the syntactic style of sentences and speech acts.

In this article, the authors, using a descriptive-analytical and library method, seek to analyze and examine the discursive stylistics of these two interpretations based on Michel Foucault's theory.

Finally, based on the findings, the syntactic style of sentences in terms of being discrete and consistent, in the interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar and Nasafi's interpretation, has a direct relationship with the semantic continuum and situational context of the Quran. In examining the speech acts in the verses that were examined, since God seeks to awaken and guide the audience; Nasafi and Maybodi have acted according to the Quranic action; that is, the verses that are in the form of command or persuasion action, etc., have translated the verses according to the Quranic action and only in cases have they used expressions beyond the literal translation to convey the emphasis, persuasion, or command in the verse so that they can convey the speech acts in the verses to the audience with greater intensity.

The discourse stylistics of the two translations of Tafsir Kashf al- Asrar and Tafsir Nasafi in the verses under study are directly influenced by the Quran, and only in some cases are the content of the verses emphasized.