فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 188 (زمستان 1403)

Every geographical place has different characteristics from other places. Knowing the characteristics of a place is one of the important issues for architects and designers because of their use in design and the impact they have on people. Among the concepts raised in the relationship between man and place is the sense of attachment. This feeling is an emotional bond between a person and a place. In addition to the feeling of security and peace, the sense of attachment will also increase the desire of people to be present and active in that place, which shows the importance of the issue of attachment. The aim is to investigate the possibility of improving the residents' sense of attachment to the place through the improvement of physical qualities.

It is assumed that physical qualities promote the sense of attachment to a place. This research is a descriptive-analytical and survey study. Lakanshahr residential complex in Rasht was selected as the study area. The data were collected in the theoretical part by reading articles and books, and in the part of collecting information about the physical qualities of the residential complex by field observation and questionnaires. The multivariate regression method in SPSS 20 was used to analyze the data. In the case study, questions were asked in three sections: ʺTo what extent are the residents attached to their place of residenceʺ, ʺHow was the level of satisfaction of the residents as a common component of measuring the sense of attachment and physical qualityʺ.The residents were also asked ʺTo what extent each of the physical qualities enhances their sense of attachment to the placeʺ.

Based on theoretical foundations, satisfaction is the common component for measuring physical quality and sense of attachment. The physical qualities were divided by the components of organization and access, open space and green surfaces, architectural features of the building, visibility and view.

The results of the questionnaires, while confirming the hypothesis, show a strong relationship between physical qualities and people's sense of attachment to place, and they indicate that the level of satisfaction of residents of Lakanshahr residential complex with their housing is at the desired level. Physical qualities, including building density, number of blocks, view, path pattern, supervision and authority, texture and contrast of materials used in the facade, sound, belonging, permeability, enclosure, building volume, visual diversity, site size and color respectively have the greatest impact on They have improved the sense of attachment.

Anticipating the needs after disasters is a wise and prudent thing, and studying and predicting places for temporary dwelling after disasters, including earthquakes in metropolises like Tehran, is the main subject of this research. In a metropolis, each area may have different characteristics and different choices for locating post-disaster temporary dwelling. In this article, with an overview of the criteria for locating temporary dwelling after the earthquake, as well as the background of research in this area about locating in smaller cities or other areas of Tehran metropolis, firstly, theoretical and theoretical criteria for locating temporary dwelling are macro-analyzed. And then these criteria have been specifically evaluated and measured in the 10th district of Tehran. The purpose of this research is to analyze the criteria for choosing suitable places for locating temporary dwelling after the probable earthquake in metropolitan cities.

This research was done with a mixed method (a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods) and sampling was done with analogical and inductive methods. The method of qualitative content analysis of texts, coding (texts and reports and in-depth interviews with scientific experts and technical agents as well as managers of specialized departments), comparative comparison of criteria with case studies has resulted in obtaining the primary criteria. After the analysis of the criteria, on the other hand, for the feasibility and final location in the district 10 of ​​Tehran, in addition to the hierarchical process method, it was used for the final location.

A number of thirty places inside the region and three places outside the region were introduced, measured and introduced in order of priority. The examination of findings led to the announcement of results. Based on that, it is suggested that some scientific policies in the specialized field of location for post-disaster temporary dwelling be reviewed and structural changes.

The results of this research show that we will not necessarily be able to find a location for temporary dwelling in all areas of a metropolis because the conditions, facilities and characteristics of each area are different from another area in a metropolis. One of the important results of this research is that due to the nature of urban development and the formation structure of Tehran, many areas of this city - including district 10 - do not have the necessary capacity to locate a temporary dwelling after the earthquake in the area. Therefore, in the final part of the research, proposed changes in the areas of policymaking and urban planning have been presented.

In rural contexts, housing serves not only as shelter, but also as a center for economic and agricultural activities, livestock, and cultural identity. The traditional hut dwellings in Bongroo village, located in Qaleh Ganj district, Kerman, reflect these multiple roles through their unique architectural patterns. These dwellings embody a rich tapestry of cultural and practical considerations, demonstrating adaptation to environmental conditions and social norms. This study aims to identify the structural and spatial organizational factors that influence the design of traditional huts in this village, providing insights for culturally respectful and sustainable rural development.

Using a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, this research examines structural changes in spherical huts, particularly those developed under a rural improvement initiative. Data collection methods include direct field observation, photography, spatial mapping, sequence diagramming, and semi-structured interviews with local residents and experts. Sampling was purposive and snowball sampling, targeting individuals with extensive knowledge or experience of the region's architectural heritage. These diverse methods ensured a comprehensive understanding of how traditional practices intersect with modernization efforts.

Four distinct hut arrangement patterns emerged, reflecting socio-economic and environmental factors. These patterns align within a linear framework that optimizes climatic adaptability and takes advantage of natural topography. The analysis highlights the inadequacy of modernization efforts that overlook indigenous practices, and emphasizes the need to blend traditional designs with contemporary innovations. Modified huts demonstrate improved functionality and energy efficiency while preserving cultural heritage, highlighting the potential of these structures as a model for sustainable development in similar contexts.

This research highlights the critical importance of incorporating traditional architectural elements into rural housing policies. The findings argue for a balanced approach - integrating local wisdom with modern technological advances - to ensure sustainable, energy-efficient and culturally appropriate housing solutions. Such strategies hold the promise of preserving the socio-cultural fabric of rural communities while meeting their evolving needs. By embracing the interplay between heritage and innovation, future initiatives can achieve more impactful and sustainable outcomes for rural societies.

The primary objective of this research is to develop a sustainable model for the spatial distribution of rural settlements within the Hawraman Forest Region, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. By analyzing various factors, including geomorphology, accessibility, climate, and production, the study aims to identify optimal locations for settlements that minimize human impact on the fragile forest ecosystem. The goal is to strike a balance between the needs of local communities and the preservation of the region's natural and cultural heritage. By implementing evidence-based strategies, this research aims to contribute to the sustainable development of the Hawraman region, ensuring its ecological integrity and socio-economic well-being for future generations.

This research employed a methodological approach that included a review of theoretical foundations, focusing on four criteria: geomorphology, accessibility, climate, and production. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and Geographic Information System (GIS) were used for modeling and analysis. After constructing a hierarchical structure and categorizing indicators, the study proceeded to assess the spatial distribution of rural settlements within the forest. The current situation was evaluated and a weighted map was created to determine the location of settlements. Finally, a comprehensive model was developed considering four main policies to optimize the spatial distribution of settlements and promote sustainable development in the Hawraman region.

The AHP analysis highlighted the significant impact of production factors, especially livestock and agriculture, on the spatial distribution of rural settlements within the Hawraman forests. Accessibility to resources, such as proximity to rivers and roads, was another critical determinant. Spatial analysis revealed a correlation between settlement proximity to forest edges and increased forest degradation. The study identified specific areas where settlements posed a serious threat to forest ecosystems. To mitigate these impacts, the study proposes strategies to relocate vulnerable settlements to more sustainable locations and to consolidate smaller settlements to reduce pressure on the forest.

The study highlights the importance of strategic planning in managing rural settlements within forested ecosystems. A proposed model outlines specific policy recommendations, including restricting settlements in ecologically sensitive areas, relocating settlements that are detrimental to forests, and consolidating smaller settlements to minimize environmental impacts. By implementing these measures, it is possible to achieve both ecological conservation and improve the well-being of rural communities.

The development of societies has led to an increased focus on the quality of space and user experience. In this context, extensive studies have been carried out on the impact of space on human perception. Several factors influence the quality of a home environment, and gender can be considered as one of the crucial qualitative aspects of space, especially in residential environments. This research aims to analyze the visual quality of space with a focus on gendered areas, which can serve as a valuable tool in the study of historical houses, particularly in the context of Bandar Kong, Hormozgan Province.

The study uses a historical-interpretive approach to analyze how gender influences spatial organization in traditional homes. Twelve houses in Bandar Kong were selected as case studies to investigate the relationship between gender, space and visual perception. The homes were categorized into four main spatial areas: female-dominated, male-dominated, female-prioritized and male-prioritized spaces. The visual relationships and spatial configurations were then analyzed using the Isovist method to assess the impact of gender roles on privacy and spatial arrangement.

The results show that gendered cultural beliefs significantly influence the spatial organization of traditional homes in Bandar Kong. In particular, women's spaces are highly protected from direct visual access, especially from the entrance of the house. In contrast, male-dominated spaces are visible from the entrance in 70% of homes. The visual relationship from the courtyard to the spaces also differs, with a more direct visual connection to the female-dominated spaces, although in 30% of the dwellings no visual access to these areas is allowed. The visual connection between male and female spaces is minimized by different privacy control methods, ensuring limited or no direct visual access between the two.

Gender plays a crucial role in the visual configuration and spatial organization of homes in Bandar Kong. The research highlights that privacy, particularly the protection of women from the gaze of outsiders, is a key cultural concern that is reflected in spatial design. The study suggests that understanding these gendered spatial arrangements offers valuable insights into traditional housing design and can inspire contemporary housing solutions that prioritize user satisfaction and cultural relevance.respectively have the greatest impact on They have improved the sense of attachment.

The Tehran metropolitan area is recognized as a region with a high seismic hazard. The accumulation and compaction of the built environment, coupled with the high population density in this region, have amplified concerns regarding the potential damage and casualties resulting from a possible earthquake. While various dimensions of vulnerability to earthquake hazards have been studied by researchers at the neighborhood and district levels within the Tehran metropolitan area, the vulnerability of rural settlements in this region has not been adequately investigated. Due to this scientific and practical gap, the aim of the present research is to analyze the spatial pattern of vulnerability in rural settlements in the Tehran metropolitan area.

This research was conducted using quantitative methodology and is classified as applied research. The study population includes 1,082 inhabited rural settlements in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Among them, 914 villages with accessible statistical data were included in the analysis. Data collection was conducted using a library method, mainly using statistical data from the Statistical Center of Iran. Fuzzy inference systems, kriging interpolation methods, and hot spot analysis techniques were used for data analysis.

The research findings indicate that all rural settlements located within the Tehran metropolitan area have a high potential for earthquake vulnerability. Moreover, the spatial pattern reveals a higher level of vulnerability among settlements located in the peripheral zones compared to those located in the central areas of the Tehran metropolitan area.

The spatial distribution of rural settlements within the metropolitan area of Tehran shows different levels of vulnerability to earthquake hazards. This disparity is influenced by both natural spatial dynamics and socio-economic structures, as well as the interactions between these two factors. Rural settlements closer to the urban center generally have more favorable conditions due to better access to essential infrastructure. Conversely, those further from the center have limited accessibility and resources.

The concept of a smart city, based on integration, innovation and technological and digital infrastructures, has been proposed to make the city smarter and use available resources more efficiently. This concept, through the expansion of research based on the urban living lab approach in the form of the use of virtual reality, the use of big data and other technological issues, promises to bring smart cities to a new phase of urban planning, focusing on collective intelligence and smart citizens, and technology is the only tool to harness this capital in cities. Thus, smart urban planning based on living labs is mainly innovative and participatory, where citizens and urban stakeholders in general act not only as sources of information, but also as testers, developers and designers of innovations based on justice with others in living labs.

The research method in this article is of a structural-interpretive type. Data is collected through surveys and library research. The statistical population of the research is in the form of an elite panel of 30 urban planning experts selected by snowball sampling. For data analysis, the grounded theory method was used with the help of Max Quda software, and the structural equation model with the least squares technique was used with the help of SmartPLS.3 software.

Based on the findings of the research using the grounded theory approach, smart urban planning can be examined through 6 components: "social equity; productivity; infrastructure; environment; information and communication technology; quality of life". Meanwhile, based on the structural equation model, the somatization of Zanjan city is most influenced by the productivity structure with a standard beta coefficient of 4.85 and the infrastructure structure with a standard beta coefficient of 4.83. Based on path analysis, the highest impact coefficient of somatization is related to the social justice index with a path coefficient of 0.341 and the lowest impact is related to the information technology index with a coefficient of 0.130.

As a result, the somatization of the city of Zanjan requires the achievement of a coherent mechanism in the field of strengthening the information technology infrastructure and increasing the productivity of the existing infrastructure.

This study critically evaluates the effectiveness of thermal comfort models in mid-rise residential apartments in Tehran, focusing on the discrepancies between theoretical standards and the actual comfort experienced by occupants. Tehran's variable climate and suboptimal construction quality present unique challenges in achieving thermal comfort, making it crucial to develop context-specific approaches. The study examines the limitations of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index, a key component of national standards in Iran, which often fails to account for occupant behavior, local environmental factors, and adaptive strategies. The goal is to identify gaps in these models and inform the development of more responsive thermal comfort guidelines, appropriate to the climate and cultural context of Tehran.

A convergent parallel mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data. Environmental measurements, including air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and mean radiant temperature (MRT), were taken across seasons in 35 residential units. Qualitative data were collected through surveys of 112 residents (60 females, 52 males) to understand their perceptions of thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors. Statistical power for the survey was set at 0.95, with surveys exploring residents' responses to different indoor conditions and their use of heating, cooling, and window management strategies.

The study found that the PMV index accurately predicted thermal comfort only 17% of the time, highlighting its limitations in Tehran conditions. Discrepancies between PMV and dry bulb temperatures were particularly pronounced in summer, resulting in significant discomfort Residents preferred neutral temperatures of 20.55°C in summer and 23.86°C in winter, which differed from PMV predictions. Poor insulation, inadequate windows, and inappropriate building materials were identified as major contributors to thermal discomfort.

The results highlight the inadequacy of static models such as PMV in the residential context of Tehran. Adaptive thermal comfort standards that incorporate environmental and behavioral factors are needed to reflect local climates and occupant behavior. This approach would promote passive design strategies, reduce energy consumption, and improve occupant comfort, thereby promoting sustainable residential environments.

objective:

 The increase in natural hazards and the damage caused by them, especially with the expansion of human dispersion in all parts of the world, has made attention to this issue an international necessity. Landslides are one of these hazards, which usually affect settlements in mountainous areas, especially villages. The identification of vulnerable areas and their prediction in programmes, as well as the attempt to identify, introduce and take into account areas at risk, is a requirement for land planning and management and can reduce a large part of the threat of this hazard. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the landslide situation in the Bazoft basin using the AHP model and the application of Geographic Information System (GIS).

The type of research is applied and the approach that governs it is analytical and quantitative. In order to assess the risk, slope, slope direction, geology, fault, land use, temperature and precipitation indices, distance from road, waterway and also distance from settlements were used. In order to assess the landslide risk, a hierarchical structure of criteria and sub-criteria was first drawn up. After preparing the desired maps, the weight of each criterion was calculated based on the AHP process. The factor layers were prepared using different sources such as 1:50,000 topographic map, 1:100,000 geological map and Landsat satellite images in the ArcGIS environment.

The zonation of the basin in terms of landslide sensitivity was examined in five classes from "very low" to "very high" sensitivity in the final map. The highest sensitivities are found in the southern, central and northeastern parts of the basin.

In terms of area, 10.15% of the basin is "very high risk", 22.24% is "high risk", 27% is "moderate risk", 27.61% is "low risk" and only 13% is "very low risk". The results also showed that out of the 219 settlements in the basin, about 23% are in the "very high risk" range and only 19% are in the "very low risk" range; this is considered a serious threat to the inhabitants and it is necessary to take measures related to the conditions of each of them.