مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1404)

The objective of the current study was to develop a model of structural relationships in psychological well-being that is based on personal resilience and social intelligence, with mental rumination serving as a mediator. The descriptive-correlation method (structural equations) was employed to conduct the research. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all students enrolled at Mohaghegh Ardabili University (N=7000) during the second part of the academic year of 2022-2023.The available sampling method was used to identify 271 individuals, including 94 boys and 177 girls. They completed questionnaires on psychological well-being, resilience (CD‐RISC), social intelligence (TSIS), and mental rumination (RS). Using Smart PLS-3 software, the obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the structural equation model indicated that personal resilience and social intelligence have a direct relationship with psychological well-being. Additionally, personal resilience and social intelligence have an indirect correlation with the mediation of mental rumination. The forthcoming model was well-fitted. In accordance with the overall findings of the investigation, it is recommended that educational seminars be conducted in the field of awareness to enhance the resilience and social intelligence of students, thereby reducing the level of mental rumination and enhancing psychological well-being.

The objective of the current investigation was to investigate the perceptions of wisdom held by Iranian gifted school instructors. In order to accomplish this objective, a descriptive phenomenological methodology was implemented. The statistical population of the research consisted of teachers from gifted schools in Isfahan in 2022. Purposive sampling was implemented to identify participants, and data acquisition was maintained until saturation was achieved. The study involved 21 teachers, with interviews lasting between 30 and 45 minutes. Eight of the instructors were male and thirteen were female. Interviews were conducted in-depth to facilitate a two-way dialogical exchange and obtain a comprehensive understanding of the teachers’ perspectives. The data derived from the interviews were analyzed using Clark and Brown's six-step model. Additionally, Lincoln and Guba’s four criteria were implemented to guarantee the credibility and validity of the investigation. The results indicated that the conceptualization of wisdom by gifted school teachers is characterized by three primary themes: cognitive and rational skills, communication and interpersonal skills, and compassion and concern for others. The results of this study suggest that teachers’ perceptions reflect certain aspects of wisdom, while others, as emphasized in the literature, are underemphasized.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating role of academic engagement and educational hope in the relationship between external transformational capital and academic persistence. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and correlational studies in terms of method. The research population of all sixth-grade females in Mashhad city during the academic year of 2021-2022, and 471 people were selected using stratified random sampling. The research tools included academic engagement scale (AEQ), educational hope (AHS), transformative capital (DAS), and academic buoyancy (ABS). Structural modeling was implemented with SPSS-22 and Amos-24 software to conduct data analysis. The results indicated that the coefficient of the direct path of transformational capital to academic engagement and promise to study, respectively, β=0.469 and β=0.791, is statistically significant at the 0.01% level. The coefficient of the direct path of academic buoyancy to academic engagement, academic participation to academic buoyancy, and educational promise to academic buoyancy is not statistically significant. The indirect impact of transformational capital on academic buoyancy through academic engagement and hope to study is not significant. The research results indicate that the hypothetical model does not have a good fit, and the variables of academic involvement and aspiration to study do not serve as mediators between external transformational capital and academic buoyancy.

The objective of this research was to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between mindfulness and compassion in therapists. This research was applied and descriptive correlational. Psychotherapists, counselors, and mental health specialists with a minimum of one year of therapy experience, who resided in Iran from July to December 2022 and had access to social media, comprised the research population. 300 individuals were selected through the available sampling method via members of groups and pages of social networks related to psychology and counseling. Specifically, 300 individuals were selected. Scales of compassion fatigue (CFST), mindfulness (FMQ), and self-compassion scale (SCS) comprised the research instruments. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis method using via SPSS 26 and Lisrel 7.8. The fit indices that were obtained demonstrated that the model was well-suited to the data. The findings indicated that compassion fatigue is both directly and indirectly predicted by mindfulness. The indirect path of self-awareness through kindness to self-awareness and human commonalities with self-compassion was significant and showed the mediating role of all three components of self-compassion in the relationship between self-awareness and fatigue caused by compassion. According to research findings, mindfulness in therapists has a protective effect against psychological issues, resulting in reduced fatigue and increased self-compassion. Additionally, it is less likely that they perceive themselves as identical to the thoughts and feelings they experience.

This study was undertaken to examine the impact of sex education courses on mothers’ cognizance and their ability to adequately address inquiries of a sexual nature posed by their children. The research methodology employed was qualitative and descriptive phenomenology. The research encompasses mothers who participated in sex education training in Tehran during the years 2021-2022.A total of 20 mothers were selected through targeted sampling based on the following criteria: 1. At least 30 years, 2. At least a bachelor’s degree, and 3. Mothers with children aged between 3 to 5 years. Research data were collected from mothers’ lived experiences and semi-structured interviews concerning the significance of sex education. To ensure the validity of the research, consultations were conducted with professors specializing in psychology and qualitative research, resulting in an agreement coefficient of 0.86. Subsequently, all data were subjected to analysis utilizing the seven-step process of Colaizzi’s method in conjunction with MAXQDA version 18 software. The findings of this research were categorized into six principal themes: education, encompassing seven sub-themes; awareness, comprising four sub-themes; attitude, which includes three sub-themes; compliance, consisting of two sub-themes; reaction, represented by one sub-theme; and social life, featuring two sub-themes. It seems that providing education to parents enhances their awareness and equips them to address their children’s questions effectively. Therefore, it is advisable for professionals to enhance parental awareness and adequacy regarding sexual education by implementing comprehensive sex education courses. This initiative aims to prevent sexual deviations and foster the development of healthier children within society.

The present study analyzes the underlying factors in the phenomenon of sexual abuse by examining the experiences of victim teenagers. A qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing a phenomenological strategy. The research population included teenage females who were sexually assaulted in Tehran during the 2022-2023 academic year. 14 girls were identified as victims of harassment and sexual abuse who were referred to the forensic medicine department in Tehran. These victims were selected using the purposeful sampling technique for critical cases. A semi-structured interview was employed as a data collection instrument in accordance with theoretical saturation. It is implemented in a textual method to identify concepts and phenomenological categories for analysis. Inductive content analysis was implemented as the methodology for data analysis. The results indicated that the primary factors contributing to the phenomenon of sexual abuse, as perceived by teenagers who are victims of this phenomenon, are (1) environmental factors (unfaithful friends, drug use, experience of friendship with the opposite sex, poor education, and unhealthy environment) and (2) social factors (gender discrimination, promise of marriage, and sexual violence). These actions and policies recommend the development of a healthy social and school environment to prevent drug use, the promotion of awareness among teenagers about sexual issues, the ability to avoid deception and not lie, the selection of suitable friends, the neutralization of false information from peers and friends, and the implementation of measures to reduce gender discrimination and sexual violence in society, family, and school.

The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the relationship between Emotional Schemas and Uncertainty Intolerance in women, with Experiential Avoidance serving as a mediator. The research method employed was descriptive, and the study was of the correlational type, utilizing structural equation modeling to predict. The statistical population included all women over 20 years old living in the Tehran province in 2023, had no experience of divorce and had academic education, and 221 of them were selected through a purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling was employed to select 221 of these women. The Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS), Intolerance of Uncertainty questionnaire (IUS), and Experimental Avoidance questionnaire (AAQ-II) were the measurement instruments used to assess the variables of the research. After the participants completed the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and the AMOS-20 and SPSS-24 software. The final model demonstrated a satisfactory fit, as indicated by the results. As per the results, the Experimental Avoidance variable serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive and Emotional-Maladaptive Schemas, and both effects are statistically significant (P<0.05). As a result, Experimental Avoidance had a 67% impact on the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive Schema of women and a 22.3% effect on the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Emotional-Adaptive Schema of women. Therefore, it is evident that Experiential Avoidance influences the relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and the emotional schemas of women. Consequently, it is imperative that mental health professionals implement strategies to mitigate women's Experiential Avoidance.

The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of group counseling that is based on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and metacognitive therapy in the context of academic procrastination and internet addiction among high school students. A control group was included in the study, which employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest-follow-up approach over a two-month period. The statistical population consisted of all male high school students in Takestan County during the 2020-2021 academic year. A total of 45 students (15 in each group) were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental groups and one control group, with random sampling employed. Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (PASS) and Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAQ) were employed in this investigation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 for multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA. The results suggested that the mean differences in academic procrastination and internet addiction between the treated groups and the control group were statistically significant (P<0.01). Consequently, both mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and metacognitive therapy significantly reduced academic procrastination and internet addiction among students. A comparison of the posttest and follow-up groups demonstrated that both therapeutic approaches maintained their effects on reducing academic procrastination and internet addiction over the long term (p>0.05). The LSD post-hoc test demonstrated that the treated groups did not exhibit any significant differences in academic procrastination or internet addiction, with significance levels of 0.61 and 0.59 (p>0.05). Due to the fact that both therapeutic approaches are equally effective in reducing academic procrastination and internet addiction, counselors should employ either approach when assisting students who present with these issues.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the cerebellar education method on the empathy and spatial ability of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This research was applied and semi-experimental, utilizing a control group for pre-testing, post-testing, and follow-up. The statistical population of this survey encompassed all children aged 5 to 6 years old with ODD in the city centers of Gonbad-e Kavus in 2022. The sample size was 30 patients, with 13 girls and 17 boys, who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups using the available sampling procedure. The research instruments included the Disorders of Children Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4), the Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM) and the Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the cerebellar method had a significant effect on improving empathy and Spatial ability in the post-test and follow-up stages. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the cerebellar education method, and counselors and psychologists can implement this intervention to enhance the empathy and spatial ability of children with ODD.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of semantic cognitive reconstruction on depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with gender dysphoria. The present paper is a quasi-experimental investigation of the “pretest-posttest with control group design.” The statistical cohort comprised all gender dysphoric patients who were referred to the Ardabil Welfare in 2022. The statistical sample included 30 gender dysphoric patients according to the psychiatrist's diagnosis, who were selected in the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The Depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-42) were used to measure research variables in the stages before and after treatment. The experimental group underwent nine sessions of semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy, each lasting 90 minutes, following the pretest. The post-test was administered at the conclusion of the treatment. The data were analyzed using the covariance analysis procedure and SPSS-24 software. The analysis results indicated that the experimental group's patients experienced a decrease in tension, anxiety, and depression as a result of this therapeutic intervention (P<0.001). For patients with GD, semantic cognitive reconstruction may serve as an effective treatment strategy for alleviating emotional disturbances. It is recommended to conduct training courses in this area.

The objective of the current review research was to determine the criteria and indicators that are associated with the decline in the psychological well-being of homeless women. The research was practical in terms of its purpose and systematic review of data collection. The pertinent documents were reviewed in the domain of 2012 to 2024 by employing the specialized keywords of psychological health in homeless women, psychological injuries in homeless women, and Elsevier, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Sage in domestic and foreign databases. The statistical population of this research consisted of 101 Persian and English articles that were identified through keyword searches. 33 documents were included in the final review of this research based on quality assessment criteria. The six-step thematic analysis method of Braun & Clarke (2006) was employed to analyze the data. The findings showed that in general, negative physical characteristics and related diseases, psychological problems, addiction and drug use, and emotional problems have a significantly higher prevalence in this group. Additionally, the results revealed that 42 indicators, including 8 criteria of attachment patterns, family relationships, personality traits, meaninglessness, trauma, physiological problems, environmental stimuli, and psychological problems, predicted low psychological well-being in homeless women. From the results, it can be concluded that homelessness is a phenomenon that is influenced by negative stimuli in an individual's family and social life.

The objective of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy in enhancing the perfectionism and psychological coherence in married, childless women. The study was quasi-experimental in nature, utilizing the control group method, pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the research consisted of married women who were childless and residing in the city of Isfahan during the spring of 2022. The purposive sampling method was employed to select thirty-five married women who were infertile. The women were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, with 18 women in the experimental group and 17 in the control group. Ten ninety-minute sessions of positivist psychotherapy were administered to the women in the experimental group over a period of two and a half months. The applied questionnaires in the study included Perfectionism Questionnaire (PQ) and Psychological Coherence Questionnaire (PCQ) were implemented in the investigation. The SPSS23 software was used to analyze the data from the study using a mixed ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that positivist psychotherapy has significant effect on the perfectionism (F=60.20; Eta=0.64; P<0.0001) and psychological coherence (F=39.66; Eta=0.54; P<0.0001) of married childless women. According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy can be used as an efficient method to decrease perfectionism and improve psychological coherence of married childless women through employing techniques such as positive vision toward the life, training optimism and hope to the future.

The objective of this study was to examine the mediating role of psychological security in the relationship between family cohesion and self-worth and marital life satisfaction of female teachers. The current research employs a descriptive method that is based on the structural equation model and is of the correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female instructors in Khoy city during the first half of 2021. A total of 285 individuals were selected as research samples through available sampling. The variables were assessed using the marital satisfaction questionnaire (MSS), contingencies of self-worth scale (SVD), psychological security questionnaire (PSS), and family cohesion questionnaire (FCS). The data was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and path analysis. The Amos software and SPSS22 software were employed to conduct all statistical analyses in this study. The results indicated that the model has a good fit (CMIN/df< 3, GFI, AGFI, and IFI> 0.90, and RMSEA< 0.10). The results indicated that marital satisfaction is directly influenced by family cohesion (0.40) and self-worth (0.30). In addition, the findings indicated that psychological security serves as a mediator in the relationship between marital satisfaction and family cohesion (0.10) and self-worth (0.04). The results of the research suggest that school principals and counselors should prioritize the role of the mental security component in enhancing the sense of self-worth and family cohesion, as well as, by its very nature, satisfaction with the marital lives of teachers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the integrated educational protocol (PCSP) and its literacy components in dyslexic children. In this fundamental research, 32 dyslexic boys from second to fourth grades who were enrolled in special schools in Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022 were selected using targeted sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups. The quasi-experimental method was employed to conduct the study. The experimental group was subsequently instructed in the Parenting, Cognitive Training, Self-compassion, Integrated Educational (Parenting, Cognitive promotion, Self-compassion) Protocol (PSCP), which included special parenting training, self-compassion training designed specifically for these children and cognitive promotion using Sina software. This training was conducted concurrently with the regular teacher training, while the control group received only direct teacher training. The Nama reading test was employed as a pre-test and post-test to evaluate the reading components of these students in both groups. Next, the mixed factor variance measurements were analyzed in SPSS-21 software to analyze the data extracted from the research. The results of this research indicated that the PCSP multifaceted intervention program had a significant effect on literacy components, and this effect remained consistent during the three-month follow-up. Therefore, it was determined that this Protocol has the potential to enhance the literacy abilities of dyslexic children. It is recommended that this intervention program be implemented in conjunction with the standard training of educators. The results can be attributed to the neuroplasticity of the human brain hypothesis, Vygotsky’s and Piaget's theory, Barclay's model of executive functions, and the self-compassion approach.

The present study examined the relationship of core self-evaluation with proactive personality with employability, with the mediating roles of career adaptability, career exploration, and career planning. This research was descriptive-correlational in nature. The present research encompassed all undergraduate students at the University of Isfahan in the academic year 2021-2022, a total of 9500 students (6199 women, 3301 men). A total of 1025 students (803 women, 222 men) completed the Self-Perceived Employability Scale (SPES), Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), Proactive Personality Scale (PPS), Career Adapt-Ability Scale (CAAS), Career Planning Scale (CPS), and Career Exploration Scale (CES). The data was analyzed using the SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 statistical programs, which implemented structural equation modeling and bootstrapping analysis. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that career adaptability, career exploration, and career planning played partial mediating roles in the relationship between core self-evaluation and employability, and a full mediating role in the relationship between proactive personality and employability. Ultimately, career exploration and career planning served as complete mediators in the relationship between employability and career adaptability. Employability may be achieved through proactive personality, career exploration, and career planning, as well as core self-evaluation. Therefore, universities may organize seminars that emphasize these variables to enhance their employability.

The purpose of the current research is to ascertain the impact of the self-affirmation method on the academic performance, stereotype threat, stress, and academic motivation of male pupils in the third grade of secondary schools in Ilam City. This study was conducted as a field experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and an active control group, and it is applied in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this study consists of all male pupils who attended public schools in Ilam during the academic year of 2021-2022. Sixty individuals who met the project’s eligibility criteria and achieved a score one standard deviation below the average in the aforementioned test were randomly assigned to one of two experimental and control groups. The pre-test and post-test comprised the Spontaneous Self-Affirmation Measure (SSAM), the Stereotype Threat Experienced Scale (STES), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (21-DASS), the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), and Academic Performance. The control group received an ineffective intervention, whereas the experimental group received the self-affirmation intervention. The analysis was conducted with the assistance of SPSS software version 24, utilizing statistical methods such as Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA), with the help of SPSS software version 24. The results showed that the self-affirmation intervention has a significant effect on the academic performance, tension, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation of students. In this way, self-affirmation yields significant improvements in academic performance and intrinsic motivation, while simultaneously diminishing stereotype threat, stress, and extrinsic motivation.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of art therapy-based training on auditory processing speed-working memory, visual processing speed-working memory and general cognition of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The research methodology consisted of a semi-experimental clinical trial and a single-group pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population under investigation consisted of 319 patients who were referred to the special diseases clinic of Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Rafsanjan County, Kerman Province, in 2017. The entrance and exit criteria were carefully considered when selecting the sample of 40 female patients. The Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Test (PASAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were the research instruments. The experimental group’s classes were conducted in 14 sessions (45 minutes each) two times a week, while the control group’s classes were conducted in 14 sessions two times a week. Wilcoxon and univariate analysis of covariance were implemented in conjunction with SPSS version 20 software for data analysis. According to the findings, art therapy-based training enhances the speed of auditory processing-working memory, visual processing-working memory, and general cognition. Art therapy-based training sessions account for 21% of the variance in general cognition. It can be inferred that the auditory processing speed-working memory, visual processing speed-working memory, and general cognition of MS patients can be enhanced through art therapy-based education. It is recommended that psychology clinics implement art therapy-based training as a rehabilitation treatment.

The objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of communication beliefs and marital self-regulation in the relationship between spousal cognitive perspective and marital conflicts in women who visited counseling centers in Bushehr city in 2021. A random sample of 250 individuals was selected from the statistical population of 487 married women who used counseling centers in Bushehr city. The data were collected using the Self Dyadic Perspective Taking Scale (SDPT), Relationship Beliefs Inventory (RBI), Behavioral Self-Regulation Scale (BSR), and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ) in a correlational study. SPSS and Amos software version 21 were employed to analyze the collected data using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results indicated that the cognitive perspective of the spouse had a direct impact on communication beliefs (β = 0.64), marital self-regulation (β = 0.55), and marital conflicts (β = 0.29), and an indirect effect on marital conflicts through communication beliefs (β = 0.18). Therefore, it can be inferred that the spouse cognitive perspective predicts marital conflicts through the mediation of communication beliefs and marital self-regulation. It is recommended that family counselors, psychologists, and educational specialists concentrate on improving marital self-regulation and modifying communication beliefs between couples in order to mitigate marital conflicts.