International Journal of New Political Economy
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2024

The nature of in-poverty and the necessary policies to reduce it are different from general poverty. Therefore, and considering the importance of this phenomenon in Iran, in this research, its indicators were calculated with the approach of income poverty for the years 2004-2020 and the factors affecting the probability of reducing in-work poverty were investigated. The results show that these indices have fluctuated in this period, but have a rising trend in recent years. The headcount ratio of in-work poverty is lower than the general poverty of the population and the difference between them has increased at the end of the period. Also, the average number of employees of the poor population is less than the average number of employees of the entire population. Based on the results of a logistic model estimation was determined that gender, the square of age, elementary education, being unskilled, being a wage earner (rural areas), the dimension of the household and working in the agriculture sector increase the probability of poverty, while degree of household independence, literacy of the household head, age, number of hours and days of work, multiple job holding, academic education, being an employer, working in the public sector and working in the industry reduce the probability of poverty.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of financial development on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Iran using data from 1984 to 2020. To achieve this goal, real GDP per capita and Gini coefficient are used as indices of economic growth and income inequality, respectively. The results of the cointegration analysis based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach reveal that in the long run, there is an inverted U relationship between economic growth and income inequality, thus confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis. Additionally, the findings indicate that higher financial development lowers the per capita income level at which income inequality reaches its maximum. In other words, an increase in financial development causes a leftward shift of the Kuznets curve. Also, according to the results government size and trade openness increases income inequality, while the effect of urbanization rate on income inequality is negative.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze Iran's role in the global value chain (GVC) using data from the 2016 Inter-country Input-Output  (ICIO) tables. By examining Iran's forward and backward GVC participation indicators, the study aims to provide insights into the country's level of integration within international production networks. This paper adopts a Borin and Mancini (2023) approach, utilizing the ICIO tables to calculate Iran's forward and backward GVC participation indicators. These indicators serve as proxies for assessing Iran's involvement in producing inputs for re-export and using imported inputs for export-oriented production, respectively. The methodology involves rigorous data analysis and interpretation to derive meaningful insights. The findings of this study reveal that Iran plays a negligible role in the global value chain. Both forward and backward GVC participation indicators indicate limited integration with international production networks. This suggests a relatively isolated position for Iran in terms of GVC activities, highlighting potential challenges and opportunities for the country's economic development. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of Iran's position in the global value chain using the latest available data. By focusing on forward and backward GVC participation indicators, the study offers novel insights into Iran's level of integration within international production networks. The findings have implications for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in understanding Iran's economic dynamics and identifying strategies for enhancing its participation in the global economy.

Due to the existence of abundant sources of non-renewable energy and due to the structure of electricity generation strongly dependent on fossil fuels, Iran is facing challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. However, due to favorable geographical features, Iran has diverse and available renewable resources that provide suitable alternatives to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Considering the importance of this issue, in this paper, we have investigated "factors affecting electricity generation from renewable energies (RE) in Iran" during the period of 1990-2020 using the system of simultaneous equations in the framework of E3 models. These factors include: electricity generation from non-renewable energies (NRE), energy subsidies (SUB), capacity of renewable power plants (CRPP), technical cooperation grants (TCG) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The results show that making the electricity market competitive through reducing SUB (and thus increasing the price of fossil fuels) leads to an increase in the share of renewable energies in electricity generation. Besides, the increase of CRPP, the allocation of TCG to renewable technologies and the increase of FDI share in development of renewable technologies have positive effects on the expansion of RE.

With the fast growth of e-commerce and the emerging new retail trend—online and offline integration—it is important to recognize the target market and satisfy customers with different needs by analyzing their online search behaviors. Accordingly, in this study, several internet companies in Iran were investigated. The companies were divided into 5 categories based on their product type: food, cosmetics and luxury goods, industrial goods and their accessories, sanitary goods, detergents, and clothing. Then the trading data of the companies in a certain period are analyzed. The data of this research includes customer transaction records from 2018 to 2019, after removing incomplete and missing data, this number has reached 349 records or the company. According to the inquiry from the Ministry of Mining Industry and Trade, there are 51,307 internet shopping and service sites and 36,200,000 internet buyers in the country.Clustering provides a good understanding of customer needs and helps identify potential customers. Dividing customers into sectors also increases the company's income. It is believed that retaining customers is more important than finding new customers. For example, companies can employ marketing strategies specific to a particular segment to retain customers. This study first performed RFM analysis on transaction data and then applied clustering using k-means. Then the results obtained from the methods were compared with each other.

Intangibles refer to capitals like machinery or structures, in the sense that creating them requires foregoing consumption today (investment) to achieve more output in the future. However, unlike machinery or structures, intangibles lack a physical presence. This type of investment has had a significant impact on increasing productivity for industries in Iran. On the other hand, since small and medium industries make up more than 80% of all industries, the effect of this type of investment on the TFP of these industries is of paramount importance. To measure intangible investment, the CHS approach has been used for both groups of different sizes. Therefore, in this study, we have tried to examine the effect of intangible investment on increasing the productivity of these industries. The results for industries with a four-digit ISIC code during the years 1996 to 2021 show that intangible investment not only positively affects the TFP of small and medium enterprises, but also that this effect is significantly larger than that for large enterprises. In general, intangible investment positively affects increasing TFP in all industries. Furthermore, the size of industries and companies has a decisive role on the degree of influence of intangible investment on TFP. Hence, for reaching the highest productivity, it is recommended to focus intangible investment on SMEs.

There is no universal law for realizing the contribution of universities in the development of regional innovation systems. Much depends on the context of the country, resources of a particular region and socio-cultural characteristics. This paper examines the impact of the triple helix model on the development of small innovative enterprises (SIE). The main goal of the research is to identify the role of cooperation between universities, industry and government in the development of small innovative companies. Using the descriptive and analytical method, data was collected from 50 small innovative companies in Tehran province, and a random sample of 10 companies was selected, and the data was completed through standard questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 30 specialists and academic experts, and the data analysis was done using SPSS software was used and the results showed that effective collaboration and the use of technology significantly affect the development of innovation.  The strong positive correlation between these variables (r = 0.845 and r = 0.873, respectively) indicates the importance of interactions between institutions in increasing innovation capabilities. Also, the findings indicate that the research and development budget does not have a direct effect on innovation, but cooperation with universities and the use of technology are the keys to success in this field.  This paper advises policymakers and small business managers to focus on strengthening collaborations and investing in technology to achieve sustainable growth and development.

Political thinkers, especially political philosophers sometimes have used basic economic concepts to formulate their theories. In the realm of political theory, metaphors have played a crucial role in clarifying complex concepts related to politics, governance, and society. In this framework, researches have been conducted in the field of political thought and their metaphorical foundations, which have not yet found the desired expansion. Metaphor, once seen as a literary device reflecting the aesthetic aspects of human language, has now considered as a fundamental element of human thought. The interdisciplinary contributions of literature, philosophy, and cognitive sciences have shaped a fresh perspective on metaphor, offering new insights and functions. Mehdi Haeri Yazdi, as a Muslim philosopher and jurist, has tried to use an economic-legal metaphor, namely "Ownership", to obtain an innovative idea in the field of political theory, which has certain implications. In this article, we will try to explain the political implications of the ownership metaphor in Haeri's political theory. It seems that despite the theoretical problems of Haeri's theory in terms of the foundations of reasoning, its democratic implications are important. By conducting researches like this, the richness of the interdisciplinary field is added

The dialectic between the state and society in modern Iran has undergone significant transformations, reflecting the transition from tradition to modernity. Despite these changes, the interaction between society and the state remains in a state of flux, shaped by historical, political, and social factors. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the state-society interaction in modern Iran by employing an expanded institutional analysis framework, incorporating the concept of "institutional congruity." Additionally, we utilize game theory logic to investigate the strategic dynamics between societal forces and state structures. This dual approach enables a deeper exploration of the motivations, incentives, and power dynamics that have shaped Iran's socio-political landscape throughout its history. The findings of this research have significant implications for understanding Iran's political trajectory, informing policy decisions, and fostering a nuanced understanding of the country’s future development.

Jalal Al-e Ahmad was a leading Iranian writer and critic, best known for his long essay, Gharbzadegi or Weststruckness, which many critics controversially regard as a harbinger of the Islamic revolution. There is no doubt that, willy-nilly, what was believed to be his rejection of Western civilization was posthumously very influential in shaping public opinion.  Dabashi’s largely uncritical biography is useful in its description of Al-e Ahmad’s life but is flawed in its interpretation and analysis of his works. In particular, it ignores Al-e Ahmad’s extensive resort to conspiratorial theories and his cavalier treatment of not just Iranian but world history to prove his case. This article could be accounted as a new analysis of the political economy of Ale-e Ahmad as well.

Based on Al-Fārābī's classification of knowledge, Islamic intellectuals traditionally approached the social sciences through two branches: practical wisdom and Fiqh. A historical study of Islamic civilization reveals that these branches remained focused on ethical and Sharia (legal) recommendations, without contributing to the development of theoretical knowledge about human sciences. However, Al-Fārābī’s classification also recognized a branch that dealt with nature through an empirical methodology. Ibn Khaldūn challenged the philosophical approach in both theoretical and practical fields, assigning the practical domain to Fiqh and introducing the newly-developed Ilm-al-Umrān (science of culture and political economy) to offer theoretical explanations for social and human phenomena using a natural and empirical method. This marked a significant departure from tradition and laid the foundation for early political economy within the Islamic intellectual framework. Despite the potential for advancing social sciences, Ibn Khaldūn's ideas did not gain further momentum after his time. This paper examines the theological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of Ibn Khaldūn's Ilm-al-Umrān and its relationship with practical wisdom and Fiqh, seeking to answer the question of why his natural methodology failed to shape the development of political economy in Islamic civilization. The paper also explores the divergence between reason and revelation in Islamic and Christian civilizations, highlighting how the separation of reason and revelation in the Christian West, as seen in the work of St. Thomas Aquinas, paved the way for modern sciences, while the inseparability of the two in the Islamic tradition impeded the progress of Ibn Khaldūn’s natural method.

Inflation is one of the most repeated and important economic terms, affecting all members of society. Unemployment, both at the micro and macro level has countless negative consequences and makes society face many challenges. The gender unemployment gap between men and women is one of the most important and effective issues in Iran's economy. In the process of this research, the manner and extent of the effect of inflation on the unemployment of men and women and the gender gap. The data related to the inflation rate was extracted from the system of the central bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the data related to the unemployment insurance policyholders by gender and province were extracted from the statistical yearbooks of the Social Security organization that cover the years 2008 to 2021. The results of panel regression estimation for the dependent variable of women's unemployment indicate that the independent variables of inflation and production have hurt women's and Men's unemployment. Independent variables such as government spending and population growth rate have had a positive effect on women's and Men's unemployment. The third dependent variable of this model is the gender unemployment gap. According to the inflation and production coefficients, it can be concluded that these two variables had a negative effect on the gender gap. According to the results of the upcoming research, the necessary measures to increase production, adopt policies based on economic growth, and limit and determine the extent of government interference in the economy are suggested.